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"ABSTRACTLabel time-temperature indicator TTI telah banyak diteliti dan sebagian telah dimanfaatkan secara komersil karena mampu memberikan informasi perubahan warna akibat paparan suhu selama periode waktu tertentu. Informasi kondisi suatu produk dapat diketahui dengan cepat melalui perubahan warna yang dapat diamati, selain itu riwayat produk juga dapat diketahui karena label TTI bersifat irreversibel, sehingga mempercepat konsumen dalam membuat keputusan terkait pembelian produk tersebut. Label TTI telah banyak memanfaatkan bahan alam yang mengandung antosianin sebagai zat warna karena antosianin memiliki rentang perubahan warna yang luas pada spektrum cahaya tampak. Ekstrak zat warna dari alam dipilih sebagai bahan sensor indikasi temperatur karena aman digunakan pada kemasan produk pangan. Ekstrak dari jagung hitam diteliti sebagai kebaruan bahan label TTI, yang diimobilisasi pada matriks dari chitosan dengan perbandingan 1:3 ekstrak:matriks agar ekstrak dapat menjadi label film. Selain itu, matriks juga diberi tambahan plasticizer gliserol dan glutaraldehyde 1 untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanisnya. Hasil pengkondisian pH dan pengukuran spektrum absorbansi ekstrak jagung hitam pH 2-13 menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak memiliki rentang perubahan warna dari merah pH 2 ke kuning pH 13. Kestabilan ekstrak paling tinggi terjadi pada pH 2 sehingga eksperimen dilakukan di pH 2. Hasil uji perubahan warna label terhadap temperatur menunjukkan label berubah warna dari ungu ke biru ke kuning, dengan perubahan warna paling cepat terjadi pada suhu tinggi 40 oC dan paling lambat terjadi pada suhu rendah 25 oC. Label dari ekstrak jagung hitam berfungsi dengan lebih optimal pada RH ruang dibandingkan pada kondisi RH 33. Selanjutnya, uji reversibilitas memperlihatkan bahwa label dari ekstrak jagung hitam bersifat irreversibel yang merupakan salah satu syarat label untuk menjadi time temperature indicator. Penelitian ini berpotensi untuk dikembangkan secara komersil yaitu pada kemasan produk pangan.

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ABSTRACTTime temperature indicator TTI labels have been widely researched and some have been commercially exploited because they provide color change information due to exposure to temperature over a period of time. Information on the condition of a product can be known quickly through color changes that can be observed directly. In addition, the product history can also be known because the TTI label is irreversible, thus helping consumers in making quicker decisions to purchase such products. Most TTI labels nowadays are utilizing natural ingredients that contain anthocyanins as dyes due to its wide range of colors in the visible light spectrum. Extracts from nature was chosen as temperature sensing indication material because most of them are food grade, safe to use on food product packaging. In this study, extract from black corn was examined as a novelty of TTI label material which was immobilized with a matrix made of chitosan with a ratio of matrix to extract was 1 3, to turn the extract into a film label. In addition, plasticizers of glycerol and glutaraldehyde 1 were also mixed to the matrix to improve its mechanical properties. The results of pH conditioning and absorbance spectra measurement of black corn for pH 2 13 showed that the extract had a color range from red pH 2 to yellow pH 13. The highest extract stability occurred at pH 2 so that the experiment was done in this pH value. The experiment results of the label color change due to temperature show that the labels change color from purple to blue to yellow, with the fastest color changes occurred at high temperatures 40 C and the slowest occurred at low temperatures 25 C. Labels from black corn extract functioned more optimally in room RH compared to RH of 33 . Furthermore, the reversibility test shows that the label from black corn extract is irreversible which is one of the conditions for a label to be a time temperature indicator. This research has the potential to be developed commercially, for example as food product packaging."

"The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of water deficit on the growth and yield of corn . The variety of corn used in this research was new and doesnt have market label. This research in conducted under plastic house on the experimental farm of Lampung University from August to October 2007..."

"Mycotoxins wich are secondary metabolites of fungi contaminate agricultural products such as corn and have deleterious effects on human and animal...."

"Corn seed subsidy policy is one of the ministry of agriculture's development programs which was estabilished in 2006 and continued in 2008 . The aim of this policy is to increase area of hybrid corn, increase production and productivity, open job opportunity and improve farmer's income,acclerate the developmentof national corn seed industry, provide feed industry and raw material for food industry and support corn self-sufficiency program...."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk NPK BASF dan pupuk pelengkap cair T-N-F pada berbagai taraf perlakuan yang di laksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan....."

