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"Studi ini ingin melihat bagaimana pengaruh modal sosial terhadap probabilitas rumah tangga menjadi miskin di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode probit pada data Indonesia Family Life Survey IFLS wave 5 tahun 2014, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa modal sosial bridging, yang diwakili oleh partisipasi rumah tangga pada arisan, koperasi, ataupun simpan pinjam desa dalam 12 bulan terakhir, signifikan mengurangi probabilitas rumah tangga menjadi miskin. Selain itu dengan metode ordinary least square OLS ditemukan pula bahwa modal sosial berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga. faktor lain, seperti: sosial demografi, modal manusia, modal fisik, dan modal finansial yang signifikan mempengaruhi probabilitas rumah tangga menjadi miskin. Akan tetapi, ditemukan bahwa modal sosial bonding berupa bantuan dari kerabat terdekat tidak signifikan mempengaruhi probabilitas rumah tangga menjadi miskin.

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This study attempts to learn how social capital affects the households probability of being poor in Indonesia. By using probit method and utilizing the data of Indonesia Family Life Survey IFLS wave 5, this study discovered that social capital bridging, which is participation household in arisan, cooperation, and local microcredit for the last 12 months, statistically and significantly lower the household's probability of being poor. In addition, by using OLS method, this study confirms that social capital significantly increase household's per capita expenditure. Furthermore, this study reavealed that other factors such as social demographic, human capital, physical capital, and financial capital statistically and significantly affect the household's probability of falling into poverty. However, social capital bonding, which is realized by assistances of their closest relatives, does not statistically and significantly affect the the household's probability of becoming poor."

"Indonesia adalah salah satu negara yang paling beragam di dunia, secara etnis maupun secara agama. Kolektivisme di antara masyarakat di Indonesia juga masih kuat. Di samping itu, tingkat penurunan kemiskinan sudah melambat, disebabkan oleh penurunan kemiskinan di daerah pedesaan yang lambat dibandingkan di perkotaan. Dengan latar belakang tersebut, saya termotivasi untuk menganalisa bagaimana modal sosial mempengaruhi peluang miskin seseorang. Saya menggunakan kepercayaan sebagai ukuran modal sosial. Data yang saya gunakan berasal dari IFLS, dimana sebelumnya disesuaikan dengan IRT, dan diagregasikan pada level distrik. Sebagai perbandingan, saya juga menggunakan partisipasi masyarakat sebagai ukuran modal sosial. Saya meregresikan kemiskinan pada tingkat rumah tangga dengan modal sosial dan determinan kemiskinan sebagai variabel kontrol. Saya juga menambahkan variabel interaksi antara subsidi pemerintah dan modal sosial untuk melihat interaksi keduanya. Hasil dari analisis saya menunjukkan bahwa kemiskinan tidak mempunyai dampak signifikan terhadap peluang miskin dan kebijakan kemiskinan pemerintah.

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Indonesia is one of the most diverse countries in the world, ethnically and religiously. Collectivism is also very prevalent inside the societies in the country. The rate at which poverty rate is going down is slowly halting. This phenomenon is mainly caused by the drop of poverty rate in rural areas not going down as fast as it is in the urban areas. Motivated by these facts, I try to analyze how social capital affects poverty incidence in Indonesia. I use trust as a measure for the level of local social capital. To do this, I use trust data from IFLS adjusted using IRT to better reflect the real level of trust, and aggregate the data in district level. For comparison, I also used social participation as a proxy of social capital. Furthermore, I regressed incidence of poverty at household level against the aggregated trust, as well as social participation, and a set of control variables consisted of theoretized poverty determinants. I also add the interaction between government subsidies and social capital to see how the two interact. The result suggests that social capital doesn`t have a substantial impact on poverty incidence and government policies."

