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"This research aims to prove the hypothesis on patterns between government revenue and expenditure. The research results will add to the tax-spend debate literature. By selecting 17 developing countries as samples, the research uses the Engle-Granger co-integration approach to test the temporal relationship hypothesis between revenue and expenditure. The research found that revenue and expenditure influence one another is Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Malaysia, Sierra Lyne, Turkey, Tunisia and the Maldives, which supports the Fiscal Synchronization Hypothesis. These countries try to increase revenue and cut spending simultaneously in an effort to control their budget deficits. In Chad, Mali and Uganda expenditure influences revenue which supports the Expenditure-Revenue Hypothesis. Fiscal policy in these three countries should aim to control expenditure in an effort to create revenue and manage the budget deficit. In Cameroon, Pakistan and Bahrain it was found that there is no relationship between revenue and expenditure, which supports the Different Institution Hypothesis. Further research is needed to measure long-term behavior patterns between revenue and expenditure and to examine the limited role of laws and budget processes. This could include the integration of several growth determinants on expenditure and revenue as related to the national budget."

"Sustainabilitas utang negara adalah issu utama didalam suatu negara. Banyak studi teoritis yang menganalisa bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah yang produktif dapat membuat utang negara menjadi lebih sustainable. Penelitian ini menguji hubungan antara pengeluaran pemerintah dan utang negara di Indonesia dengan menggunakan Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Di dalam penelitian ini, Penulis membedakan antara pengeluaran pemerintah produktif dan tidak produktif. Penulis menggunakan data belanja modal, belanja rutin, nilai tukar rupiah dan utang negara secara triwulan dari tahun 1994 triwulan I sampai dengan tahun 2012 triwulan IV. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengeluran rutin pemerintah mempunyai pengaruh yang negative terhadap utang pemerintah dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Sementara itu, hubungan antara pengeluaran pembangunan (belanja modal) dan utang pemerintah dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang adalah positive dan tidak signifikan.

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The sustainability of public debt is a main issue in the country. Many theoretical studies analyze that productive government expenditure can make the public debt become more sustainable. This study examines the relationship between government expenditure and public debt in Indonesia by using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). In this study, I differentiate between productive and unproductive government expenditure. I use the quarterly data on capital expenditure, current expenditure, exchange rate and public debt from 1994Q1 to 2012Q4. The result shows that the current expenditure has a negative effect on the public debt in the short term and long term. Meanwhile, the relationship between capital expenditure and public debt in the short term and long term is positive and insignificant."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian dalam Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang serta maksud dan tujuan dari adanya keberhasilan Iran dalam hal proliferasi nuklir, karena program nuklir damai Iran yang menjadi polemik internasional telah menjadi kontroversi tidak hanya di kawasan Timur Tengah saja, akan tetapi juga telah membuat dunia Intemasional dibawah dominasi Amerika Serikat melakukan propaganda politik hingga berhasil membuat DK PBB mengeluarkan resolusi 1747 bagi negeri Iran. Penulis berusaha menganalisa bagaimana terjadinya pengaruh nuklir dalam sistem internasional terkait dengan masalah nuklir terhadap penerapan teknologi militer di masa mendatang dalam menciptakan dan menjaga stabilitas keamanan internasional serta sejauh mana perimbangan kekuatan terjadi ketika fenomena proliferasi nuklir Iran berhadapan dengan legemoni Amerika Serikat, disamping itu juga penulis berusaba menganalisa mengapa program nuklir Iran dijadikan propaganda oleh Amerika Serikat.Dalam penelitian ini mempergunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan xnemakai metode studi kasus. Temuan penelitian ini antara lain adalah berdasarkan fakta historis, pengaruh nuklir dalam sistem internasional tidak hanya dalam bidang militer saja, akan tetapi juga berpengaruh terhadap penerapan politik dan ekonomi, sehingga sudah Lento berbagai masalah dan akibat yang ditimbulkan dari nuklir sangatlah mempunyai efek yang tidak sedikit. Oleh karenanya dalam rangka menciptakan dunia internasional babas dari senjata nuklir maka dibiiatlah berbagai macam perjanjian, antara lain perjanjian non proliferasi nuklir.Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan tentang latar belakang serta maksud dan tujuan dari terjadinya proliferasi nuklir Iran yang lebih difokuskan untuk kepentingan damai, walaupun mendapat tekanan dari dunia internasional melalui forum DK PBB dengan keluarnya resolusi 1747 yang diprakarsai oleh Amerika Serikat. Pada intinya, Program proliferasi nuklir Iran menjadi fenomena kontroversi internasional karena belum adanya sikap dan cara pandang yang sama antar satu dengan yang lain (AS dan Iran), disatu sisi Iran berusaha meyakinkan dunia internasional bahwa program proliferasi nuklimya adalah untuk kepentingan damai dan memandang AS melakukan propaganda demi menghambat Iran rneraih kemajuan dalam bidang teknologi militer, akan tetapi disisi lain, dunia internasional yang didominasi oleh AS, berkeyakinan bahwa program nuklir damai Iran hanyalah awal dari kepemilikan senjata nuklir bagi Iran.Tanta saja perimbangan kekuatan baru di Timur Tengah telah terjadi ketika program proliferasi nuklir Iran menjadi kontroversi internasional, sehingga Iran dapat memainkan peran bargaining positionnya dalam pergaulan internasional, disamping itu juga upaya AS untuk mengintervensi serta melakukan hegemoni dikawasan Teluk telah mengalami kesulitan karena adanya penolakan dari Iran untuk menghentikan program proliferasi nuklirnya. Akan tetapi demi mencegah terjadinya perang pisik antara Iran dan AS, diplomasi dan forum dialog terbuka perlu untuk dikedepankan.

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ABSTRACT

The objective of study in this thesis is to find background and purposes and objectives of the Iran's successful on Nuclear Proliferation as Iranian peace nuclear program is became an international polemic into a controversial which is not only at Middle East, however it has made international worlds under domination of United States (U.S) has made political propagandas to relate international systems on nuclear for future military technology application in order to create and preserve international security stability and to what extent the balance of power occurred when Iranian nuclear proliferation phenomenon facing US hegemony, beside of that, writer is also encouraged to analyze why Iranian nuclear program is become a propaganda by the United States.

This study is using qualitative approach and using methods of case study. Findings in this study is based on historical facts, nuclear influences in international system are not only at military, however it gives influences in international system are not only at military, however it gives influences to political and economical applications, and of course it has an enormous effects for nuclear problems. Therefore, in order to create an international world which is free from nuclear weapons, it has been made certain treaties, such as nuclear non proliferation treaty.

This study is also to explain on background and objective of Iranian nuclear proliferation which shall be focused for peace objectives, even it has pressured from international worlds by the Security Council forum of United Nations on resolution 1747 which being pioneered by U.S. In essence, Iranian nuclear proliferation program is become an international controversial phenomenon as there is no similar perspectives by one country to another (Iran and United States), in one hand, Iran has convinced to international worlds that its nuclear proliferation program is for peace and to assume that United States has made propagandas for the sake to hinder Iran for military technological advances, however on the other hand, international worlds which dominated by United States convinced that Iranian peacefully nuclear program is only the beginning of nuclear weapon procurement for Iran.

Of course, a new balance of power in the Middle East has been occurred when Iranian nuclear proliferation program has became an international controversy, and Iran can play its role for bargaining position in international relationship, beside of that, U.S efforts in order to interfere and to make hegemony at the Gulf has been suffered by refusal of Iran to stop its nuclear proliferation program. However, in order to prevent physical warfare between Iran and U.S, it is necessary to diplomacy realizations to make an open dialog forum."