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"ABSTRACTTorsi cogging yang dihasilkan oleh motor arus searah tanpa sikat berinteraksi dengan torsi mekanis. Sehingga, diperlukan torsi cogging yang lebih kecil agar menghasilkan torsi mekanis yang lebih tinggi dengan riak yang lebih kecil. Reduksi torsi cogging dan riak torsi dapat dilakukan dengan mengubah ukuran celah udara dan bukaan alur pada motor yang dirancang. Pada penelitian ini, studi variasi desain dilakukan pada bagian celah udara dan bukaan alur. Berdasarkan simulasi perangkat lunak berbasis finite element analysis, desain optimum yang didapatkan adalah ukuran celah udara 2 mm dan ukuran bukaan alur 6 mm yang menghasilkan besar torsi induksi 6,683 Nm, riak torsi 8,32, dan torsi cogging 0,14 Nm.

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ABSTRACTThe cogging torque generated by Brushless Direct Current BLDC Motors interacts with mechanical torque. Therefore, required lower cogging torque to produce smaller ripples with higher values of mechanical torque. Reduction of cogging torque and torque ripple can be done by adjusting the size of air gap and slot opening. In this study, a variation design study was performed on the air gap and slot opening parts. Based on the finite element analysis software simulation, the optimum design obtained is at 2 mm on the size of air gap and 6 mm on the size of slot opening which produces a large mechanical torque of 6,683 Nm, torque ripple 8.32, and 0.14 Nm of cogging torque."

"[ABSTRAKMotor BLDC menjadi motor yang sangat banyak digunakan sekarang karena kelebihannya dibandingkan dengan motor lainnya dalam hal efisiensi, kecepatan dan torsi yang lebih baik, serta umur yang cenderung lebih panjang. Banyak dilakukan penelitian untuk meningkatkan kinerja dari motor BLDC. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari rancangan motor yang paling optimal, dengan membuat rancangan yang divariasikan pada bagian stator. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan simulasi motor tanpa beban dan dengan beban.Pada penelitian ini dibuat empat variasi bukaan alur yang dilakukan pada simulasi tanpa beban dan berbeban. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah membuat lengkungan pada alur dan memvariasikan ukuran bukaan alur pada stator. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan nilai-nilai flux linkage, Back EMF kemudian diolah untuk mendapat Ke pada keadaan tanpa beban dan torsi ripple pada keadaan berbeban untuk dibandingkan agar dapat mengetahui rancangan mana yang memiliki performa terbaik. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa dengan rancangan ukuran yang tepat pada bagian bukaan alur di stator dapat mengurangi daerah saturasi, sehingga pada daerah yang terdapat saturasi dapat diminimalisir panas pada bagian daerah stator motor tersebut dan dapat memperkecil nilai torsi ripple hingga persentase sebesar 6.78% dengan rata-rata torsi ripple sebesar 0.583596818 Nm.ABSTRACTBLDC motors which becoming very widely used now because of its advantages compared to other motor in terms of efficiency, speed and better torque and life tend to be longer. Many research to improve the performance of the BLDC motor. This study aims to find the most optimal motor design, to create designs that varied in the stator. This research was conducted by simulating the motor no load and load.In this study is made of four variations of slot opening performed on the no load and load simulation. Variations to do is make the fillets in the slot opening and varying the size of the slot opening in the stator. In this study obtained values of flux linkage, Back EMF and then processed to obtain Ke in the load simulationand torque ripple at the load simulation of each design are compared to determine which designs that have the best performance.This research found that the design of the right size in the slot opening in the stator can reduce the saturation region, so that in the area there is saturation can be minimized heat in the area of the motor stator and can minimize torque ripple value up to a percentage of 6.78% with an average of 0.583596818 Nm of torque ripple.;BLDC motors which becoming very widely used now because of its advantages compared to other motor in terms of efficiency, speed and better torque and life tend to be longer. Many research to improve the performance of the BLDC motor. This study aims to find the most optimal motor design, to create designs that varied in the stator. This research was conducted by simulating the motor no load and load.In this study is made of four variations of slot opening performed on the no load and load simulation. Variations to do is make the fillets in the slot opening and varying the size of the slot opening in the stator. In this study obtained values of flux linkage, Back EMF and then processed to obtain Ke in the load simulationand torque ripple at the load simulation of each design are compared to determine which designs that have the best performance.This research found that the design of the right size in the slot opening in the stator can reduce the saturation region, so that in the area there is saturation can be minimized heat in the area of the motor stator and can minimize torque ripple value up to a percentage of 6.78% with an average of 0.583596818 Nm of torque ripple.;BLDC motors which becoming very widely used now because of its advantages compared to other motor in terms of efficiency, speed and better torque and life tend to be longer. Many research to improve the performance of the BLDC motor. This study aims to find the most optimal motor design, to create designs that varied in the stator. This research was conducted by simulating the motor no load and load.In this study is made of four variations of slot opening performed on the no load and load simulation. Variations to do is make the fillets in the slot opening and varying the size of the slot opening in the stator. In this study obtained values of flux linkage, Back EMF and then processed to obtain Ke in the load simulationand torque ripple at the load simulation of each design are compared to determine which designs that have the best performance.This research found that the design of the right size in the slot opening in the stator can reduce the saturation region, so that in the area there is saturation can be minimized heat in the area of the motor stator and can minimize torque ripple value up to a percentage of 6.78% with an average of 0.583596818 Nm of torque ripple., BLDC motors which becoming very widely used now because of its advantages compared to other motor in terms of efficiency, speed and better torque and life tend to be longer. Many research to improve the performance of the BLDC motor. This study aims to find the most optimal motor design, to create designs that varied in the stator. This research was conducted by simulating the motor no load and load.In this study is made of four variations of slot opening performed on the no load and load simulation. Variations to do is make the fillets in the slot opening and varying the size of the slot opening in the stator. In this study obtained values of flux linkage, Back EMF and then processed to obtain Ke in the load simulationand torque ripple at the load simulation of each design are compared to determine which designs that have the best performance.This research found that the design of the right size in the slot opening in the stator can reduce the saturation region, so that in the area there is saturation can be minimized heat in the area of the motor stator and can minimize torque ripple value up to a percentage of 6.78% with an average of 0.583596818 Nm of torque ripple.]"