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, laju pengurangan kemiskinan relatif lebih lambat karena tingkat kemiskinan telah menurun. Ini karena kebijakan pengentasan kemiskinan hanya fokus pada modal fisik, modal finansial dan modal manusia. Karena itu, revitalisasi kebijakan dengan mendorong modal sosial adalah penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran ikatan modal sosial dan menjembatani dalam mendorong pengentasan kemiskinan yang dinamis di Indonesia menggunakan metode logistik tertata dan studi lapangan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa menjembatani modal sosial berperan dalam mengurangi kemungkinan rumah tangga jatuh ke dalam kemiskinan. Sementara itu, modal ikatan sosial ditemukan hanya berperan dalam mengurangi kemungkinan rumah tangga menjadi miskin di wilayah desa.

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In recent years, the pace of poverty reduction has been relatively slower because poverty rates have declined. This is because poverty alleviation policies only focus on physical capital, financial capital and human capital. Therefore, revitalizing policies by encouraging social capital is important. This study aims to analyze the role of social capital ties and bridging in encouraging dynamic poverty reduction in Indonesia using orderly logistics methods and field studies. The results show that bridging social capital plays a role in reducing the likelihood that households fall into poverty. Meanwhile, social bond capital was found to only play a role in reducing the likelihood of households becoming poor in the village area."

"Nuansa kebijakan pengentasan orang miskin selama ini terkesan menitikberatkan pada pendekatan ekonomi dengan peran Negara yang sangat dominan. Meskipun tingkat kemiskinan menurun tapi tidak terlalu signifikan. Revitalisasi pengentasan orang miskin dengan mendorong faktor non ekonomi dan partisipasi masyarakat menjadi sangat penting. Penelitian sebelumnya seperti Narayan dan Pritchett (1997), Grootaert (1998), Krishna dan Uphoff (1999) mengkonfirmasi bahwa modal sosial dinilai sebagai jembatan yang memfasilitasi kerjasama lebih baik dalam penyediaan pelayanan serta memberikan keuntungan kepada semua anggota masyarakat dan komunitas.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa peran modal sosial terkait dengan bonding dan bridging dalam mendorong pengentasan orang miskin dan melindungi kerentanan kelompok miskin. Dengan menggunakan data BPS Susenas 2012 Modul Sosial Budaya dan Pendidikan dan dengan mengaplikasikan model ekonometrik persamaan simultan (untuk menghilangkan permasalahan endogeinity problem antar variable antara modal sosial dan kondisi kemiskinan) menunjukan bahwa modal sosial melalui dimensi bonding (jaringan pertemanan, saudara dan bertetangga) dan dimensi bridging (jaringan perkumpulan) terbukti secara empiris mempunyai peran penting dalam mengurangi kedalaman kemiskinan dan juga mampu mendorong orang miskin keluar dari kemiskinan.Hasil ini sejalan dengan penelitian Woolcock dan Narayan (2000) bahwa rumah tangga miskin akan keluar dari garis kemiskinan bila memiliki peran sinergi yang tidak terpisahkan antara modal sosial bonding dan bridging yang tinggi. Mengingat masyarakat Indonesia mempunyai minat tinggi (82.3%) untuk berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan sosial kemasyarakatan (BPS, 2013). Maka pendekatan pengentasan orang miskin berbasis modal sosial sudah sepantasnya perlu diperhatikan oleh pembuat kebijakan.

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The poverty alleviation program that formulated by government had focussed on economical approach, in which government took a dominant role. Poverty rate has been reduced, but not in significant way. Revitalization of poverty alleviation programs by promoting non-economic factors and participation of community becomes important. Previous studies, such as Narayan dan Pritchett (1997), Grootaert (1998), Krishna and Uphoff (1999) confirmed that social capital has taken role as a bridge which facilitate a better cooperation in providing service and give benefits for the community.This study aims to analyze the role of social capital related to the bonding and bridging dimension in promoting poverty alleviation and protecting the poor from vulnerability. This study uses BPS Susenas 2012 data, Social Culture and Education Modul. Using the simultaneous equation model to facilitate the endogeneity problem between social capital and poverty variable, the bonding and bridging dimension has showed the significant effect to decrease the vulnerability and pulled out the poor from the poverty line.This result is in line with Woolcock and Narayan (2000) that the poor would be able to leave the poverty line if they maintain high bonding and bridging level. The Indonesians showed high willingness (82.3%) to participate in social activity (BPS, 2013), therefore social capital approach should be considered by policy maker to formulate poverty alleviation program."

