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"ABSTRAKTingginya jumlah kasus penderita AIDS di Indonesia berdasarkan pekerjaan yang berasal dari kelompok ibu rumah tangga memperbesar kemungkinan terjadinya penularan HIV dari ibu ke anak melalui transmisi vertikal. Kecenderungan remaja dengan HIV mengalami penundaan disclosure HIV dan stigma HIV merupakan tantangan sulit yang harus dihadapi remaja dengan HIV di masa mendatang. Penelitian ini melihat gambaran kondisi sosioemosional remaja dengan HIV yang hidup dalam stigma. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jakarta, bekerjasama dengan dua Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat LSM yang bergerak di bidang HIV/AIDS yaitu Yayasan Pelita Ilmu YPI dan Yayasan Vina Smart Era VSE . Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Informan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 13 orang yang terdiri dari 7 remaja dengan HIV sebagai informan kunci, dan 6 pengasuh remaja dengan HIV sebagai informan pendukung. Usia informan kunci dalam penelitian ini berkisar antara 11-17 tahun. Temuan dalam penelitian ini dibedakan menjadi kondisi sosioemosional pada remaja awal dan remaja akhir dengan HIV. Hasil dari penelitian ini, didapat 2 tipe kondisi sosioemosional remaja awal dan 2 tipe kondisi sosioemosional remaja akhir dengan HIV yang dibentuk oleh proses disclosure, stigma yang dialami, dan teman sebaya.

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ABSTRACT High amount of people with AIDS in Indonesia based on proffession placed by housewife which means increasing possibility infection HIV from mother to child by vertical transmission. Postponing disclosure process of HIV to adolescences and stigma related HIV are the great challenges that adolescence would face in the future. This study describes socioemotional condition among HIV infected adolescences who living with stigma. This study located in Jakarta and surroundings which cooperate with two Non Government Organization NGO of HIV AIDS Yayasan Pelita Ilmu YPI and Yayasan Vina Smart Era VSE . This study uses descriptive qualitative approach. Participants in this study are adolescences as key participants age range 11 17 years old and their caregiver as support participants with total 13 persons. Findings from this study can be divided into two group, these are socioemotional condition among early adolescences and socioemotional condition among late adolescences. Results from this study explains there are two type of socioemotional condition among early adolescents and two type of socioemotional condition among late adolescents that formed by disclosure processes, stigma related HIV, and peers."

"Latar belakang: Infeksi intrakranial merupakan masalah yang menjadi tantangan berat bagi setiap dokter yang merawat. Tingkat kematian saat rawat inap pasien infeksi intrakranial sangat tinggi. Walaupun pasien infeksi intrakranial dapat keluar dari rumah sakit dalam keadaan hidup, namun berbagai komplikasi dan masalah paska rawat inap yang kompleks dapat menyebabkan kematian pasien saat rawat jalan. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kohort retrospektif untuk mengetahui kesintasan 180 hari pada pasien infeksi otak yang dirawat di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo. Populasi penelitian ini adalah subjek dari penelitian Optimization of Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis ODT-TBM selama periode Januari-Desember 2015. Keluaran 180 hari subjek diketahui dengan penelusuran data kunjungan rawat jalan melalui rekam medis, telepon, pesan singkat atau kunjungan rumah. Analisis kesintasan Total survival rate dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis cox regression baik univariat maupun multivariat. Penyajian data kesintasan dilakukan dengan menggunakan kurva kaplan meier. Hasil: Didapatkan 218 pasien dengan diagnosis akhir infeksi intrakranial. Berdasarkan status HIV, didapatkan 47,7 subjek HIV positif dan 52,3 HIV negatif. Tingkat kesintasan 180 hari pasien infeksi intrakranial di RSCM secara umum adalah 43,5. Kesintasan pada kelompok HIV positif 32,7 secara bermakna p 0,005; Rasio Hazard 1,695 1,177-2,442 lebih buruk daripada HIV negatif 53,5. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi kesintasan adalah usia, papiledema, suhu aksila awal, SKG awal, anemia, hiponatremia, gambaran herniasi serebri pada pencitraan otak, rasio glukosa CSS/serum, dan kadar protein CSS. Kesimpulan : Tingkat kesintasan 180 hari pasien infeksi intrakranial pada penelitian ini rendah. Infeksi HIV secara bermakna mempengaruhi kesintasan pasien infeksi intrakranial.