"[ABSTRAKSejak teknologi magnet permanen ini mulai banyak dikembangkan, motor BLDC telah digunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi . Motor BLDC dengan kapasitas daya yang besar banyak digunakan untuk penggerak utama mobil listrik, sepeda listrik, mesin penggerak pada industri-industri. Bentuk atau geometri serta dimensi dari bagian-bagian motor adalah salah satu topik yang umum dibahas dan diteliti dalam riset pengembangan perancangan motor BLDC. Motor BLDC menggunakan magnet permanen pada rotornya sebagai sumber medan magnet. Aliran fluks mempengaruhi torque ripple. Salah satu yang paling mempengaruhi aliran fluks magnet pada motor BLDC adalah bentuk dari stator. Stator sendiri dapat divariasikan bentuknya yang dapat mengatur aliran fluks dari magnet. Pada penelitian ini divariasikan perancangan bentuk stator untuk perancangan rotor yang sama. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah variasi ukuran lebar gigi dan yoke. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bentuk ukuran yang optimal dari enam variasi yang digunakan adalah bentuk perancangan payung lengkungan stator yang memiliki lebar gigi 10 mm, ukuran lebar yoke 125 mm dan ukuran lebar alur bukaan sebesar 2.4 mm. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa dengan perancangan ukuran yang tepat dan dengan memberikan lengkungan pada bagian kaki stator dapat mengurangi daerah saturasi, sehingga pada daerah yang terdapat saturasi dapat diminimalisir panas pada bagian daerah stator motor tersebut dan dapat memperkecil nilai torsi ripple hingga persentase sebesar 2.31% dengan rata-rata torsi ripple sebesar 0.579770359 Nm.ABSTRACTSince the permanent magnet technology is starting much developed, BLDC motors have been used for various applications. BLDC motors with high power capacity widely used for main propulsion electric vehicles, electric bike, the engine of the industries. Shape or geometry and dimensions from parts of motors is one of the general topics discussed and studied in the research design development BLDC motor. BLDC motors use permanent magnets in the rotor as the source of the magnetic field. Flux flow affects the torque ripple. One of the most affecting the flow of magnetic flux in BLDC motors is the shape of the stator. Stator can be varied forms which can regulate the flow from magnetic flux. In this research designs varied forms of stator for the same rotor design. A variation performed are wide variations tooth thickness and yoke. This research found optimal size form of the six variations used is a forms of umbrella design opening stator which has a tooth width of 10 mm, 125 mm widths yoke and the size of the slot opening width of 2.4 mm. In this research it was found that the design of the right size and by providing fillet on the legs stator can reduce the saturation region, so that the area contained saturation can be minimized heat in the area of the motor stator and can reduce torque ripple to a percentage value of 2.31% with an average of 0.579770359 Nm of torque ripple., Since the permanent magnet technology is starting much developed, BLDC motors have been used for various applications. BLDC motors with high power capacity widely used for main propulsion electric vehicles, electric bike, the engine of the industries. Shape or geometry and dimensions from parts of motors is one of the general topics discussed and studied in the research design development BLDC motor. BLDC motors use permanent magnets in the rotor as the source of the magnetic field. Flux flow affects the torque ripple. One of the most affecting the flow of magnetic flux in BLDC motors is the shape of the stator. Stator can be varied forms which can regulate the flow from magnetic flux. In this research designs varied forms of stator for the same rotor design. A variation performed are wide variations tooth thickness and yoke. This research found optimal size form of the six variations used is a forms of umbrella design opening stator which has a tooth width of 10 mm, 125 mm widths yoke and the size of the slot opening width of 2.4 mm. In this research it was found that the design of the right size and by providing fillet on the legs stator can reduce the saturation region, so that the area contained saturation can be minimized heat in the area of the motor stator and can reduce torque ripple to a percentage value of 2.31% with an average of 0.579770359 Nm of torque ripple.]"