"Sejauh ini studi empiris mengenai kejahatan di Indonesia masih berfokus pada pengaruh faktor-faktor ekonomi, seperti tingkat pengangguran, tingkat pendapatan, dan kemiskinan. Modal sosial dapat meningkatkan tingkat kepercayaan antaranggota masyarakat dan keterlibatan masyarakat dalam tindakan kolektif. Dalam teori rational choice, modal sosial berperan meningkatkan probabilitas seseorang tertangkap ketika melakukan tindak kejahatan dan mempermudah koordinasi masyarakat dengan aparat penegak hukum formal, seperti polisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pengaruh modal sosial terhadap jumlah kejahatan di Indonesia dengan menggunakan density of association sebagai proxy modal sosial, serta angka perceraian dan migrasi risen masuk sebagai proxy disorganisasi sosial atau menggambarkan “ketiadaan modal sosial”. Terdapat empat kelompok asosiasi yang digunakan, yaitu Putnam-Type Groups, Olson-Type Groups, Recreation-Type Group, dan Cooperative Group. Dengan menggunakan model regresi negative binomial, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa modal sosial secara signifikan dapat menurunkan jumlah kejahatan total, kejahatan properti, dan kejahatan kekerasan di Indonesia.

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So far, empirical studies about crime in Indonesia are still focused on the influence of economic factors, such as unemployment, income levels and poverty. Social capital can increase the level of trust among community members and community involvement in collective action. According to the theory of rational choice, social capital has a role in increasing the probability of someone being caught when committing a crime and facilitating community coordination with formal law enforcement officers, such as the police. This study aims to find the effect of social capital on the number of crimes in Indonesia by using density of association as a proxy for social capital, and divorce and internal migration rate as proxies for social disorganization or describing the "absence of social capital". There are four association groups that have been used in this research, namely Putnam-Type Groups, Olson-Type Groups, Recreation-Type Groups, and Cooperative Groups. By using a negative binomial regression model, this study found that social capital can significantly reduce the number of total crime, property crime, and violent crime in Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh langsung dan tidak langsung dari variabel sub dimensi pembentuk modal sosial (partisipasi dalam kelompok, jejaring sosial, toleransi beragama, toleransi suku, aksi bersama, sikap percaya dan hubungan timbal balik) dan variabel kontrol (daerah tempat tinggal, tingkat pendidikan, status bekerja dan umur) terhadap fertilitas melalui penggunaan KB, berdasarkan data Susenas 2014 Indonesia.Hasil analisis jalur menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh langsung maupun pengaruh tidak langsung antara sub dimensi modal sosial dan variabel kontrol terhadap fertilitas pada wanita pernah kawin usia 15-54 tahun. Variabel umur dan pendidikan mempunyai pengaruh total tertinggi, diikuti sub dimensi toleransi suku dan jejaring.

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This research aims to study the direct and indirect effects of social capital-forming sub-dimensions (participation in group, social network, religious tolerance, ethnic tolerance, joint action, trust and reciprocity) and control variables (urban status, education level, work status and age) on fertility through the practice of family planning using the 2014 of National Socio-economic Survey in Indonesia.

The result of analysis show that sub-dimensions of social capital and control variables have direct and indirect effects on fertility of ever married woman aged 15-54 years. Older and higher educated woman have the highest total effect, followed by the low religion toleranct and high network."

"[ABSTRACTA number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective. The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level., A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.]"