"[Target swasembada jagung di tahun 2016 perlu untuk dikaji ulang ketercapaiannya, karena target tersebut diiringi dengan beberapa kebijakan lainnya, seperti : penahanan stok di pelabuhan, pencabutan lisensi impor jagung oleh swasta, pemusatan manajemen stok jagung kepada Bulog. Apabila kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut tetap diimplementasikan di tengah kondisi pasar domestik yang kekurangan suplai, maka target swasembada jagung tahun 2016 akan menjadi malapetaka bagi para produsen pakan ternak yang memerlukan suplai jagung secara teratur. Studi ini ditujukan untuk meramal pencapaian target swasembada jagung di tahun 2016 dengan cara meramal produksi dan konsumsi pada tahun 2016 menggunakan beberapa alternatif metode : OLS, ARIMA, Time Trend Variable dan Recursive Model. Hasilnya, Indonesia akan mencapai swasembada jagung pada tahun 2016 dengan surplus sebesar 189.918 ton jagung pipilan kering dengan kadar air 25%. Namun mengingat kebutuhan industri pakan yang merupakan jagung pipilan kering dengan kadar air 15%, maka volume produksi yang menyusut akan membuat perhitungan di tahun 2016 malah menjadi defisit sebesar 2,51 juta ton. Apabila Indonesia ingin menutup defisit tersebut, diperlukan lahan jagung sebesar 4,3 juta hektar atau produktifitas lahan sebesar 63 kuintal per hektar.

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Corn self-sufficiency target in 2016 feasibility needs to be revisited because the program brings along several policies, such as : stock restricting at the ports, private’s import license abolishing and centering stock management to Bulog. Unless the domestic market being surplus, the policies implemented will cause a menace for livestock feed producers—for they need a regular corn supply. This study aims to forecast whether the target is going to be achieved by forecasting corn production and consumption in 2016 using several methods : OLS, ARIMA, Time Trend Variable and Recursive Model. The result shows that Indonesia is forecasted to achieve corn self-sufficiency by 2016; shown by a surplus of 189.918 tonne (with 25% moisture content). However, it is should be considered that feed-mill industry needs corn with 15% moisture content—and drying the corn shrinks its mass; leading to decrease of surplus and even change it into deficit of 2.51 million tonne. If Indonesia aims to self-suffice the deficit, then Indonesia needs 4.3 million hectares of corn land or land productivity of 6.3 tonne per hectare.

;Corn self-sufficiency target in 2016 feasibility needs to be revisited because the program brings along several policies, such as : stock restricting at the ports, private’s import license abolishing and centering stock management to Bulog. Unless the domestic market being surplus, the policies implemented will cause a menace for livestock feed producers—for they need a regular corn supply. This study aims to forecast whether the target is going to be achieved by forecasting corn production and consumption in 2016 using several methods : OLS, ARIMA, Time Trend Variable and Recursive Model. The result shows that Indonesia is forecasted to achieve corn self-sufficiency by 2016; shown by a surplus of 189.918 tonne (with 25% moisture content). However, it is should be considered that feed-mill industry needs corn with 15% moisture content—and drying the corn shrinks its mass; leading to decrease of surplus and even change it into deficit of 2.51 million tonne. If Indonesia aims to self-suffice the deficit, then Indonesia needs 4.3 million hectares of corn land or land productivity of 6.3 tonne per hectare.

;Corn self-sufficiency target in 2016 feasibility needs to be revisited because the program brings along several policies, such as : stock restricting at the ports, private’s import license abolishing and centering stock management to Bulog. Unless the domestic market being surplus, the policies implemented will cause a menace for livestock feed producers—for they need a regular corn supply. This study aims to forecast whether the target is going to be achieved by forecasting corn production and consumption in 2016 using several methods : OLS, ARIMA, Time Trend Variable and Recursive Model. The result shows that Indonesia is forecasted to achieve corn self-sufficiency by 2016; shown by a surplus of 189.918 tonne (with 25% moisture content). However, it is should be considered that feed-mill industry needs corn with 15% moisture content—and drying the corn shrinks its mass; leading to decrease of surplus and even change it into deficit of 2.51 million tonne. If Indonesia aims to self-suffice the deficit, then Indonesia needs 4.3 million hectares of corn land or land productivity of 6.3 tonne per hectare.

;Corn self-sufficiency target in 2016 feasibility needs to be revisited because the program brings along several policies, such as : stock restricting at the ports, private’s import license abolishing and centering stock management to Bulog. Unless the domestic market being surplus, the policies implemented will cause a menace for livestock feed producers—for they need a regular corn supply. This study aims to forecast whether the target is going to be achieved by forecasting corn production and consumption in 2016 using several methods : OLS, ARIMA, Time Trend Variable and Recursive Model. The result shows that Indonesia is forecasted to achieve corn self-sufficiency by 2016; shown by a surplus of 189.918 tonne (with 25% moisture content). However, it is should be considered that feed-mill industry needs corn with 15% moisture content—and drying the corn shrinks its mass; leading to decrease of surplus and even change it into deficit of 2.51 million tonne. If Indonesia aims to self-suffice the deficit, then Indonesia needs 4.3 million hectares of corn land or land productivity of 6.3 tonne per hectare.