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Background: Managing brain infection patients is a challenge for every physician. Beside a very high in hospital mortality, many complexes problems and complications can cause patient die after discharge.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort research to find 180 days outcomes of brain infection patients that admitted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The study population is Optimization of Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculous Meningitis ODT TBM research subject that admitted in 2015. Health records, phone calls, short message or home visit is done to find patient rsquo s outcome. Total survival rate analysis is done with univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis. The comparison of survival rates between 2 groups is presented by Kaplan Meier curve.

Results: A total of 218 subjects were included in this study. There were 47,7 subjects with HIV positive and 52,3 HIV negative. Overall 180 days survival rates is 43,5. HIV status is strongly influenced the survival rate of brain infection patients in this study p value 0,005 Hazard Ratio 1,695 1,177 2,442. The survival rate of HIV negative subjects was 53,5 that significantly higher than HIV positive subjects 32,7. Other factors that influenced the survival rate in this research are age, papil edema, early axial temperature, Glasgow coma scale, anemia, hyponatremia, imaging of brain herniation, blood CSF glucose ratio and CSF protein.

Conclusion: The survival rate of brain infection patients in this research is low. HIV infection significantly influenced patients rsquo survival rates."

"Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus tipe I (HIV-1) sebagai penyebab AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) merupakan salah satu masalah utama kesehatan dunia yang barns segem diatasi. Sejak ditemukannya penyakit tersebut, vaksin yang dihampkan tidak kanjung tersedia karena berbagai usaha I pengembangan vaksia HIV-1 mengalami hambatan besar oleh karena keanekar&gaman HIV·I yang tinggi. Strategi mutakhir untuk mengatasi hambatan tersebut adalah pengembangan vaksin HIV-I yang spesifik pada subtipe dan populasi di regional tertentu. menggunakan isolat identik dengan sekuen konsensus yang telah ditentukan, sebagai kandidat vaksin.Tujuan pcnelitian ini adalah menentukan sekuen konsensus HlV-1 di Indonesia dengan menggunakan sekuen - sekuen gen protease dan gen reverse transcriptase HN - 1 subtipe paling dominan isola!Indonesia dati isolat damb plasma omng terinfeksi HIV akibat penggunaan narkoba dengan jarum suntik (penasnn). Berdasarkan analisis dalam penelitian ini diketahui bahwa CRFO I_AE merupakan subtipe paling dominan di Indonesia dan telah berhasH diperoleh sekuen konsensus protease dan reverse transcriptase HIV-1 CRFOl_AE Indonesia Sekuen konsensus protease Indonesia tersebut. memiliki perbedaan dengan sekuen konsensus dari database Los Alomos National Laboratory (LANL) sebesar 2,7% untuk sekuen nukleotida (p = 0,030); 5,1% untuk sekuen asam amino (p = 0,000). Sedangkan sekuen konsensus reverse trancriptase Indonesia merniliki perbedaan dengan sekuen konsensus dari LANL sebesar 2,0% nntuk nuklootida (p = 0,208) dan 3,0% untuk asam amiao (p = 0,015).

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus type I (HIV-I) infection as the etiology of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a major health problem which need to be urgently solved. Since the discovery of the desease, the effective vaccine is still not available. It is caused by widely the diversity of HIV-I. Novel strategy to overcome this problem is to develop country-specific HIV-1 vaccine, which use the most identical isolate with consensus sequences that had been determined, as vaccine candidate.This study aims to determine consensus sequences (CS) of HIV-1 in Indonesia by using sequences of protease gene and reverse transcriptase l gene of the most predominant subtype HIV-1 sequences from HIV-infected intravenous drog users' blood plasma. This study concluded that CRFOl_AE is I the most predominant subtype HIV-1 in Indonesia Nucleotide and amino acid of Iprotease which determine as CS has 2.7% (p = 0,030) and 5.1% (p = 0,000) differences with CS of CRFOI AE respectively. While nucleotide and amino acid of reverse trancriptase of the CS has 2,0% (p = 0,208) and 3,0".4 (p = 0,015) differences with CS of CRFOI_AE of the LANL, respectively."

