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"ABSTRACTJalak putih Acridotheres melanopterus merupakan burung endemik yang tersebar di daerah Jawa, Bali dan Lombok. Karena maraknya kasus perdagangan burung kicau, saat ini Jalak Putih telah termasuk dalam kategori Critically Endangered menurut IUCN. Pada habitatnya khususnya di daerah savana Bekol, Jalak Putih menempati relung tetentu. Selain Jalak Putih, teramati burung lain yang menempati habitat yang sama. Burung-burung yang menempati suatu habitat yang sama tentunya berbagi relung sebagai salah satu cara untuk menghindari kompetisi antar jenis. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pembagian relung antara Jalak putih dan jenis burung lainnya. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di 6 area yang ditentukan pada daerah di sekitar savana Bekol, Taman Nasional Baluran, Jawa Timur, pada 16 April hingga 23 Mei 2018. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode jelajah bebas dengan mengunjungi tempat dan waktu yang berbeda setiap harinya. Penggunaan habitat Jalak Putih paling besar yaitu di pohon Pilang Acacia leucopholea sebanyak 27 kali perjumpaan dan Rusa Timor Cervus Timorensis sebanyak 10 kali perjumpaan. Teramati ada dua jenis burung yang kemungkinan berbagi relung dengan Jalak Putih yaitu Srigunting Hitam Dicrurus macrocercus dengan tingkat tumpang tindih relung 0,93 dan Kerak Kerbau Acridotheres javanicus dengan tingkat tumpang tindih relung 0,70. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kedua spesies terbukti memiliki nilai tumpang tindih relung yang cukup besar yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh kesamaan sumber pakan atau adanya interaksi interspesifik, diantara lain yaitu kompetisi atau simbiosis yang terjadi diantara burung tersebut. Jalak putih berbagi sumber daya dengan cara pengambilan pakan yaitu dengan cara probing dan penggunaan sumber daya di waktu dan tempat yang berbeda.

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ABSTRACTBlack Winged Myna Acridotheres melanopterus is one of endemic species which distribute at Java, Bali and Lombok. Black Winged Myna is one of endangered species and categorized to Critically Endangered according to IUCN because of song bird trade crisis. Black Winged Myna lived at their habitat especially at Bekol savannah at their certain niche. Birds that lived at same habitats, usually part their niche to avoid competition among species. Therefore this study supposed to knows about niche partitioning and niche overlap between Black Winged Myna and another bird species. This study was conducted at six area which is determined before at Bekol savannah, Baluran National Park, East Java. Study held from April 16th to May 23rd 2018. Method that use for observation and study is encounter survey, we visited different area and different time for each day. Black Winged Myna rsquo s habitat use mostly found at Pilang tree Acacia leucopholea with 27 encounter and Deer Cervus Timorensis with 10 encounter. We found two bird species which is mostly found at same habitat or interact each other, probably part their niche at their habitats with Black Winged Myna. The bird species is Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus with 0,93 niche overlap. and Javan Myna Acridotheres javanicus with 0,70 niche overlap. The result represent that those two species have high niche overlap value. That can be happens probably because of same food resource or any interspecific interaction, which is competition or symbiosis among those bird. Black Winged Myna share their resource with difference their way to take the food, which is probing and difference their foraging time and place. "