"Motor BLDC banyak digunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi karena memiliki kelebihan pada karakteristiknya. Namun, motor dengan permanen magnet jenis ini memiliki kekurangan, salah satunya torsi cogging. Oleh karena itu, dirancang atau dilakukan modifikasi pada motor BLDC agar diperoleh torsi cogging yang seminimal mungkin. Metode yang digunakan untuk mereduksi torsi cogging pada penelitian ini adalah dengan penambahan notch pada gigi stator dengan memvariasikan kedalaman, bentuk, dan lebar notch untuk mendapatkan desain yang terbaik. Pada penelitian ini digunakan perangkat lunak berbasis FEM Finite Element Method. Dari semua variasi modifikasi yang dilakukan, selanjutnya dianalisis pengaruh kedalaman, bentuk, dan lebar notch terhadap torsi cogging. Desain terbaik reduksi torsi cogging terjadi saat lebar notch sebesar 2,85 dan kedalaman notch sebesar 0,25mm dengan hasil reduksi sebesar 75,83, dan torsi riak yang berkurang menjadi 58,74 dari sebelumnya sebesar 65,4.

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Cogging Torque Reduction on BLDC Motors 12 Slot 8 pole with adding notch on stator teeth. Brushless DC Motor is widely used for various applications because it has advantages in its characteristics. However, motors with permanent magnets have some disadvantages, one of them is cogging torque. Therefore, it is designed or modified on a Brushless DC motor to obtain minimal cogging torque. The method used to reduce the cogging torque in this research is by adding notches to the stator teeth by varying the depth, shape, and width of the notch to obtain the best design. In this research used FEM based software Finite Element Method . Of all variations of modifications made, then analyzed the effect of depth, shape, and notch width to cogging torque. The best design of cogging torque reduction occurs when the notch width is 2.85 and the notch depth is 0.25mm with the reduction of 75.83 , and the reduction of ripple torque becomes 58.74 from the previous 65.4."

"Salah satu jenis motor yang sangat sering digunakan sebagai penggerak seperti mesin – mesin listrik adalah motor Brushless Direct Current. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan perancangan optimasi suatu design motor BLDC menggunakan metode simulasi dengan perangkat lunak berbasis finite element analysis (FEA). Untuk pembahasan disini, spesifikasi motor yang digunakan adalah motor BLDC dengan 24 slots dan 8 poles. Hasil optimasi yang ingin didapatkan adalah memiliki torsi dan kecepatan yang cukup untuk menjalankan sepeda motor serta memiliki putaran rotor yang mulus dengan mengurangi torsi cogging pada motor tersebut. Hasil tersebut ingin dicapai menggunakan input 72 Volt dan 80 Ampere. Optimasi itu didapatkan dengan memvariasikan ukuran – ukuran dimensi pada motor serta pemberian lubang pada gigi stator. Untuk merealisasikan perancangan tersebut pada sepeda motor, penulis menggunakan ukuran referensi dari sepeda motor Gesits untuk dianalisiskan dengan beban jalan yang akan dialami oleh sepeda motor tersebut.