"Stigma merupakan salah satu masalah psikososial pada orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) yang menimbulkan dampak negatif karena dapat menghalangi ODHA untuk mencari pertolongan konseling, mendapatkan pelayanan medis dan psikososial, serta mengambil langkah preventif untuk mencegah penularan ke orang lain. Stigma yang diinternalisasi (perceived stigma) juga berhubungan dengan depresi, menurunnya kualitas hidup, serta buruknya adherens terapi pada ODHA. Berger HIV Stigma Scale merupakan intrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur perceived stigma pada ODHA. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji validitas (kesahihan) dan reliabilitas (kehandalan) instrumen Berger HIV Stigma Scale versi Bahasa Indonesia serta penyusunan versi singkat instrumen tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa instrumen Berger HIV Stigma Scale sahih dan handal dalam menilai perceived stigma pada populasi ODHA di Indonesia. Versi singkat instrumen juga memiliki kehandalan yang baik dan skornya berkorelasi kuat dengan versi lengkap instrumen.

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Stigma is one of the psychosocial problems in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) which generates negative impacts because it prevents them from seeking counseling, getting medical and psychosocial service, and taking steps to prevent transmission to others. Internalized stigma (perceived stigma) is also associated with depression, decreased quality of life, and poor adherence to therapy in PLWHA.

Berger HIV Stigma Scale is an instrument for measure perceived stigma in PLWHA. In this study, we perform validity and reliability testing of Indonesian version of Berger HIV and abridge this instrument.

The results of this study indicate that Berger HIV Stigma Scale valid and reliable in measuring perceived stigma in PLWHA population in Indonesia. Abridged version of that instrument also has good reliability and its scores strongly correlated with the full version of the instrument."

"Lelaki yang Seks dengan Lelaki (LSL) berada pada posisi yang rentan untuk tertular dan menularkan HIV melalui hubungan seksual berisiko.Di Indonesia, LSL menyumbang persentase sekitar 44,93% dari keseluruhan kasus baru di 2019. Meskipun akses terhadap Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) sudah dibuka lebar namun pemaanfaatannya masih tergolong rendah. Terdapat banyak faktor yang dapat memengaruhi perilaku periksa VCT pada kalangan LSL. Melalui studi potong lintang ini diteliti hubungan antara faktor-faktor berpengaruh diantaranya usia, tingkat pendidikan, status pekerjaan, status hubungan, pengetahuan tentang HIV/AIDS, Stigma terkait HIV, dan dukungan sosial serta hubungannya dengan perilaku periksa VCT. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 100 responden dengan metode pengumpulan snowball sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa kuesioner diantaranya kuesioner perilaku periksa VCT yang dibuat dan dimodifikasi sendiri, HIV-KQ-18, HIV-Anticipated Stigma, serta Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan terhadap HIV/AIDS dengan perilaku periksa VCT (p = 0,032; α = 0,05). Selain itu, ditemukan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara stigma terkait HIV dengan perilaku periksa VCT (p = 0,014; α = 0,05). Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara usia, tingkat pendidikan, status pekerjaan, status hubungan, dan dukungan sosial terhadap perilaku periksa VCT (p > 0,05).