"ABSTRAKJalak putih memiliki tiga subspesies yaitu Acridotheres melanopterus tertius yang terdapat di Bali, Acridotheres melanopterus tricolor di daerah Jawa Timur dan Acridotheres melanopterus melanopterus di daerah Jawa Barat dan Madura. Taman Nasional Baluran memiliki spesies Jalak putih yang termasuk dalam subspesies Acridotheres melanopterus tricolor. Berdasarkan data International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN status dari Jalak putih adalah Critically Endangered. Langkah yang dapat dilakukan untuk mendukung pelestariannya adalah melalui strategi konservasi secara in-situ yang diawali dengan penelitian lapangan. Perlu dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan mengetahui perilaku harian dari Jalak putih yang diamati langsung di habitat aslinya, mengetahui pembagian persentase perilaku berdasarkan waktu, dan mengetahui hubungan antara persentase perilaku dengan struktur habitat. Pengambilan data berupa data perilaku Jalak putih dan data struktur habitat. Perilaku Jalak putih yang diambil berupa perilaku makan, bersuara, bertengger, berpindah, menelisik, dan terbang. Data perilaku Jalak putih diambil dengan menggunakan metode scan sampling dan ad-libitum sampling. Data struktur habitat yang diambil berupa tutupan kanopi, tumbuhan bawah kanopi, DBH, dan ketinggian pohon. Perilaku Jalak putih berdasarkan struktur habitat dianalisis menggunakan korelasi Spearman melalui aplikasi SPSS 16.0 untuk melihat hubungan setiap perilaku Jalak putih dengan struktur habitat. Jalak putih aktif di pagi hari dan sore hari. Persentase perilaku terbesar Jalak putih adalah persentase makan sebesar 27. Perilaku bertengger memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan tutupan kanopi dengan nilai korelasi sebesar 0,311. Perilaku menelisik memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan ukuran DBH dan ketinggian pohon dengan nilai korelasi sebesar 0,313 dan 0,333. Perilaku makan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan tumbuhan bawah kanopi, tutupan kanopi, DBH dan ketinggian pohon dengan nilai korelasi sebesar -0,396, -0,352, -0,339 dan -0,334. Perilaku Jalak putih dapat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan ungulata dan vegetasi.

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ABSTRACTBlack winged Myna has three subspecies Acridotheres melanopterus tertius found in Bali, Acridotheres melanopterus tricolor in East Java and Acridotheres melanopterus melanopterus in West Java and Madura. Subspecies Acridotheres melanopterus tricolor can be found in Baluran National Park. Based on data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN the status of Black winged Myna is Critically Endangered. One of the step that can be taken such as through in situ conservation strategy that will be supported by the data from field research. The research aim to find out the daily behavior of the Black winged Myna that directly observed in their natural habitat, by examining the percentage distribution of time based behavior, and the relationship between the percentage of behavior and the habitat structure. Collected data is comprised of behavioral activities and habitat structure of Black winged Myna. Behavioral data is consist of feeding behavior, vocal, perching, moving, preening, and flying. Behavioral data collected using scan sampling method and ad libitum sampling. Structural data habitat consist of canopy coverage, vegetation under canopy, DBH, and tree rsquo s height. Black winged Myna behavior based on habitat structure analyzed using Spearman correlation with SPSS 16.0 application to determine the correlation between each behavior with the habitat structure. Black winged Myna active in the morning and evening. The most dominant behavioral data percentage is feeding percentage, with value of 27. Perching behavior has a significant relationship with a canopy cover with a correlation value of 0.311. Preening behavior has a significant relationship with DBH size and tree height with a correlation value of 0.313 and 0.333. Feeding behavior has a significant relationship with under canopy vegetation, canopy cover, DBH and tree height with a correlation value of 0.396, 0.352, 0.339 and 0.334. Black winged Myna behavior can be influenced by the existence of ungulate and vegetation."

"ABSTRACTTaman Nasional Baluran merupakan taman nasional yang terletak di Kabupaten Situbondo Jawa Timur dan merupakan habitat alami dari Jalak putih-punggung abu. Jalak putih-punggung abu (Acridotheres tricolor Horsfield, 1821) merupakan burung berukuran sedang (23 cm) dari famili sturnidae. Populasi jalak putih umum dijumpai di savana, namun belum ada catatan mengenai populasi burung tersebut di habitat lain selain savana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan relatif dan penggunaan habitat dari populasi jalak putih-punggung abu pada beberapa habitat di Baluran. Kelimpahan relatif populasi jalak putih dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus encounter rates, sedangkan penggunaan habitat akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan PCA. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober hingga November 2018 di 6 habitat berbeda yaitu savana padang rumput, savana hutan, savana restorasi, hutan musim, hutan akasia, dan hutan pantai. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan encounter rates habitat savana padang rumput memiliki nilai encounter rates tertinggi sebesar 11,16; sedangkan habitat hutan pantai menjadi habitat dengan nilai encounter rates terendah sebesar 0. Hasil analisis PCA menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan habitat jalak putih-punggung abu cenderung ditentukan berdasarkan oleh struktur habitat dengan banyak Brachiaria reptans Acacia nilotica, gebang, (Corypha utan), terdapat batang pohon mati, dan pohon berdiameter besar, serta keberadaan pohon asam (Tamarindus indica) dan serasah yang sedikit.