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One of the kinds of motor that is very often used as an acctuator is a Brushless Direct Current Motor. Because of that, there needs to be an optimal design of the BLDC motor from simulation using a finite element analysis (FEA) metode. In this section, the motor spesification that was used is a BLDC motor with 24 slot and 8 poles. The design must be optimized so that the torque and speed can withstand the load of the motorcycle and have a smooth rotation of the rotor by reducing the cogging torque. Those optimizations will do with the input of 72 Volts and 80 Ampere. The optimazation of the design is by vary the dimention of the motor and the addition of holes in the tooth of the stator. To realize the design on the motor, the writer uses the Gesits electric motorcycle as a reference to further the analysis of road loads thats going to apply on the motorcycles motor."

"Indonesia merupakan negara berkembang dengan populasi dan ekonomi yang terus tumbuh, menghadapi tantangan besar dalam memenuhi kebutuhan energi, terutama di sektor transportasi. Hingga Januari 2023, ada 152,56 juta kendaraan bermotor, mayoritas menggunakan BBM. Konsumsi energi transportasi pada 2020 didominasi BBM (86%). Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 12 Tahun 2015 pada sektor Transportasi diwajibkan minimal penggunaan bioetanol sebanyak 20%. Namun penggunaan etanol ini memiliki kecenderungan bersifat korosif pada komponen mesin sehingga dibutuhkan suatu aditif inhibitor korosi Lemongrass Oil dan TBA untuk menanggulangi hal tersebut. Penelitian ini menguji apakah ada pengaruh pada performa mesin jika adanya penambahan aditif tersebut. Pengujian ini dilakukan pada mesin Honda Supra 125 FI dan dilakukan pada alat dynamometer yang berfungsi untuk mengukur parameter performa seperti daya, torsi, dan SFC. Campuran bahan bakar yang diuji terdapat campuran E20 dengan penambahan Lemongrass Oil dengan variasi 0,68 x 10^-6; 1,35 x 10^-6; dan 2,03 x 10^-6 mol. dan penambahan 0,026; 0,13; dan 0,65 mol. Hasil pengujian menunjukan nilai daya tertinggi pada RPM 8000 terdapat pada campuran E20 + TBA 1 sebesar 6,08 kW memiliki kenaikan persentase 4,06% dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar pertalite. Nilai torsi paling tinggi pada setiap campuran terdapat pada RPM rendah yaitu RPM 4000 sampai 5000, dengan nilai torsi terbesar terdapat pada campuran E20 + LGO 1 sebesar 8,73 Nm. Nilai SFC yang rendah dihasilkan pada campuran E20 + LGO 1 dengan nilai 325,17 gr/kWh pada RPM 4000 dan SFC paling rendah pada RPM 8000 terdapat pada campuran bahan bakar E20 + TBA 3 yaitu sebesar 407,64 gr/kWh. Nilai efisiensi termal tertinggi terdapat pada campuran E20 + LGO 1 dengan nilai 27,076 %.

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Indonesia is a developing country with a population and economy that continues to grow, facing big challenges in meeting energy needs, especially in the transportation sector. As of January 2023, there are 152.56 million motorized vehicles, most of which use fuel. Transportation energy consumption in 2020 is dominated by fuel (86%). Based on Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 12 of 2015, the Transportation sector requires a minimum use of 20% bioethanol. However, the use of ethanol has a tendency to be corrosive to engine components, so a corrosion inhibitor additive, Lemongrass Oil and TBA, is needed to overcome this. This research tests whether there is an effect on engine performance if these additives are added. This test was carried out on a Honda Supra 125 FI engine and carried out on a dynamometer which functions to measure performance parameters such as power, torque and SFC. The fuel mixture tested contained a mixture of E20 with the addition of Lemongrass Oil with variations of 0.68 x 10^-6; 1.35x10^-6; and 2.03 x 10^-6 mol. and addition of 0.026; 0.13; and 0.65 mol. The test results show that the highest power value at RPM 8000 is found in the E20 + TBA 1 mixture of 6.08 kW, which has a percentage increase of 4.06% compared to pertalite fuel. The highest torque value for each mixture is at low RPM, namely RPM 4000 to 5000, with the largest torque value found in the E20 + LGO 1 mixture at 8.73 Nm. The lowest SFC value was produced in the E20 + LGO 1 mixture with a value of 325.17 gr/kWh at RPM 4000 and the lowest SFC at RPM 8000 was found in the E20 + TBA 3 fuel mixture, namely 407.64 gr/kWh. The highest thermal efficiency value is found in the E20 + LGO 1 mixture with a value of 27.076%."

