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"The central message of this book can be summarized in one sentence: It is still important to create adequate demand for education, especially from certain sections of society, along with improvements in the supply or provision of schooling, if we want to address the known problems in this regard in India. This is evident from the fact that certain socio-economic factors act as significant determinants of not only-non-enrolment, dropouts, irregular attendance-but also inadequate learning in Indian schools. It is also noted that mere growth in income or expansion of economic opportunities need not encourage all sections of parents to use schooling for their children. Hence, demand-side interventions (which may include social interventions beyond the provision of monetary incentives) continue to be important in Indian context. Conventional demand-side interventions like midday meal seem to be ineffective in the current context when unskilled wage rates have increased and a meal at school may not be a serious attraction to send kids to school. Though the Right to Education (RTE) Act can be interpreted as a demand-side intervention since denying education to a child is reckoned as an unconstitutional act there, it may also be not that effective in ensuring quality schooling for all. It does not have an enforcement machinery to see that all children attend school on a regular basis. The book also examines different social interventions attempted in different parts of the world which enabled the creation generation of demand for schooling and draws a few practical lessons."

"Machine generated contents note: I.THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVESA.Status Attainment and Social Mobility1.The "Rationalization" of Education and Training /​ Max Weber2.Social and Cultural Mobility /​ Pitirim Sorokin3.Sponsored and Contest Mobility and the School System /​ Ralph H. Turner4.Status Attainment Processes /​ Alejandro PortesB.Human Capital, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital5.Human Capital /​ Gary S. Becker6.Cultural Capital: Allusions, Gaps, and Glissandos in Recent Theoretical Developments /​ Annette Lareau7.Schools, Families, and Communities /​ Thomas HofferC.Changing Theories of Education Systems8.The First Element of Morality: The Spirit of Discipline /​ Emile Durkheim9.The School and the Community /​ Willard Waller10.Functional and Conflict Theories of Educational Stratification /​ Randall Collins11.The Long Shadow of Work /​ Pete"

"Improvement of per capita income will boost the demand for outpatient care and lead enhanced expectation of service quality of hospital. People perceived that private hospital has better services than public hospital. Based on these, we assumed that private hospital users have particular characteristics. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with utilization of private hospitals for outpatient care and who get the benefits, the rich or the poor. This study used data of 42,540 respondents from IFLS-4 collected in 2007. Analyses showed the higher the income the higher the demand. Insured?s groups have higher demand than uninsured. Demand analyses revealed that increased price of private hospital caused higher demand. This evidence indicated that outpatient care of private hospital was perceived as luxuries goods. However increased price of public hospital did not influence the demand of private hospital. It is indicate that private hospital has different type with patients of public hospital. It means that the two types of hospital comprise different segment of patients. The rich benefited more outpatient care in private hospital than the poor. It implies that the government should enforced Ministry of Health?s regulation on hospital social function.

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Harapan mutu pelayanan rumah sakit. Masyarakat memiliki persepsi pelayanan rumah sakit swasta lebih bermutu daripada rumah sakit pemerintah, sehingga terdapat asumsi pelanggan rumah sakit swasta mempunyai karakteristik khusus. Tujuan studi ini adalah menginvestigasi berbagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan utilisasi rawat jalan dan kelompok yang mendapat manfaat. Studi ini menggunakan 42.540 responden rumah sakit swasta IFLS-4 tahun 2007. Semakin tinggi pendapatan semakin tinggi pula permintaan, kelompok jaminan/asuransi mempunyai permintaan yang lebih tinggi daripada non-jaminan. Kenaikan tarif rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta yang dipersepsi masyarakat sebagai barang mewah meningkatkan permintaan. Namun, kenaikan tarif rawat jalan rumah sakit pemerintah tidak memengaruhi permintaan rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan karakteristik pasien rumah sakit swasta yang berbeda dari rumah sakit pemerintah. Kelompok kaya mendapatkan manfaat rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta lebih besar daripada kelompok miskin. Untuk mengoreksi keadaan ini pemerintah perlu menegakkan peraturan menteri kesehatan tentang fungsi sosial rumah sakit."

"This paper is written based on the writer's experience as a psychologist who assists victims of sexual violence and discussions with the victims's companion. The writer reports that there are three problems. First, law enforcement dose not empathize with the survivors, making it ineffective. second the psychological impact on victims or survivors is not really understood by the public because the patriarchal culture is so entrenched. Third psychological intervention is necessary for strengthening the victims and human beings that should be responsible for their actions. In other words, sexual violence should not be the fault of the victims, but the fault and responsibility of the perpetrator. Helping subjects to reduce tension, minimizing the internalized guilt due to socialization of sexuality understanding that tends to marginalize women, and processing anger in a constructive manner is important. Sometimes the companion intends to give sympathy, but accidentally becomes angry and unable to calm down, adding to problems of the people she accompanies. Survivors then become increasingly angry, agitated, or unable to think straight. it is important to provide strength to victims to ensure be dine on all sides. Reworking the psychological side without ensuring availability and sustainability of fair legal system would cause the situation of women to be vulnerable. Psychological reinforcement should be done under any circumstances, especially if the legal system does not provide justice for the victims"

"The Mincerian earnings functions are estimated using cross section and time series data for Korea during the 1993-2002 period. Male and female workers with university and higher education earn 1.8 and 2.9 times more than with the middle school and under education in 2002, respectively."