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"This article discusses the implementation of the right to education in Indonesia. It uses human rights and historical approaches. Human rights approach is used to describe international human rights instruments on the guarantee of the right to education that is applied universally. This approach is also dealing with international human rights instrument on the right to education that has been ratified by Indonesia as well as national regulation instruments on the right toeducation applied in Indonesia. Historical approach highlights the role of Indonesian governments in education sector after the Independence Day, especially regarding the implementation of the right to education. The discussion focuses on the development that has been achieved and the difficulty that has been faced in the implementation of the right to education. Despite there have been significant progresses achieved in implementing the right to education, the Indonesian governments remain facing the difficulty to fulfil the right to education for the entire of Indonesian citizens. However, in the middle of such a difficulty, it raises a creative idea and concrete action from civil society in terms of providing education service for marginalized and indigenous peoples.

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Artikel ini membahas implementasi hak pendidikan (the right to education) di Indonesia.Pembahasan menggunakan pendekatan hak asasi manusia dan historis. Pendekatan hak asasi manusia memaparkan instrumen-instrumen hak asasi manusia internasional tentang jaminan hak pendidikan yang telah berlaku secara universal. Pemaparan juga dikaitkan dengan instrumen hak asasi manusia internasional tentang hak pendidikan yang telah diratifikasi oleh Indonesia serta instrumen regulasi nasional terkait dengan jaminan hak pendidikan yang berlaku di Indonesia. Pendekatan historis menyoroti peran pemerintahan-pemerintahan Indonesia dalam sektor pendidikan setelah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan, khususnya terkait dengan implementasi jaminan hak pendidikan. Pembahasan difokuskan pada perkembangan yang telah dicapai dan kesulitan yang dihadapi dalam implementasi hak pendidikan. Di samping ada kemajuan signifikan yang telah dicapai dalam impelementasi jaminan hak pendidikan, Indonesia masih menghadapi kesulitan memenuhi jaminan hak pendidikan untuk seluruh warga negara Indonesia. Namun, di tengah kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh pemerintah, muncul ide kreatif dan aksi konkret dari masyarakat sipil dalam bentuk memberikan pelayanan pendidikan bagi warga negara Indonesia yang hidup terpencil dan terpinggirkan."

"Artikel ini membahas implementasi hak pendidikan (the right to education) di Indonesia. Pembahasan menggunakan pendekatan hak asasi manusia dan historis. Pendekatan hak asasi manusia memaparkan instrumen-instrumen hak asasi manusia internasional tentang jaminan hak pendidikan yang telah berlaku secara universal. Pemaparan juga dikaitkan dengan instrumen hak asasi manusia internasional tentang hak pendidikan yang telah diratifikasi oleh Indonesia serta instrumen regulasi nasional terkait dengan jaminan hak pendidikan yang berlakudi Indonesia. Pendekatan historis menyoroti peran pemerintahan-pemerintahan Indonesia dalam sektor pendidikan setelah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan, khususnya terkait dengan implementasi jaminan hak pendidikan. Pembahasan difokuskan pada perkembangan yang telah dicapai dan kesulitan yang dihadapi dalam implementasi hak pendidikan. Di samping ada kemajuan signifikan yang telah dicapai dalam impelementasi jaminan hak pendidikan, Indonesia masih menghadapi kesulitan memenuhi jaminan hak pendidikan untuk seluruh warga negara Indonesia. Namun, di tengah kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh pemerintah, muncul ide kreatif dan aksi konkret dari masyarakat sipil dalam bentuk memberikan pelayanan pendidikan bagi warga negara Indonesia yang hidup terpencil dan terpinggirkan."

"This paper analyzes the relationship between corruption and realization of human rights in a specific case, the realization of the right to education by utilizing human rights standards concerning the right to education as the parameter of human rights realization. An Indonesian case law about corruption of Bantuan Operasional Sekolah funds in Malang is selected as primary legal data in this paper to provide empirical evidence one of the cases of corruption in education sector. Norm entrepreneurship as part of contructivist theory is selected to explain the phenomenon of emerging scholarly studies and discussion about corruption as a violation of human rights and this paper aims to draw the link between corruption and its negative impact to the realization of human rights in case analysis."

"Pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan bagi difabel di Indonesia telah melalui perjalanan yang panjang dengan pergeseran paradigma di dalamnya. Di balik ketidaksempurnaan pengaturan hak atas pendidikan bagi difabel pada beragam peraturan perundang-undangan, pemerintah berupaya mengakomodasi pendidikan yang inklusif pada jenjang pendidikan tinggi. Usaha tersebut diejawantahkan dengan melibatkan penyelenggara pendidikan tinggi sebagai pihak yang bertanggung jawab dalam pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan bagi mahasiswa difabel. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menganalisis permasalahan terkait pengaturan pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan bagi difabel di Indonesia; pengaturan dan implementasi tanggung jawab perguruan tinggi dalam pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan bagi mahasiswa difabel di Indonesia; penerapan tanggung jawab Universitas Indonesia dalam pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan bagi mahasiswa difabel; dan telaah pelaksanaan tanggung jawab pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan bagi mahasiswa difabel di Universitas Indonesia, Universitas Brawijaya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, dan La Trobe University. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis-normatif yang bersifat preskriptif dengan cara mengkaji literatur berkenaan dengan pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan bagi difabel untuk mendapatkan saran-saran mengenai tindakan yang harus dilakukan dalam mengatasi permasalahan yang diangkat. Simpulan penelitian ini yaitu pengaturan pendidikan bagi difabel dan penyelenggaraan pendidikan inklusif di Indonesia belum harmonis dan tidak dijabarkan dengan baik dalam peraturan perundang-undangan tertentu; pengaturan terhadap akomodasi dan layanan hak atas pendidikan bagi mahasiswa difabel yang diuraikan dalam beragam peraturan perundang-undangan belum diimplementasikan oleh mayoritas perguruan tinggi di Indonesia; dan Universitas Indonesia belum sepenuhnya melaksanakan pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan bagi mahasiswa difabel sebagaimana diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan

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Fulfilling the right to education for people with disabilities in Indonesia has come a long way and has experienced a shift in paradigm. Behind the imperfect arrangements for the right to education for people with disabilities in various laws and regulations, the government seeks to accommodate inclusive education at the higher education level. This effort is realized by involving higher education providers as the party responsible for fulfilling the right to education for students with disabilities. This study attempts to analyze problems related to the fulfillment of the right to education for students with disabilities in Indonesia; regulating and implementing higher education responsibilities in fulfilling the right to education for students with disabilities in Indonesia; the implementation of the responsibilities of Universitas Indonesia in fulfilling the right to education for students with disabilities; and a study of the implementation of the responsibility to fulfill the right to education for students with disabilities at the Brawijaya University, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, and La Trobe University. This research is a juridical-normative research and prescriptive in nature which is done by examining the literature regarding the fulfilment of the right to education for people with disabilities to obtain suggestions regarding actions that must be taken in overcoming the problems raised. The conclusions of this research are that the arrangement of education for students with disabilities and the implementation of inclusive education in Indonesia is not yet harmonious and is not well defined in certain laws and regulations; arrangements for accommodation and services for the right to education for students with disabilities that are described in various laws and regulations have not been implemented by the majority of universities in Indonesia; and that Universitas Indonesia has not fully fulfilled the right to education for students with disabilities as stipulated in statutory regulations"

"In Indonesia, as elsewhere in Asia, education will inevitably play a key role in the national development experience as the twenty-first century unfolds. Not much international attention is paid to how the education sector is faring in Indonesia, but that is not because nothing is happening. The past decade has seen major changes in the structure of the education system and in the schooling trajectories of Indonesian children and adolescents. The administration of primary and secondary education has been decentralized to the regions. A new paradigm of school-based management has been introduced. Public spending on education has finally reached one-fifth of total government spending, as required by law. But although enrolment rates at all levels continue to increase, the quality of education remains low and has not improved, and the tertiary sector continues to experience problems of autonomy and unsatisfactory performance."