"Perancangan mesin motor bakar selalu mempertimbangkan daya, torsi, dan kecepatan putaran maksimum yang bisa dicapai. Ketiga variabel ini merupakan kunci, khususnya pada Mesin Otto Satu Silinder Empat Langkah Berkapasitas 65 cc, untuk mendapatkan konsumsi bahan bakar yang seefisien mungkin. Namun sesudah diproduksi, terdapat beberapa ketidaksesuaian dari perhitungan rancangan. Maka dari itu, perlu perancangan Dinamometer untuk mengukur ketiga variabel tersebut secara real-time. Hasil pengukuran ini nantinya akan menjadi umpan balik bagi perancang motor bakar untuk mengubah variabel kontrol, sehingga didapatkan daya, torsi, dan kecepatan putaran yang sesuai dengan keinginan perancang. Dalam merancang dinamometer, hal pertama yang harus dilihat adalah beban. Beban pada dinamometer harus bisa disesuaikan dengan skala daya pada mesin 65 cc. Maka dari itu, dinamometer ini menggunakan rem tromol sepeda motor, dimana beban yang diinginkan bisa diatur dengan tarikan tungkai rem yang sesuai. Yang kedua adalah sensor torsi. Sensor torsi merupakan rangkaian sensor regangan yang dipasang pada satu benda uji. Pada dinamometer ini, benda uji tersebut berupa silinder dengan diameter tertentu. Sensor torsi sangat krusial dalam perancangan dinamometer, karena benda ini mempengaruhi rentang torsi yang bisa diukur oleh dinamometer. Jika benda uji terlalu kuat, maka rentang torsi hanya untuk torsi yang tinggi. Namun jika benda uji terlalu lemah, maka bisa terjadi kegagalan dalam pengukuran. Dengan target rentang pengukuran 0-50 Nm, diameter yang sesuai untuk benda uji adalah 15mm, dengan material besi ST41. Target 0-50 Nm disesuaikan dari perhitungan torsi maksimal Mesin Otto Satu Silinder Empat Langkah Berkapasitas 65cc, yaitu 5 Nm dengan Safety Factor sebesar 10. Yang ketiga adalah komponen elektronik penunjang sensor, yaitu Jembatan Wheatstone. Dalam merancang jembatan wheatstone, diperlukan penyesuaian dengan jumlah sensor regangan yang ada pada sensor torsi. Konfigurasi yang dipakai adalah konfigurasi Half-Bridge, dengan 1 leading-gage dan 1 dummy-gage. Konfigurasi ini dinilai paling maksimal, karena gangguan dari sensor regangan bisa diminimalisir.

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In combustion engine designing, power, torque and rotation speed must be considered by the designer. These variable are the keys, especially at 65 cc Four Cycle Otto Engine, to get the most efficient fuel consumption. Nevertheless, when the engine is produced, there are so many incompatibilities, which are different to what designer desires. Based on this situation, there is a need to build a dinamometer to get a real-time measurement of these variables. Measurement will be a feedback to the designer to change the control variabel, so that power, torque, and the rotation speed will be appropriate with what the designer desire. In dinamometer designing, the first must-known thing is the load. Load of the dinamometer must be proper to maximum engine load. This dinamometer uses shoe brake of motorcycle. Shoe brake is considered as proper to the engine load, because its load can be set as its leg pulled up. The second things that must-be-known thing is the torque sensor. Torque sensor consists 1 or more strain gages that are applied to a specimen. This dinamometer use a metal cylinder as the specimen. Torque sensor is a crucial thing in the dinamometer, if the specimen is quite strong, then the torque range will be in high range. But if it is quite weak, then the measurement can be failed, as the specimen is not strong enough to resist the engine torque. Based on engine’s torque range (0-5 Nm) and gear ratio (1:5), it is a wise decision to make the dinamometer torque ranges between 0-50 Nm (Safety Factor = 2). By this range, the decided diameter of the specimen is 16 mm, using ST41 steel material. And the last thing is the electronic circuit, Wheatstone Bridge. In Wheatstone Bridge designing, there should be an adjustment of the number of strain gages. This dinamometer has 2 strain gages at the torque sensor. It also use the Half-Bridge configuration, since it has a leading-gage and a dummy-gage. This configuration provides the best performance, as the noise of the strain gage can be reduced"