"Literatur yang menghubungkan modal sosial dan capaian pendidikan terus berkembang. Akan tetapi, studi-studi sebelumnya lebih fokus pada modal sosial yang diakumulasi dari dalam rumah tangga untuk anak umur 6-18 tahun. Sementara itu, modal sosial juga dapat diakumulasi dari komunitas di luar rumah tangga. Untuk itu, penelitian ini mengestimasi hubungan modal sosial baik yang diakumulasi dari dalam rumah tangga maupun dari komunitas, dengan capaian pendidikan, menggunakan data level individu di Indonesia pada tahun 2014. Modal sosial komunitas diukur dengan kemudahan mendapatkan pertolongan keuangan dari tetangga, kesamaan domisili selama lima tahun terakhir, kehadiran ayah dan ibu, banyaknya anak, kehadiran kakek dan/atau nenek, ijazah pendidikan kepala rumah tangga, pentingnya tingkat pendidikan dalam memilih kepala daerah. Capaian pendidikan diukur dengan partisipasi sekolah anak umur 6-24 tahun. Estimasi dampak modal sosial terhadap capaian pendidikan menggunakan metode regresi logistik. Dengan mengontrol karakteristik anak, karakterisik rumah tangga, karakteristik komunitas dan efek modal sosial yang diakumulasi dari dalam rumah tangga dan komunitas, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa besarnya modal sosial yang dimiliki rumah tangga berhubungan dengan tingginya probabilitas partisipasi sekolah anak di rumah tangga tersebut.

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There is a continues growing body of literature on social capital and its relationship to education attainment. Yet, previous studies focused more on social capital which accumulated within households among children 6 18 years old cohort. Meanwhile, social capital can also be accumulated from communities outside the home. This study investigate social capital relationship both accumulated from within the household and from the community, on educational attainment, using individual level data in Indonesia in 2014. Community social capital is measured by the ease of obtaining financial assistance from neighbors, domicile similarities last five year, presence of father and mother, number of children, presence of grandparents and or grandmothers, education certificate of household head, importance of education level in choosing the region head. Educational attainment is measured by school participation of children 6 24 years old cohort. Estimate the relationship of social capital on educational attainment using logistic regression methods. By controlling characteristics of children, household characteristics, community characteristics and effects of social capital accumulated from within households and communities, this study found that the magnitude of social capital held by households is related to the high probability of children school participation in the household."

"ABSTRAKModal sosial merupakan salah satu modal pembangunan yang memfokuskan pada upaya mendayagunakan relasi-relasi sosial. Sikap toleransi, saling percaya, saling menghormati merupakan modal sosial yang sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kerjasama dan kekompakan masyarakat demi tujuan pembangunan nasional. Sayangnya seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, relasi sosial antara sesama terancam semakin berkurang. TIK khususnya internet memang mampu mendekatkan hubungan sosial yang jauh, namun disisi lain seringkali malah justru menjauhkan yang dekat. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa perkembangan teknologi internet saat ini dibarengi dengan semakin maraknya penyebaran berita bohong (hoax), ujaran kebencian dan merebaknya kejahatan siber yang berpotensi menurunkan sikap toleransi, sikap saling percaya sebagai komponen utama pembentuk modal sosial. Studi ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh penggunaan internet oleh masyarakat terhadap modal sosial di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data utama yang bersumber dari Indonesian Family Life Survey gelombang lima (IFLS-5) tahun 2014, kajian menemukan bahwa penggunaan internet di masyarakat berpengaruh negatif terhadap indeks modal sosial masyarakat Indonesia. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa tingkat pendidikan dan wilayah (perkotaan/perdesaan) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap modal sosial. Hasil pengujian interaksi antara variabel penggunaan internet dan pendidikan menunjukan bahwa orang yang menggunakan internet dan berpendidikan lebih tinggi mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan golongan lainnya. Peran pemerintahsangat dibutuhkan tidak hanya dalam hal pemerataan pembangunan infrastruktur TIK saja, namun juga dalam hal peningkatan kapasitas sumber daya manusia serta peran dalam menangani derasnya arus informasi dan mengatasi maraknya tindak kejahatan siber.