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ABSTRACTBaluran National Park (TNB) is a national park located in Situbondo Regency, East Java one of the natural habitats of the Grey-Backed Myna. Grey-backed myna (Acridotheres tricolor Horsfield, 1821) is a medium-sized bird (23 cm) from the family sturnidae. The population of grey-backed myna is common in savannahs, but there is no record of these bird populations in habitats other than savanna. This study aims to determine the relative abundance and habitat use of grey-backed myna populations in several habitats in Baluran. The relative abundance of the grey-backed myna population is calculated using the encounter rates, while the habitat use will be analyzed using PCA. The study was conducted in October to November 2018 in 6 different habitats: grassland savannah, woodland savannah, restoration savannah, dry minsoon forest, acacia forest, and beach forest. The results showed that grassland savannah had the highest encounter rates with score 11,16; and the beach forest is a habitat with the lowest encounter rates with score 0. The results of PCA analysis show that the habitat use of grey-backed myna tends to be determined by habitat structure with the abundant of Brachiaria reptans, Acacia nilotica, gebang (Corypha utan), dead tree stem, and trees with large diameter, also a habitat with fewer tamarind trees (Tamarindus indica) and detritus."

"ABSTRAK Tingginya permintaan jalak putih (Acridotheres melanopterus) di pasaran tidak diiringi dengan populasi yang melimpah di alam. Jalak putih pada saat ini sudah sulit ditemukan di alam liar dengan status Critically Endangered atau kritis (IUCN). Oleh karena itu manusia mulai melakukan penangkaran terhadap burung ini untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar ataupun sebagai usaha pelestarian. Banyaknya penangkaran yang bermunculan tidak dibarengi dengan cukupnya pengetahuan penangkar mengenai jalak putih. Kenyataan bahwa jalak putih terbagi kedalam tiga spesies tidak banyak diketahui oleh penangkar dalam mengawinkan jalak putih. Hal ini mengakibatkan banyaknya perkawinan silang baik sengaja ataupun tidak disengaja antar spesies jalak putih di penangkaran. Fenomena hibridisasi yang terjadi di penangkaran dapat menuntun jalak putih menuju kepunahan dikarenakan spesies murni perlahan hilang. Jalak Putih hibrida secara langsung dapat diketahui dari ciri-ciri morfologinya yang berbeda dengan spesies murni jalak putih. Secara morfologi, pengamatan langsung dapat dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi ciri-ciri jalak putih hibrida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ciri utama yang membedakan jalak putih hibrida dengan murni terdapat pada bagian bulu punggung. Jalak putih hibrida memiliki bulu abu-abu di bagian punggung sedangkan jalak putih murni berwarna putih bersih. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa manajemen penangkaran jalak putih di Indonesia masih banyak didasarkan pada pengalaman. Belum ada penelitian yang secara khusus meneliti fenomena hibridisasi pada jalak putih sehingga hasil penelitian ini juga sangat penting untuk menghasilkan dasar-dasar pengetahuan mengenai jalak putih hibrida yang akan sangat bermanfaat bagi usaha pelestarian burung ini di masa depan.