"Motor BLDC merupakan salah satu jenis motor listrik yang penggunaannya sudah luas di berbagai aplikasi karena keunggulannya. Namun, motor BLDC memiliki kekurangan yaitu adanya getaran dan noise pada motor akibat torsi cogging sehingga harus dihilangkan. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan reduksi torsi cogging pada motor BLDC 12 alur 8 kutub dengan menggunakan metode segmentasi kutub magnet permanen. Parameter dari metode yang diteliti ini adalah lebar magnet permanen dan jarak antar segmen magnet dari setiap kutubnya. Diperoleh hasil bahwa metode segmentasi kutub magnet permanen dapat mereduksi torsi cogging secara signifikan bila posisi segmen magnet terhadap stator tepat. Desain modifikasi dengan torsi cogging terkecil diperoleh dari kutub yang disegmentasi dengan lebar sudut magnet permanen 33,6o dan jarak antar segmen sebesar 5,25o, menghasilkan torsi cogging sebesar 0,023 Nm dengan besar reduksi sebesar 90,83 dari nilai torsi cogging awal motor yaitu sebesar 0,251 Nm.

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BLDC motor is one type of electric motor which becoming widely used in many applications because of its predominance characteristics. However, BLDC motors have drawbacks which is vibration issues and noise caused by the cogging torque, so it should be minimized. Therefore, cogging torque on motor BLDC 12 slot 8 pole had been reduced by using permanent magnet segmentation method. Parameters that had been studied are permanent magnet width and distance between magnet segment on each rotor pole.

The result is minimum cogging torque can be obtained when the position of magnet segment relative to stator is appropriate. Modified design with minimum cogging torque is achieved from pole that had been segmented with permanent magnet width 33,6o and distance between magnet segment is 5,25o, which produces cogging torque of 0,023 Nm with a reduction of 90,83 from its original design which produces cogging torque of 0,251 Nm."

"Seperti yang kita ketahui saat ini, keadaan dari Bumi kita tidaklah dalam keadaan yang seperti sebelumnya. Hari demi hari, Bumi kita semakin menua dan semakin rusak pula. Salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan tragedi ini adalah banyaknya konsumsi dari bahan bakar fosil. Di sisi lain, ketersediaan dari bahan bakar fosil pun akan terus berkurang dan tidak bisa diperbaharui lagi. Dengan pengisian bahan bakar fosil yang relatif mudah dan tidak merepotkan, tidak heran bahwa bahan bakar fosil menjadi favorit di antara sumber energi lainnya. Penulis melihat fenomena ini sebagai suatu hal yang mendesak. Oleh karena itu, penulis bertujuan untuk mencari sumber energi alternatif sebagai pengganti dari bahan bakar fosil. Dan akhirnya dilakukanlah penelitian mengenai bahan bakar fosil bercampur Bioetanol. Bahan bakar campuran ini terdiri dari berbagai macam persentase campuran yang mengandung Bioetanol. Persentase ini di antara lain campuran 0%, campuran 5%, campuran 10%, dan campuran 15%

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As we all know, the earth that we live in is not as healthy as it was before. Our earth grows older and simultaneously weaker every day. One of the main factors that cause this is the use of fossil fuel. While the supply of fossil fuel will not be available for generations to come, another problem rises as the usage of fossil fuel is not declining at a significant rate, since it is trouble-free and can be consumed effortlessly. We see this as an emergency and as a background motivation for us to find an alternative power source for our motor vehicles. Then, fuel-grade Bioetanol was chosen as our base variable to help people from further using fossil fuel. To maximize the result, the Bioetanol is divided into several mixtures that contains different amount of Premium (PT Pertamina’s product of a lower-grade fossil fuel) and Bioethanol