, Corn self-sufficiency target in 2016 feasibility needs to be revisited because the program brings along several policies, such as : stock restricting at the ports, private’s import license abolishing and centering stock management to Bulog. Unless the domestic market being surplus, the policies implemented will cause a menace for livestock feed producers—for they need a regular corn supply. This study aims to forecast whether the target is going to be achieved by forecasting corn production and consumption in 2016 using several methods : OLS, ARIMA, Time Trend Variable and Recursive Model. The result shows that Indonesia is forecasted to achieve corn self-sufficiency by 2016; shown by a surplus of 189.918 tonne (with 25% moisture content). However, it is should be considered that feed-mill industry needs corn with 15% moisture content—and drying the corn shrinks its mass; leading to decrease of surplus and even change it into deficit of 2.51 million tonne. If Indonesia aims to self-suffice the deficit, then Indonesia needs 4.3 million hectares of corn land or land productivity of 6.3 tonne per hectare.

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"Sirsak merupakan salah satu tanaman yang dikenal memiliki sitotoksisitas yang baik dan berpotensi sebagai antikanker. Suatu senyawa dalam tanaman sirsak merupakan senyawa bioaktif yang bertanggung jawab atas sitotoksisitas tanaman ini. Senyawa bioaktif adalah annonaceous acetogenin yang akan digunakan sebagai obat. Asetogenin digunakan sebagai obat sesuai dengan dosisnya dalam tubuh sehingga tidak mengakibatkan efek samping terhadap pengguna.Mikrosfer kitosan dengan penaut silang dibuat agar dapat melepaskan senyawa asetogenin secara terkendali pada sistem pencernaan.Simulasi profil pelepasan dilakukan dengan buffer pH: 1,2; 6,8; 7,4; 1,2 penambahan enzim α-amilase; 6,8 penambahan enzim β-glukosidase; dan 7,4 penambahan enzim α-amilase. Penentuan efisiensi enkapsulasi ekstrak asetogenin dan profil pelepasannya dari mikrosfer kitosan-TPP dilakukan dengan metode penentuan kandungan total lakton menggunakan spektrofotometri sinar tampak.Hasilnya keberadaan enzim dalam larutan untuk pengamatan profil pelepasan menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah asetogenin yang dilepaskan empat kali lebih besar dibandingkan larutan yang tanpa enzim.

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Soursop is a plant that is known to have good cytotoxicity and potential as anticancer. A compound in soursop plant bioactive compounds that are responsible for the cytotoxicity of this plant. Annonaceous acetogenin bioactive compounds is to be used as medicine. Asetogenin used as a medicine in accordance with the dose in the body so it does not cause side effects on patients. Chitosan microspheres and cross-linker were made in order to release acetogenin controlled substance in the digestive system.

Simulations performed with buffer release profiles pH: 1,2: 6,8; 7,4; 1,2 addition of enzyme α-amilase; 6,8 addition of enzyme β-glukosidase; and 7,4 addition of enzyme α-amilase. Determination of encapsulation efficienty acetogenin extract and release profile of chitosan-TPP microspheres made by the method of determination of total lactones content using spectrophotometry uv-vis. The presence of enzymes in solution to release profile observations show an increase in the number acetogenin released four times larger than that without the enzyme solution."

"lsolasi kitin dari kulit udang melalui dua tanap yaitu deproteinasi denganperendaman kulit udang dengan NaOH 10% pada sunu 70°C selama 1 jam,kedua demineralisasi dengan perendeman kulit udang dengan HCI 10%selam 1 jam. Konversi kitosan dari kitin dilakukan dengan prosesdeasetalisasi dengan perendaman kitin dengan NaOH 60% selam 48 jam.Besarnya kitosan yang didapat dari 300 g kulit udang sebesar 27,16%_I\/lodifikasi kitosan menjadi kitosan-PAA dilakukan dengan metode ozonasisecara simultan I\/lodifikasi dilakukan dengan variasi sunu dan konsentrasiasam akrilat Sunu optimum modifikasi kitosan-PAA 27°C dan konsentrasioptimum 1% asam akrilat Karakterisasi kitosan dan kitosan-PAA dilakukandengan FT-IR. Adsorpsi Iogam Cu2+, Cr3+ dan Zn” dengan kitosan dankitosan-PAA dilakukan dengan optimasi pH dan vvaktu kontak adsorpsi Studikinetik adsorpsi Iogam Cu2+, Cr3+ dan Zn” dengan kitosan dan kitosan-PAAdilakukan dengan persamaan isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir dan Freundlicn"