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ABSTRACT

The high demand for black-winged myna (Acridotheres melanopterus) on the market is not accompanied by an abundant population in the nature. Black-winged myna is now difficult to find in the wild with critical endangered or critical (IUCN) status, therefore humans began to capture these birds for the market needs or as a conservation programs. The number of captive breeding is not accompanied by sufficient knowledge of the breeders about the black-winged myna. The fact that black-winged mynas are divided into three species is not known by many breeders in mating the black-winged myna. This is making the risk of cross-breeding or hibridization higher whether intentionally or not between the species of black-winged myna in captivity. The hybridization phenomenon that occurs in captivity can lead the black-winged myna to extinction after the pure species are replaced by the hybrids. Hybrid black-winged myna can be identified directly from the different morphological characteristics compared to pure white starlings. Morphologically, direct observations can be made to identify the characteristics of hybrid black-winged myna. The results of the study show that the main features that belongs to the hybrids is can be found on the back feathers. Hybrid black-winged myna is having gray feather on the back while pure white starlings are pure white. The results also show that the management of black-winged myna captive breeding in Indonesia is still have a lot of tings to be fixed. There are no studies specifically for the hybridization phenomenon in the black-winged myna. The results of this study are also very important as a base to produce the basics management and information that will be very helpful for the conservation program of the birds in the future."

"Vachellia nilotica diintroduksi ke Taman Nasional Baluran (TNB) sejak tahun 1969 sebagai sekat bakar antara savana dan hutan tropis. Namun, tanaman tersebut tumbuh secara tidak terkendali dan menjadi tumbuhan invasif. Pengendalian secara mekanik dan kimia telah digunakan tapi belum berhasil menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Solusi alternatif seperti penggunaan serangga sebagai agen pengendali hayati perlu diterapkan. Nilai Potensial serangga (NP) ditentukan oleh Indeks Nilai Penting (INP), dan hubungan filogeni serangga Indonesia dan Afrika. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2014 dengan 150 sampel V. nilotica menggunakan purposive sampling method dan line transect, sedangkan serangga dikumpulkan menggunakan metode beating tray. Terdapat 50 jenis serangga ditemukan pada V. nilotica. Lima jenis serangga dengan nilai NP yang tinggi dipilih. Jenis tersebut dikelompokan kedalam suku Geometridae (NP = 2.594 dan 2.004), Pyralididae (NP = 2.391), Aphididae (NP = 2.042), dan Membracidae (NP = 2.004). Geometridae dan Pyralididae adalah serangga yang paling direkomendasikan karena spesifisitas dan dominansinya. Penelitian lebih lanjut dianjurkan untuk melihat aktivitas serangga potensi sebagai pengendali hayati.