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Men who have sex with men (MSM) are in a vulnerable position to contracting and transmitting HIV through risky sexual intercourse. In Indonesia, MSM accounted for around 44.93% of all new cases in 2019. Even though access to Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) has been widely opened, its utilization is still relatively low. There are many factors that can influence VCT checking behavior among MSM. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between influential factors including age, education level, employment status, relationship status, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, HIV-related stigma, and social support and its relationship with VCT checking behavior. The number of samples used in this study were 100 respondents with the snowball sampling method. This study used several questionnaires including self-modified VCT checking behavior questionnaires, HIV-KQ-18, HIV-Anticipated Stigma, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS and VCT checking behavior (p = 0.032; α = 0.05). In addition, it was found that there was a significant relationship between HIV-related stigma and VCT checking behavior (p = 0.014; α = 0.05). No significant relationship was found between age, education level, employment status, relationship status, and social support on VCT checking behavior (p > 0.05)."

"Transmisi seksual adalah faktor utama pertumbuhan epidemi HIV/AIDS di dunia. Kasus HIV/AIDS paling banyak adalah pada pria dan kelompok umur 20-39 tahun. Upaya untuk menekan pertumbuhan epidemi tercepat adalah menurunkan insiden HIV dengan mengubah perilaku berisiko menjadi aman dan mengurangi stigma/diskriminasi terhadap ODHA. Penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan ada hubungan antara pengetahuan HIV/AIDS dengan sikap dan perilaku berisiko HIV. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat pengetahuan HIV/AIDS terhadap sikap positif dan perilaku aman HIV/AIDS. Desain studi cross-sectional menggunakan data SDKI 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pria kawin dan pria belum kawin dengan tingkat pengetahuan tinggi berpeluang lebih besar untuk memiliki sikap positif dan perilaku aman HIV/AIDS dibanding pria dengan tingkat pengetahuan rendah.

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The major factor of HIV spreading is sexual transmission. Most cases happened on men and people in 20-39 years old range. One of HIV-growth suppressing effort is to reduce HIV incidence. It can be done by switching the risk behaviour into safe behaviour and decreasing the stigma towards PLWHA. The earlier studies showed that there are association between knowledge of HIV/AIDS attitudes and risk behavior related to HIV/AIDS. The objective of study is to investigate the effects of HIV/AIDS knowledge toward attitudes and HIV/AIDS risk behavior on men. This cross-sectional study using DHS Indonesian Year 2012 and inform us that either married men and unmarriedmen who have highly knowledge have more chance to gain possitive attitude and HIV/AIDS safe behavior rather than low HIV/AIDS knowledge men."

"HIV exposure among health workers is still quite rare, including in Indonesia. Nevertheless, with the increase in new HIV cases due to intravenous drug abuse, there should be more health workers caring for HIV cases. To avoid exposure, universal precaution has to be implemented. If exposure occurs, the HIV stale of the patient, as the source of body fluid should be determined, while the exposed health care worker needs to undergo counseling. Anti retroviral agents should be administered prior to 36 hours following exposure. Sero-conversion monitoring must be performed during exposure, also 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months following exposure- There have been 9 cases of HIV exposure due to accidents among health workers reported to the Working Group on AIDS (Kelompok Studi Khusus - Pokdiksus AIDS) Faculty of Medicine of the University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo General Central National Hospital. Six of them received AZT prophylactic treatment, while the remaining 3 chose not to use any prophylactic treatment. After six months following exposure, all anti HIV test were negativeThe number of HIV cases in the last two years has shown a tremendous increase. AT the end of February 2002, the Department of Health recorded 2/50 cases of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia.1 As new cases increase among intravenous drug abuse, the number of HIV cases is estimated to increase further in the future, bearing in mind that experts have estimated that number of drug abusers in Indonesia have reached 2 million people. Those infected with HIV, especially those already in the AIDS stage, often require hospitalization for treatment of opportunistic infections. Thus, health workers have to prepare themselves to face the increasing problem of HIV infection.To avoid contagion of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C thai may reside in the patient's body fluids to another person, the Center for Disease Control (CDC> recommends universal precaution. This guideline from C DC should be continuously distributed to allow health workers to continue to work with a feeling of security.Nevertheless, there is still the possbility of accidents among health workers at work in the form of needle prick or direct exposure to body fluids from an HIV-infected individual."