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"ABSTRAKPengobatan TB lini kedua pada pasien TB lini MDR diketahui memiliki beberapa efek samping. Etionamid adalah salah satu obat dalam pengobatan TB MDR lini kedua. Hipotiroid merupakan efek samping dari pemberian etionamid. Sikloserin merupakan salah satu dari komponen pengobatan kedua yang bersifat bakteriostatik. Efek samping psikiatri seperti antesietas, halusinasi, depresi, euforia, perubahan kebiasaan, dan bunuh diri dilaporkan sebanyak 9,7-50% pada pasien yang menjalani pengobatan dengan sikloserin. Seorang perempuan berusia 46 tahun dengan diagnosis TB MDR, menjalani pengobatan TB lini kedua sejak januari 2016. Regimen pengobatan terdiri dari levofloksasin, sikloserin, etionamid, pirazinamid, etambutol, dan PAS. Evaluasi pengobatan dibulan pertama menunjukan adanya lelah, komunikasi yang berkurang, dan perubahan perilaku. Pasien sering merasa sedih, putus asa, dan sangat memikirkan penyakitnya. Pasien juga berpikir untuk mengakhiri hidupnya. Kemudian pasien menjalani rawat inap dan didiagnosis sebagai depresi imbas pengobatan TB, kemungkinan disebabkan sikloserin. Kemudian pemberian sikloserin dihentikan. Dalam waktu yang bersamaan, pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukan adanya peningkatan TSH tanpa disertai gejala klinis hipotiroid. Dilakukan pemberian levotiroksin sebesar 1x100mkg. Pada akhir minggu ke-3 pengobatan, kadar TSH tetap meningkat sehingga pemberian etionamid dihentikan selama 3 bulan. Evaluasi setelah penghentian pemberian etionamid menunjukkan kadar TSH terkendali. Pemberian etionamid kemudian dilanjutkan dengan dosis titrasi per bulan. Kesimpulannya, pada pengobatan TB MDR, timbul efek samping pemberian etionamid perlu diperhatikan. Neorotoksisitas berat yang disebabkan sikloserin dapat ditangani dengan penundaan pemberian obat sementara. Hal lain yang perlu diingat adalah kondisi hipotiroid dapat memperlihatkan gejala depresi. Oleh karena itu, pemantauan efek samping pada obat TB diperlukan. "

"Tamarindus indica (tamarind) is an established traditional medicine. Pulpa tamarindorum includes vitamin C, protein, fat, glucose, citric acid, etc. Citric acid is a root canal irrigant and vitamin C an antioxidant. This study aimed to elucidate the cytotoxicity of 5% tamarind extract as a root canal irrigant to the cell line BHK-21. Eighteen cultures of cell line BHK-21 were divided into 2 groups. Sterile aquabidest was placed on the group 1 cultures (as control), and 5% tamarind extract was on the group 2, for 2.5 minutes each, and then the percentage of the living and dead cells were counted. The collected data were statistically analyzed by using independent t test to 0.05 limit of significance. The results showed 1% of dead cells in group 1 and 22% in group 2, and that there was a significant difference between the effect of 5% tamarind extract and that of sterile aquabidest (p<0.05). It was concluded that 5% tamarind extract is cytotoxic to the cell line BHK-21."

"ABSTRAKLupus nephritis (LN) is involvement of the kidney in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and one of the most common target organ in SLE. The diagnosis of LN will significantly impact the clinical outcome and therapy of the patient. Therapy regiment of LN is divided into two stages, induction and maintenance treatment. The main objective of the induction therapy is to achieve complete or partial remission as soon as possible since it is correlated with better prognosis and fewer relapse incidence. In the maintenance stage, the main aim of the therapy is to maintain the remission status and avoid future relapse. It is also important to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy as it will affect the duration and the regiment therapy being used. Corticosteroid, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, azathrioprine, cyclosporine and tacrolimus are example of drugs used in LN therapy. Currently, studies are being conducted to evaluate and develop targeted drug therapy to further add treatment options for LN."

