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"“Born global” (BG) firms have attracted many researchers throughout the last decade. The emergence of this phenomenon initially posed a serious challenge to the validity and applicability of the traditional “stage” theory of internationalization; however, scholars have more recently been able to reconcile traditional and new theories into a single framework for studying the process of internationalization. This volume applies both network theory and knowledge-based theory to analyze export assistance in the context of internationalization of low-tech BG firms in developing countries (with an in-depth study of the apparel industry in Bangladesh). ;"

"Sanksi ekonomi terus mengalami perkembangan, baik dari segi praktik, bentuk, dan aktor yang memberlakukannya, terlepas dari perdebatan yang terus berlangsung mengenai efektivitas dan dampaknya. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, tulisan ini mengkaji dinamika sanksi ekonomi dalam konteks hubungan internasional melalui analisis taksonomi atas 52 literatur yang relevan dengan tiga tema, yakni: (1) motif sanksi ekonomi; (2) efektivitas sanksi sebagai kebijakan luar negeri; dan (3) konsekuensi sanksi ekonomi. Fokus pertama adalah pada pengkategorian sanksi menjadi dua jenis motivasi: instrumental, yang bertujuan mengubah kebijakan negara target, dan simbolik, yang umumnya digunakan untuk memperkuat dukungan domestik Selain itu, tulisan ini mengevaluasi efektivitas sanksi, menunjukkan bahwa meskipun beberapa kasus berhasil, secara umum sanksi sering kali gagal mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan dan memiliki dampak negatif yang luas pada ekonomi dan stabilitas politik negara target. Konsekuensi sosial dan kemanusiaan dari sanksi juga dibahas sebagai bagian dari dampak globalnya. Tulisan ini mendesak adanya pendekatan yang lebih terintegrasi dan multidisiplin dalam memahami pengaruh sanksi ekonomi, dengan menekankan pentingnya menggabungkan berbagai perspektif untuk menilai keefektifan dan etika dari penerapan sanksi sebagai alat kebijakan luar negeri. Dengan demikian, tulisan ini tidak hanya memberikan wawasan terhadap dinamika sanksi ekonomi tetapi juga mengusulkan rekomendasi kebijakan yang strategis.

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Economic sanctions continue to evolve in terms of their practice, form, and the actors who implement them, despite ongoing debates about their effectiveness and impact. Considering this, this paper examines the dynamics of economic sanctions in the context of international relations through a taxonomic analysis of 52 relevant pieces of literature focusing on three themes: (1) the motives behind economic sanctions; (2) the effectiveness of sanctions as a foreign policy tool; and (3) the consequences of economic sanctions. The first focus is on categorizing sanctions into two types of motivations: instrumental, aimed at changing the policies of the target country, and symbolic, generally used to strengthen domestic support. Additionally, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of sanctions, showing that while some cases are successful, in general, sanctions often fail to achieve the desired goals and have wide-ranging negative impacts on the economy and political stability of the target country. The social and humanitarian consequences of sanctions are also discussed as part of their global impact. This paper advocates for a more integrated and multidisciplinary approach to understanding the influence of economic sanctions, emphasizing the importance of incorporating various perspectives to assess the effectiveness and ethics of using sanctions as a foreign policy tool. Thus, this paper not only provides insights into the dynamics of economic sanctions but also proposes strategic policy recommendations."