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Vachellia nilotica was introduced to Baluran National Park (BNP) since 1969 as firebreaks between savana and tropical forest . However, this plant grows out of control and becomes invasive. Mechanical and chemical control have been used but have not managed to resolve the problem. Alternative solution such as using insect as biocontrol agent should be applied. Potential Value of insects (PV) is determined by the importance value index (IVI), and insect phylogeny relations between Indonesia and Africa insects. The study was conducted in March 2014, with 150 V. nilotica using purposive sampling method and line transects, while insects collected using beating tray method. There are 50 species of insects found on V. nilotica. Five species whose NP is high are choosen. These species grouped into Family Geometridae (PV= 2.594 and 2.004), Pyralididae (PV = 2.391), Aphididae (PV = 2.042), and Membracidae (PV = 2.004). Geometridae and Pyralididae are the most recommended insect because of their specificity and dominance. Further research need to be conducted to see the activity of insect as biocontrol."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian tentang perilaku dan daerah jelajah harian rusa timor (Cervus timorensis) di Taman Nasional Baluran, dari Juni hingga September 2019. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengukur dan membandingkan perilaku dan daerah jelajah harian rusa timor (Cervus timorensis) pada dua lokasi dengan tingkat gangguan antropogenik yang berbeda di Taman Nasional Baluran. Kedua lokasi dengan tingkat gangguan aktivitas manusia yang berbeda yaitu: adanya pariwisata di Savana Bekol, dan tanpa pariwisata dan adanya penggembalaan sapi (Bos taurus) di Labuhan Merak. Pengumpulan data alokasi waktu harian dilakukan dengan melakukan observasi langsung di habitat rusa timor menggunakan metode continuous focal animal sampling. Individu atau subjek pengamatan dipilih dari 3 lokasi berbeda di Savana Bekol dan 2 lokasi berbeda di Labuhan Merak. Data perilaku harian dianalisis menggunakan uji perbandingan statistika t independen atau Mann-Whitney [n1 = 25 (♀ = 15, ♂ = 10), n2 = 10 (♀ = 6, ♂ = 4)]. Data daerah jelajah harian dianalisis menggunakan uji perbandingan yaitu uji t independen [n1 = 6 (♀ = 3, ♂ = 3), n2 = 6 (♀ = 3, ♂ = 3)]. Hasil perbandingan perilaku dari Savana Bekol dengan Labuhan Merak menunjukkan bahwa pada rusa timor betina terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada proporsi perilaku istirahat (36,93% ± 10,97 dengan 63,40% ± 10,05), bergerak (7,13% ± 1,72 dengan 1,83% ± 0,41), dan waspada (1,52% ± 0,39 dengan 0,51% ± 0,19) (P ≤ 0,05). Pada rusa timor jantan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada proporsi perilaku bergerak (6,36% ± 1,84 dengan 1,82% ± 0,56) (P ≤ 0,05). Hasil perbandingan daerah jelajah dari Savana Bekol dengan Labuhan Merak menunjukkan bahwa pada rusa timor betina di Savana Bekol memiliki luas daerah jelajah harian yang lebih luas dibandingkan dengan luas daerah jelajah harian rusa timor betina di Labuhan Merak (19,19 ha ± 0,74 dengan 2,67 ha ± 0,36) (P ≤ 0,05). Pada rusa timor jantan di Savana Bekol juga memiliki luas daerah jelajah harian yang lebih luas dibandingkan dengan luas daerah jelajah harian rusa timor jantan di Labuhan Merak (13,93 ha ± 0,55 dengan 2,18 ha ± 0,40) (P ≤ 0,05). Perilaku daerah jelajah rusa timor dalam penggunaan habitat (tutupan lahan, ketinggian, dan kemiringan) dari kedua lokasi menunjukkan perilaku yang hampir sama yaitu menggunakan strategi optimal patch use.

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ABSTRACTResearch had been carried out on the behavior and daily home range of ​​javan deer in Baluran National Park, from June to September 2019. The aim of the study was to measure and compare the behavior and daily home range of javan deer (Cervus timorensis) from two sites with different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in Baluran National Park. The two locations with different levels of human activity disturbances are: the areas with the presence of tourism in Savana Bekol (location 1), and areas without tourism and the presence of livestock grazing of cattle (Bos taurus) in Labuhan Merak (location 2). Daily time budget data collection was conducted by direct observation in the javan deer habitat using the continuous focal animal sampling method. Individuals or observational subjects were chosen from 3 different locations at Savana Bekol and 2 different locations at Labuhan Merak. Daily behavioral data were analyzed using statistical comparison independent t test or Mann-Whitney test [n1 = 25 (♀ = 15, ♂ = 10), n2 = 10 (♀ = 6, ♂ = 4)]. Daily home range data were analyzed using a comparison independent t test [n1 = 6 (♀ = 3, ♂ = 3), n2 = 6 (♀ = 3, ♂ = 3)]. Comparison of behavior from Savana Bekol vs Labuhan Merak showed that in female javan deer, there was a significant difference in the proportion of resting behavior (36.93% ± 10.97 vs 63.40% ± 10.05), moving (7.13% ± 1.72 vs 1.83% ± 0.41), and vigilance (1.52% ± 0.39 vs 0.51% ± 0.19) (P ≤ 0.05). In male javan deer there was a significant difference in the proportion of moving behavior (6.36% ± 1.84 vs 1.82% ± 0.56) (P ≤ 0.05). Comparison of home ranges from Savana Bekol vs Labuhan Merak showed that females javan deer in Savana Bekol has a wider daily home range than the daily home range of females javan deer in Labuhan Merak (19.19 ha ± 0.74 vs 2.67 ha ± 0.36) (P ≤ 0.05). Males javan deer in Savana Bekol also has a wider daily home range than the daily home range males of javan deer in Labuhan Merak (13.93 ha ± 0.55 vs 2.18 ha ± 0.40) (P ≤ 0.05). The home range behavior of javan deer in habitat use (land cover, elevation, and slope) from the two locations showed almost the same behavior, which is using optimal patch use strategy."