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ABSTRACTSocial capital is one of development capital that focuses on efforts to utilize social relations. Tolerance, mutual trust, mutual respect are very important social capital to increase community cooperation and cohesiveness for the purpose of national development. Unfortunately along with the development of information and communication technology, social relations between people are threatened withdiminishing returns. ICTs, especially the internet, are indeed able to bring social relations far away, but on the other hand they often keep the close ones instead. It is undeniable that the development of internet technology is currently accompanied by the increasingly widespread spread of hoaxes, expressions of hatred and the spread of cybercrime that has the potential to reduce the attitude of tolerance, mutual trust as the main components forming social capital. This study was conducted to see the effect of the use of the internet by the community on social capital in Indonesia. Using main data sourced from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) in 2014, the study found that the use of the internet in the community had a negative effect on the social capital index of the Indonesian people. The results also showed that the level of education and the region (urban/rural) had a significant effect on social capital. The results of testing the interaction between the variables of internet use and education show that people who use the internet and have higher education have a greater influence than other groups. The role of government is needed not only in terms of equitable distribution of ICT infrastructure development, but also in terms of enhancing the capacity of humanresources and the role in dealing with the swift flow of information and overcoming the rise of cyber crime."

"Ukuran kesejahteraan tidak hanya dapat digambarkan dengan kondisi kemakmuran material namun juga dapat digambarkan oleh kondisi kebahagiaan. Peran ganda yang melekat pada mereka yang masuk ke dalam generasi sandwich tentu akan berpengaruh terhadap kebahagiaannya. Salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi kebahagiaan seseorang adalah nilai modal sosial. Terdapat beberapa mekanisme bagaimana modal sosial memengaruhi kebahagiaan, diantaranya melalui kesehatan, pendapatan rumah tangga, dan pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara khusus bagaimana pengaruh modal sosial terhadap kebahagiaan generasi sandwich di Indonesia. Unit analisis penelitian ini adalah kepala rumah tangga atau pasangannya yang termasuk dalam generasi sandwich dan generasi nonsandwich. Penelitian ini menggunakan data SPTK tahun 2017. Dengan menggunakan metode estimasi OLS, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks kebahagiaan pada generasi sandwich dan nonsandwich tidak berbeda secara nyata, tetapi secara umum modal sosial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kebahagiaan. Selain itu kondisi kesehatan ditemukan sebagai variabel yang menjadi mekanisme bagaimana modal sosial memengaruhi kebahagiaan. Peningkatan nilai modal sosial pada generasi sandwich yang memiliki kesehatan yang kurang baik akan lebih bermanfaat dalam meningkatkan kebahagiaannya. Sementara itu variabel pendapatan rumah tangga dan pendidikan ditemukan bukan menjadi mekanisme bagaimana modal sosial memengaruhi kebahagiaan.

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The measure of welfare not only about material prosperity, but also could be described by happiness. The sandwich generation has a dual role to play in influencing their happiness. One the other hand, social capital also affects happiness. There are several mechanisms by which social capital affects happiness, including health condition, household income, and education. This study aims to analyze specifically how the influence of social capital on the happiness of the sandwich generation in Indonesia. This study uses SPTK 2017 data which the unit analyze is head of household or partner of sandwich generation and nonsandwich generation. Using OLS estimation, the study found that happiness index in the sandwich and nonsandwich generations is not significantly different, but generally social capital has a significant effect on happiness. In addition, health conditions were found to be variable that becomes a mechanism for how social capital effects happiness. Increasing the value of social capital in the poor health sandwich generation will be more beneficial in increasing their happiness. Meanwhile, the household income and education were not to be mechanisms for social capital"