"ABSTRAKIn the past 10 years, recent development of targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has provided a new hope and significantly enhanced the prognosis of the disease. Three class of targeted therapy were developed, including multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex-1 kinase inhibitors, and the humanized antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody. Hence, the objective of this article was to critically examine the current evidence of targeted therapy treatment for patients with mRCC. In the majority of trials evaluating targeted therapy, patients were stratified according to Memorial Sloan Kattering Cancer Center (MSKCC) risk model and the recommendation of targeted treatment based on risk features. In first-line setting (no previous treatment), sunitinib, pazopanib, or bevacizumab plus IFN-α were recommended as treatment options for patient with favorable- or intermediate- risk features and clear cell histology. Patients who progressed after previous cytokine therapy would have sorafenib or axitinib as treatment options. Clear-cell mRCC with favorable- or intermediate- risk features and failure with first-line TKI therapy might be treated with sorafenib, everolimus, temsirolimus or axitinib. However, the current evidence did not show the best treatment sequencing after first-line TKI failure. In patients with poor-risk clear-cell and non-clear cell mRCC, temsirolimus was the treatment option supported by phase III clinical trial. In addition, several new drugs, nowadays, are still being investigated and waiting for the result of phase II or III clinical trial, and this might change the standard therapy for mRCC in the future."

"Perencanaan dan pengadaan obat yang cermat, tepat dan berkelanjutan sangat diperlukan dalam rangka penyediaan kebutuhan obat di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Sejak tahun 2000 sampai dengan tahun 2004 jumlah ketersediaan dana kebutuhan obat cenderung menurun, terutama dari sumber APED Kabupaten. Selama ini belum dilakukan analisis terhadap kinerja perencanaan dan pengadaan obat di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Padang Pariaman secara terpadu dan kamprehensif. Untuk itu dirasa perlu melakukan analisis terhadap kinerja perencanaan dan pengadaan obat di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Padang Pariaman.Penelitian dilakukan di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Padang Pariaman dari bulan Pebruari sampai dengan Maret 2006 yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja perencanaan dan pengadaan obat di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Padang Pariaman di tahun 2004 dengan memakai pendekatan Balanced Scorecard yaitu menggunakan empat perspektif Pembelajaran dan Pertumbuhan, Proses Bisnis Internal, Pelanggan dan Finansial. Janis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif analisis, dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam dengan pihak terkait dan pemberian kuesioner serta penelusuran dokumen.Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada kinerja pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan kemampuan dan komitmen anggota tim masih kurang sehingga mengakibatkan menurunnya kinerja proses bisnis internal, yaitu kualitas pelayanan kepada Puskesmas menjadi rendah. Pada kinerja pelanggan tingkat kepuasan yang diperoleh Puskesmas dalam rangka perencanaan, pengadaan dan pendistribusian obat rendah yaitu pada tingkat kepuasan 80% hanya 25,2 % yang puas terhadap pelayanan. Tingkat kepuasan terendah ditemui pada dimensi keandalan (reliability) yaitu 68,50% dan responsiveness (daya tanggap) yaitu 69,31% dan tertinggi pada tangibles dan assurance yaitu masing-masing 77,69% dan 76,24%. Untuk kinerja finansial dana yang diperoleh khusus dari APBD Kabupaten belum sesuai dengan kebutuhan obat.Untuk itu disarankan kepada Tim Perencanaan dan Pengadaan Obat Kabupaten agar meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan kepada Puskesmas, penggunaan metode konsumsi untuk perhitungan kebutuhan obat dengan memanfaatkan data yang ada secara benar, meningkatkan hubungan kerjasama lintas program dan melakukan advokasi untuk peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan khususnya untuk penyediaan obat-obatan kepada Panitia Anggaran (Eksekutif dan Legislatil) dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan akan dana obat.