"ABSTRACTMany KoreanChinese are staying in Korea for economic reasons, and unlike other foreign unskilled workers, their children are allowed to accompany them. The right to education is a premise of human dignity and other fundamental rights it is desirable to recognize at least the right to the necessary conditions for receiving compulsory education for the KoreanChinese children living in Korea. In addition, pursuant to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Korean government has an obligation to guarantee all children free elementary education and public education. The current legislation lacks a basis for the obligations of the state or parents with foreign nationality to provide compulsory education to their children. Also, as the current legislation lacks specificity in the contents of the law, implementation of the policy is left to the discretion of the state. Efforts should be made to ensure that as many KoreanChinese children as possible enjoy practical educational rights. Although it is important for the judiciary to actively consider the right to education in the Constitution and in international treaties, legislative efforts are also important. As cases in foreign countries suggest, cooperation between the private sector and the government should be considered."

"Kesehatan merupakan hak asasi setiap manusia. Hal ini telah diakui dalam instrumen hukum internasional, regional dan nasional. Sebagai hak asasi, hak tersebut harus dipenuhi berdasarkan prinsip non-diskriminasi, kesetaraan, dan International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966 merupakan kovenan hukum yang paling signifikan dalam mengatur hak atas kesehatan secara umum. Hak atas kesehatan atau right to health sendiri diartikan sebagai hak setiap orang untuk mendapatkan fasilitas, produk, dan layanan kesehatan, (atau dengan kata lain, bukan sebagai hak dalam pengertian ?right to be healthy?). Ruang lingkup hak atas kesehatan sangatlah luas, yang juga mencakup faktor-faktor penentu kesehatan (determinants of health) dengan komponen-komponen penting, yaitu ketersediaan, aksesibilitas, akseptabilitas, dan kualitas. Kewajiban yang timbul bagi negara untuk memenuhi hak tersebut tidaklah cukup melalui langkah legislatif melainkan langkah-langkah lain yang perlu dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya secara maksimal.Indonesia telah meratifikasi kovenan ini melalui Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2005 dan dengan demikian terikat pada ketentuan-ketentuan dalam ICESCR, salah satunya ketentuan mengenai hak atas kesehatan yang diatur dalam Pasal 12 ICESCR. Dalam hukum nasional, hak atas kesehatan telah diatur diantaranya dalam UUD 1945, UU No. 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, UU No. 36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan, UU No. 40 Tahun 2009 Tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional, dan dalam Strategi Percepatan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Milenium (MDGs). Namun, walaupun secara legislatif hak atas kesehatan telah cukup baik diatur dalam hukum nasional, tetapi Indonesia belum menerapkan hak tersebut kepada rakyat Indonesia belum maksimal. Hal ini terlihat dari ketersediaan dan persebaran fasilitas dan tenaga kesehatan di setiap wilayah di Indonesia yang belum merata, sistem jaminan kesehatan yang tidak tepat sasaran dan kurang sosialisasi, dan kurang tersedianya obat-obatan esensial di sejumlah fasilitas kesehatan di Indonesia sehingga masyarakat tidak dapat mengakses obat-obatan esensial sebagaimana harusnya.

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Health is a human right. It has been recognized in various international, regional, and national law instruments. As human rights, it has to be fulfilled based on the principles of non-discrimination and equity. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966 is the most significant law covenant which rules out the right to health universally. Right to health is defined as a right of every person to health facilities, goods, and services (or in another words, it is not a right to be healthy). The scope of right to health is very broad, since it includes the right to determinants of health as well, along with important components, namely availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality. Obligation arising out for the States to meet the right of health are not quiet through the legislative measures but also other steps necessary utilizing the maximum of its available resources to achieve the full realization of the rights.Indonesia has ratified the Covenant through the Law No. 11/2005 and consequently it is bound to the provisions in ICESCR, which one of them is the right to health under Article 12 of ICESCR. Domestically, the right to health has been regulated in the Constitution of 1945, Law No. 39/1999 on Human Rights, Law No. 36/2009 on Health, Law No. 40/2009 on National Social Security System, and the Acceleration Strategy for the Achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, although the right to health is regulated well enough under its legislations, its implementation is not yet optimal. It is seen from the disparity of health facility and health workers availability and distribution in every region in Indonesia, the mistargeting in health security system and its lack of socialization, also the lack of essential medicines in a number of health facilities that should have been easily accessed by those who need it."