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"Summary:Offers a fresh perspective on history instruction in the elementary and middle grades. Through case studies of teachers and students in diverse classrooms and from diverse backgrounds, this title shows children engaging in authentic historical investigations, often in the context of an integrated social studies curriculum"

"ABSTRAKMasalah kegemukan di Indonesia terjadi pada semua kelompok umur dan semuastrata sosial ekonomi. Depok sampai tahun 2011 masih memiliki masyarakatdengan sosial ekonomi menengah ke bawah (miskin) cukup tinggi yaitu 53.252jiwa, dan memiliki prevalensi kegemukan pada anak SD di atas angka nasional.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor determinan kegemukan padaanak SD dengan status sosial ekonomi keluarga menengah ke bawah Tahun 2013(Studi di 3 SD Kecamatan Cimanggis Depok). Penelitian ini dilakukan padabulan April-Mei 2013 dengan desain cross sectional, sampel penelitian adalahsiswa-siswi kelas 4-5 di 3 SD Kecamatan Cimanggis Depok. Hasil penelitianmenyimpulkan bahwa prevalensi kegemukan pada anak SD dengan status sosialekonomi keluarga menengah ke bawah Tahun 2013 (Studi di 3 SD KecamatanCimanggis Depok) sebesar 21,5%, tidak ada perbedaan proporsi karakteristikanak, orang tua, aktivitas, dan pola makan dengan kegemukan anak. Jumlahanggota keluarga merupakan faktor dominan kegemukan anak SD dengan statussosial ekonomi keluarga menengah ke bawah Tahun 2013 (Studi di 3 SDKecamatan Cimanggis Depok). Untuk mengurangi faktor risiko kegemukan padaanak SD perlu memasukkan materi gizi dan kesehatan di sekolah danmeningkatkan peran orang tua dalam memberikan perhatian dan makan kepadaanaknya.

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ABSTRACTIn Indonesia, obesity problem occurred among all age groups and every socioeconomiclevel. Until 2011, the lower middle social and economic (poor) peoplein Depok still quite high, approximately 53.252 peoples, and the amount ofobesity prevalence among elementary school children was above the nationalaverage. This study aims to determine the determinant factors of obesity inelementary school children with the lower middle social and economic familystatus in 2013 ( Study at 3 elementary schools in Cimanggis Depok sub-district).This study was conducted in April-May 2013, with cross-sectional design, thestudy sample was students grade 4 and 5 in 3 elementary schools at CimanggisDepok sub-district. The results concluded that the prevalence of obesity inelementary school children with the lower middle social and economic familystatus in 2013 ( Study at 3 elementary schools in Cimanggis Depok sub-district)equal to 21,5%, there was no difference in the proportion of children, parents,activity, and diet characteristics with children obesity. The number of householdmembers is the dominant factor causing obesity in elementary school childrenwith the lower middle social and economic family status in 2013 ( Study at 3elementary schools in Cimanggis Depok sub-district). Nutrition and healtheducation teaching in school and enhancing the role of the parents in providingcare and feed to their children should be done in an effort to reduce obesity riskfactors in elementary school children"

"Latar Belakang :Event-related potensial (ERP), terutama P300, merupakan perubahan potensial otak yang menggambarkan proses pengolahan stimulus yang diterima. Pemeriksaan ERP merupakan salah satu tekhnik neurofisiologis yang non-invasive, tetapi objektif, yang sexing digunakan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas kognitif seseorang, terutama yang berkaitan dengan atensi, persepsi memori, fungsi eksekutif, dan kontrol perilaku.Metode :Pemeriksaan ERP auditorik diskriminasi 2 nada dilakukan pada 81 anak asimptomatik yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dari 3 sekolah dasar swasta di Jakarta. Rerata performa motorik (kecepatan reaksi, hits, dan commission error) serta iatensi dan amplitude komponen-komponen ERP (N I00, N200, dan P300) yang timbul terhadap nada target direkam dan dianalisa berdasarkan faktor usia dan jenis kelamin.Basil :Kecepatan reaksi, hits, dan latensi P300 secara statistik berbeda bermakna berdasarkan faktor usia. Terdapat korelasi negatif dengan kekuatan sedang antara faktor umur dan kecepatan reaksi dan latensi P300 (p<0.0l). Sedangkan faktor usia dan hits berkorelasi secara positif dengan kekuatan sedang. Tidal( didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik antara performa motorik maupun latensi dan amplitudo P300 terhadap faktor jenis kelamin.Kesimpulan :Perkembangan fungsi kognitif anak tampaknya berkaitan dengan maturasi otak sejalan dengan pertambahan usia, dan tidak berkaitan dengan faktor jenis kelamin. Perneriksaan ERP auditorik diskriminasi 2 nada dapat digunakan untuk menilai perkembangan fungsi kognitif anak.

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Background :

Event Related Potentials (ERPs), especially P300, are electrical changes generated in the brain in association with stimuli processing. They can provide a non-invasive but objective means to evaluate the activity of human brain associated with attention, perception, memory, decision making, and control of behavior.

Methods:

Auditory ERP two-tone discrimination (`oddball ) paradigm was presented to 81 healthy asymtomatic school aged children of three private elementary schools in Jakarta. Motor performances (reaction time, hits, and commission error) and latency and amptlitude of ERP components (N100, N200, and P300) elicited to target stimuli were recorded and analyzed for between group difference (age and sex).

Results:

Reaction times, hits, and P300 latency were significantly different between age groups (pcO.01). There were also moderately negative correlation between age groups and reaction limes and P300 latencies (p<0.01). Moderately positive correlation were noted between hits and age (p <0 01). None of motor performances nor latencies and amplitudes of P300 were different between sex groups (p>0.05).

Conclusions:

Maturation of cognitive brain functions in children are related to age development despite of sex gender. Auditory ERP two-tone discrimination ERPs are excellent tools for the study of cognitive brain functions in humans and the developmental time course of these functions in childhood."