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"Latar Belakang: Ekspresi penuh dari preskripsi torque bracket dipengaruhi oleh faktor yang berkaitan dengan bracket, kawat, torque play, dan faktor klinis. Hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian yang membandingkan kemampuan ekspresi torque antara berbagai ukuran kawat pada penggunaan bracket passive self-ligating (PSL) dan konvensional melalui simulasi finite element, serta menganalisis interaksi dari faktor-faktor tersebut, sekaligus memberikan gambaran pergerakan gigi dan respon jaringan periodontal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur besar torque play dan menganalisis pola perpindahan inisial gigi, serta distribusi stress antara berbagai ukuran kawat pada penggunaan bracket PSL dan konvensional melalui simulasi finite element. Metode: Model 3D dikonstruksi dengan skenario kasus yang membutuhkan pencabutan premolar pertama dan retraksi masse gigi anterior maksila, menggunakan penjangkaran temporary anchorage device dan gaya retraksi 150 g. Simulasi finite element dilakukan untuk mengukur torque play antara penggunaan kawat stainless steel 0.016 x 0.022", 0.017 x 0.025" dan 0.019 x 0.025", serta mengukur perpindahan inisial pada tepi insisal dan apeks akar insisif sentral maksila, serta distribusi stress pada PDL dan tulang alveolar antara penggunaan ketiga ukuran kawat pada kedua jenis bracket. Hasil: Pada penggunaan kawat 0.019 x 0.025", 0.017 x 0.025", dan 0.016 x 0.022" didapatkan torque play sebesar 7.6º, 11.6º, dan 18.7º untuk bracket PSL, dan 9.5º, 14º, dan 18º untuk bracket konvensional. Retraksi dan ekstrusi tepi insisal terbesar dihasilkan oleh kawat 0.016 x 0.022", sedangkan perpindahan palatal dari apeks terbesar dihasilkan oleh kawat 0.019 x 0.025". Konsentrasi stress terbesar terletak pada area 1/3 servikal pada sisi palatal dan 1/3 apikal pada sisi labial, yang menunjukkan pola perpindahan uprighting atau lingual crown tipping. Penggunaan kawat dengan diameter terbesar dan bracket konvensional menghasilkan stress terbesar pula.Kesimpulan: Torque play antara kawat dan bracket berbanding terbalik dengan ukuran kawat. Besarnya lingual crown tipping berbanding lurus terhadap torque play antara kawat dan bracket, dan dikonfirmasi oleh pola distribusi stress di PDL dan tulang alveolar. Kendali torque yang paling baik didapatkan oleh penggunaan kawat stainless steel 0.019 x 0.025". Perbedaan metode ligasi dan geometri bracket konvensional dan PSL kemungkinan menyebabkan adanya perbedaan besar moment yang dihasilkan.

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Introduction: The full expression of torque prescription of a bracket is influenced by bracket-related factors, wire-related factors, torque play and clinical factors. Finite element analysis (FEA) could be utilized to deepen our understanding and study the interaction between these factors, as well as to produce a simulation of the predicted tooth movement and tissue response. This study aims to measure the amount of torque play, and to analyse the pattern of initial tooth displacement, among different wire sizes and between passive self-ligating and conventional brackets using FEA.

Methods: A 3D model was constructed simulating a case which required first premolar extractions and en masse anterior retraction using temporary anchorage device and 150 g of retraction force on each side. Finite element simulation was performed to measure torque play, to investigate the pattern of initial tooth displacement at the incisal tip and of apex of the central maxillary incisor, as well as to analyse the pattern of stress distribution at the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone, among different stainless steel wire diameters (0.016 x 0.022", 0.017 x 0.025" and 0.019 x 0.025") and between PSL and conventional brackets.

Results: The use of 0.019 x 0.025", 0.017 x 0.025", and 0.016 x 0.022" wires on PSL brackets produced a torque play of 7.6º, 11.6º, and 18.7º, respectively. While the use of the same wire sizes on conventional brackets produced a play of 9.5º, 14º, dan 18º, respectively. The use of 0.016 x 0.022 produced the farthest retraction and extrusion of the incisal tip. However, the greatest apex retraction was produced when 0.019 x 0.025" was used. The largest stress concentration was observed at the 1/3 cervical area on the palatal side and at the 1/3 apical area on the labial side. This shows that there is a pattern of uprighting or lingual crown tipping of the teeth. The use of 0.019 x 0.025" and conventional brackets yielded the greatest amount of stress on the PDL and alveolar bone.

Conclusion: The degree of torque play between wire and bracket was inversely proportional to the wire size, and the amount of lingual crown tipping was directly proportional to the degree of play. This pattern of tooth movement was confirmed by the pattern of stress distribution on the PDL and alveolar bone. Torque expression was better achieved using the 0.019 x 0.025" wire. Differences in the geometry and method of ligation between PSL and conventional brackets possibly generated different force magnitudes."