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Accurate, precise and continuous drugs planning and procurement needed in supplying of drugs requirement in Padang Pariaman Regency. Since 2000 until 2004 fund of drugs needs availability relatively decreasing, especially from Regency APBD source. Recently not yet done analysis toward drugs planning and procurement in Health Agency of Padang Pariaman Regency with comprehensively and inwrought. Therefore, analysis toward drugs requirement and procurement performance in Health Agency of Padang Pariaman Regency needed.

Research done in Health Agency of Padang Pariaman Regency from February to March 2006 that aimed to find the drugs planning and procurement performance in Health Agency of Padang Pariaman Regency in the year 2004 using Balanced Scorecard approach, which is four perspective, Learning and Growth, Internal Business Process, Costumer and Financial. Research done is analysis of descriptive research, using indepht interview with related party and questioner and document study.

From research result got conclusion that performance of team member ability and commitment still lack with the result of performance decrease in Internal Business Process, which is service quality to Health Centre become low. On Costumer performance satisfy rate that got from Health Centre in order to drugs planning, procurement and distribution is very low that is satisfying rate of 80% there's only 25,2% that satisfied with service. The lowest satisfy found in reliability that is 68,50% and responsiveness dimension that is 69,31% and the highest in tangibles and assurance dimension that is each 77,69% dan 76,24%. For Financial performance the fund especially from APBD Regency source not yet suitable with drug needs.

Therefore, suggestion for Regency Drugs Planning and Procurement Team is improving service quality to Health Centre, using the method with make use of data correctly, and increase cross sector cooperation relation in order to give advocate effort toward District Government in fulfilling drugs requirement."

"Saat ini telah terjadi resistensi parasit terhadap obat-obat antimalaria sehingga diperlukan alternatif pengobatan baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa ekstrak kulit batang Delonix regia dengan daun Carica papaya L memiliki aktivitas antiplasmodium pada mencit Swiss Webster yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei dan mengetahui perbandingan dosis kombinasi yang paling efektif sebagai antiplasmodium. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental yang dilakukan secara in vivo. Terdapat 5 kelompok perlakuan yang terdiri dari kelompok kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, dan 3 kelompok perlakuan yang terdiri dari dosis kombinasi 1:1, 3:1, dan 1:3. Perlakuan diberikan selama lima hari berturut-turut. Setiap kelompok diamati densitas parasitnya dari hari ke-0 hingga hari ke-5 serta dihitung persentase peningkatan dan penghambatan parasitemia yang terjadi pada hari ke-4. Data persentase peningkatan parasitemia hari ke-4 dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji hipotesis Kruskal Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan dosis kombinasi 1:1 memiliki perbedaan bermakna dengan kontrol negatif (p<0,05) dan menunjukan aktivitas antiplasmodium paling baik dengan persentase penghambatan parasitemia sebesar 99%. Sedangkan dosis kombinasi 3:1 dan 1:3 tidak menunjukan aktivitas antiplasmodium.

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Nowadays, the resistance toward malaria medicine has developed and required a new alternative medicine. This study is proposed to prove that the combination of Delonix regia's stem bark and Carica papaya L.’s leaves has an antiplasmodium activity on Swiss Webster mice infected by Plasmodium berghei, and also to compare each ratio combination to find the most effective one. The design used is an inv vivo experimental design. There were 5 group of mice tested, consisted of the positive control, negative control, and three combination ratio of 1:1, 3:1, and 1:3. This treatment were given daily for 5 day and on each day, the parasite density were evaluated. On day 4, the percentage of inhibition was measured. Also, on day 4, the increase in percentage of parasitemia was calculated. The data was then analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and the result is that combination 1:1 had a significant difference compared to negative control (p<0.05). It also shows the most effective antiplasmodium activity with a 99% of inhibition. In other hand, the combination of 3:1 and 1:3 shows no antiplasmodium activity."