"Lore Lindu National Park covers 217,991 ha of Central Sulawesi. The elevation range from 200 m asl in Pakuli to 2,355 m asl at the top of Nokilalaki mountain on the north east of this national park. This wide range of the elevation has become the supporting factor of the high biodiversity in this national park. There were many Sulawesi endemic faunas which have been found in this national park. This national park have at least 5 species of squirrel, 31 of 38 of the rats species are endemic not to mention other big mammals and the species of shrews which are mostly endemic. Approximately there are 55 species of bats inhabit this national park. This group of animals plays important economic and ecological roles including producing fertilizer, pollinating fruit trees, and consuming vast numbers of insects. Bat’s morphology and anatomy are basically like that of any other mammal, the wings are the most obvious distinguishing characteristic. The fundamental similarity in structure of all bats has required the group to expand into new habitat or to partition their niche. Ecomorphology is a study that relates the morphological structures that construct an organism with ecological and evolutionary consequences of that designs. Some previous study indicate the relationship between morphological characters such as cranial or wing characters with diet and niche partition in bats. Ecomorphological study of bats is very lack in Sulawesi particularly which correlates with its ecological function such as niche partition. The study on ecomorphology has not been comprise the whole area of this national park. There were no reports on this study at the South West Part of Lore Lindu National Park, near Tomado village. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a pattern of variation in which asymmetry values are normally distributed around a mean of zero. FA has been considered as the product of random errors in development, and thus a measure of developmental stability. The level of FA in a trait may indicate genetic, developmental, or environmental stress. The study of FA can also predict the interspecies relationship between two or more species in one area. The study of FA in bats has never been conducted in Lore Lindu National Park. This study can explain the interspecies relationship among bats species and the level of environmental stress in the national park. This study focused on two topics: (1) ecomorphological relationship between wing characters and niche partition in bat community, and (2) fluctuating asymmetry pattern in bat community. The study area was located at Lore Lindu National Park, Salupada Mountain, Tomado village, Central Sulawesi. The study was conducted between July to August 2002. Bats were captured using mist nets and a harp trap. This study is testing the hypothesis that bat species are randomly dispersed in multivariate morphological space. In contrast, if they are organized (due to phylogeny, competitive interactions, etc), multivariate morphological space will be partitioned regularly. This study is also testing the significant difference of FA levels between species of bat in the community to see the interspecies relationship among them. A total of 128 bat specimens from 16 species were collected. The wing morphology of each specimens were measured using digital caliper. The wing characters measured were the Metacarpal of the first to the fifth digit of the bat, the first and the second Phalanges of the third to the fifth digit of the bat, Forearms, and Tibiae. A total of 13 characters were measured. These characters was analysed using multivariate statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Principal component analysis indicates that differences in size of the wing (PC-1) contribute 86% of niche partition, whereas wing width membrane differences (PC-2) contribute only about 8% of niche partition. The guild of bat community in Lore Lindu National Park was not distributed randomly in multivariate space. Instead we found that the morphological space is partitioned regularly, probably due to competitive interactions The pattern of fluctuating asymmetry between the two bat species showed no significant differences of FA level between the sexes within The study of ecomorphological attributes on bats in Lore Lindu National Park is still needed to be continued in order to find out the niche partition in the whole area of the park and also to see the level of disturbance in the area."