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"A Vision of Europe analyses a little-known collaborative effort by France and Germany to secure a durable peace between the World Wars, through European integration organized around a Franco-German axis. Received wisdom has it that the era of Franco-German rapprochement depended from 1925 on a close personal relationship between the French and German Foreign Ministers, Briand and Stresemann. With Stresemanns death in 1929, and the simultaneous onset of the interwar Great Depression, Germany in particular allegedly turned its back on this process of rapprochement several years before Hitler took power. However, A Vision of Europe challenges this view of Franco-German relations during the Depression years. Upsets and setbacks notwithstanding, a sustained mutual effort drew on political will, diplomatic rationale, economic synergies, cultural affinities, and various peace movements to agree a Franco-German customs union which had European union as its ultimate goal. These efforts were formalized in the Franco-German Berlin Accord of September 1931, with the diplomacy surrounding this event forming the heart of this book. By mid-1932, however, rapprochement had all but failed. An unforeseen crisis in trading relations, the impact on French opinion of a media scandal surrounding the publication of the late Stresemanns memoirs, and the disruptive impact of domestic party politics in both countries derailed a process that had been conceived by France and Germanys diplomatic, political and economic elites. Nonetheless, this first modern attempt at European unification reflected a deeper process and logic that survived Hitler and informed the creation of the contemporary European Union."

" Makalah ini menyajikan risiko depresi antepartum (DAP) di antara wanita hamil, khususnya faktor stress sebelum hamil, stress selama hamil, kesesuaian perkawinan, dukungan sosial, status mental suami dan pengeluaran per-bulan. Subjek terdiri dari 580 wanita hamil triwulan ketiga yang melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal di Bagian Kebidanan Rumah Sakit Persahabatan (RSP) Jakarta. Sampel diambil sejak 1 Nopember 1999 – 15 Agustus 2002. Depresi antepartum ditapis dengan Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS), titik potong (cut-off score) ³ 13, penilaiannya dilakukan oleh psikiater. Informasi yang diperoleh melalui wawancara adalah data demografi dan karakteristik individu, hasil lembar pertanyaan terstruktur untuk data stres sebelum dan selama hamil, sedangkan kuesioner KDS, KHSI dan SCL-90 berturut-turut untuk mengukur dukungan sosial, kesesuaian hubungan perkawinan dan status mental suami (SCL-90). Prevalensi DAP di antara wanita hamil sebesar 18%. Depresi antepartum tidak terbukti berkaitan dengan faktor umur, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, pengeluaran per-bulan, jumlah kehamilan, jumlah anak, jumlah persalinan, kesehatan fisik ibu, dan riwayat sindroma premenstruasi. Wanita hamil yang mengalami stres sebelum hamil berisiko dua kali lipat mengalami DAP [odds ratio (OR) suaian = 2,04; 95% interval kepercayaan (IK): 1,12 – 3,74] dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mengalami stres sebelum hamil. Demikian pula wanita hamil yang mengalami stres saat hamil dibandingkan yang tidak mengalami stres saat hamil berisiko 2,2 kali lipat mengalami DAP (OR suaian = 2,13, 95% IK: 1,27-3,74). Dapat disimpulkan stres sebelum dan selama hamil meningkatkan risiko depresi antepartum. Oleh karena itu faktor risiko tersebut harus mendapat perhatian bagi yang menangani ibu hamil. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 81-6)

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This paper presents the risk of antepartum depression (APD) among pregnant women. In particular stress before pregnancy, stress during pregnancy, marital relationship, social support, husband’s mental status and monthly expenditure. The subjects consisted of 580 pregnant women in the third trimester, who attended antenatal care at the Department of Obstetrics of the Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta from November 1, 1999 to August 15, 2001. Antepartum depression was screened by a psychiatrist using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Information on demographic and personal characteristics were collected from fill-in form. Through this form, the respondent gave information on stress before and during pregnancy, and from questionnaires Kuestioner Dukungan Sosial (KDS), Kesesuaian Hubungan Suami Istri (KHSI) and the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) information about social support, marital relationship, and husband’s mental status were collected respectively. The prevalence of APD was 18%. Antepartum depression and non-antepartum depression were similar in terms of age groups, level of education, occupations, monthly expenditures, number of pregnancies, number of children, number of deliveries, physical health condition, and history of premenstrual syndromes. Pregnant women with stress before pregnancy had a two-fold risk of APD [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.04; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.12 – 3.74] compared to pregnant women without stress before pregnancy. In addition, when compared to pregnant women without stress during pregnancy, those with stress during pregnancy had 2.2-fold risk of developing APD (adjusted OR=2.13, 95% CI: 1,27-3,74). In conclusion, stress before and during pregnancy increased the risk antepartum depression. Therefore, attention should be paid to pregnant women with these risk factors. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 81-6)"