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"ABSTRACTMECHANISM OF GENETIC DISORDER AND MUTATION ON BIVALVES INFLUENCED BY LEAD. Bivalves have a feeding mechanism of suspension-feeder or deposit-feeder or both, making bivalves consume the material contained in either beneficial or toxic water. Bivalve can survive even with the condition of polluted waters, including the concentration of heavy metals that exceed a specified threshold. Lead is one type of harmful pollutants originating from anthropogenic activities and contaminated marine waters. The purpose of this paper is to provide knowledge about the process or mechanism of bivalves to defend itself against lead, which can be found in their environment, especially genetic disorders and mutations that may be experienced by marine bivalves as a result of exposure to lead."

"ABSTRACTFishing activities currently require good management, in order to meet the protein needs of the community. Knowledge on the distribution pattern of fishes related to the condition of marine waters is one way of good management efforts. Several oceanographic parameters that can affect the distribution of fishes are SST (Sea Surface Temperature), chlorophyll a, salinity, and others. Each type offish has different optimal level of particular oceanographic parameters. The distribution of oceanographic parameters are effected by West monsoon, East monsoon and the season inbetween. Therefore, by studying oceanographic parameters on a regular basis, we can determine the fishing areas."

"ABSTRACTThe genus Ulva (Phyllum Chlorophyta, Family Ulvaceae) is a kind of green seaweed which has been exploited for many purposes is very rich in bioactive compounds that are important for medical purposes, such as anti coagulan, anti cancer; anti oxidant, anti microbial and anti influenza. Ulva has been used for a long time but still lack of cultivation techniques lnformation about the characteristics and biological aspects of Ulva is important for basis technology of Ulva cultivation, including reproductive biology, habitat, distribution and commercial uses of Ulva. The technology of Ulva cultivation is expected to reduce exploitation of Ulva in the wild."

"ABSTRACTThe algal blooms or red tide that resulting mass mortality of fish and other biota are frequently occurred in coastal water: where human activities and population increase in significant. The impacts not only to marine life and environmental quality, but also impact on the fishery economic, food security and health consumer; and also psychology of the surrounding community. In some countries the impact of aquatic disaster has resulted in human fatalities after consuming fishery products. The incidence of red tide phenomenon is characterized by the appearance of other colors in the surface water such as red, red-brown or greenish depending on the causative speciean fact, the incidence of algal bloom has a connection with the amount of nutrients concentration in the waters, which sourced from human activities in the upland, domestic waste, agricultural, industrial waste, etc, which run into the water via rivers or run off 0n the other hand, the increasing eutrophication may lead to alteration of nutrients composition in the waters and can trigger the bloom of toxic species in the waters (toxic algal bloom)."

"Particle bombardment is a physical method of cell transformation. This method can be used in high density cell number. It is a versatile and effective transformation method, not limited by cell type, species or genotype. There are no intrinsic vector requirements so transgenes of any size and arrangement can be introduced, and multiple gene cotransformation is straightforward. A major advantage of particle bombardment is that the delivered DNA can be manipulated to influence the quality and structure of the resultant transgene loci. Particle bombardment can be applied effectively for genetic transformation in seaweeds, such as: Ulva pertusa, Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Kapaphycus alvarezii, Porphyra yezoensis, P. tenera, P. okamurae, P. onoi, P. variegate, P. pseudolinearis, Gracilaria gracilis, and G. changii. Gene expression in the transformation of seaweed using particle bombardment can be transient and stable. Based on their gene expression status, suggesting that genetic transformation using particle bombardment technique can be applied in seaweed. "

"LAMUN SEBAGAI BIOINDIKATOR KONTAMINAN LOGAM. Lamun, kelompok tanaman berbunga unik yang beradaptasi dengan terendam di laut, sangat mempengaruhi sifat fisik, kimia dan biologi dari pesisir dan mempunyai banyak fungsi ekologik. Ekosistem lamun memiliki nilai ekologi penting dengan mendukung biodiversitas dan berperan sebagai zona perawatan bagi ikan komersial dan ikan hias. Lamun yang memiliki fungsi sebagai produsen primer, dapat juga berfungsi sebagai indikator awal untuk monitoring logam berat di kawasan pesisir. Agar dapat memberikan interpretasi data yang akurat dalam menyusun program monitoring menggunakan lamun, sangat penting untuk memahami pola akumulasi dari logam yang berbeda pada tiap organ lamun"

"Coral reef bleacing is a phenomenon of fading due to a variety of stress, both natural and human impact. These circumstance leads to the degeneration and loss of zooxanthellae in coral tissue The phenomenon of coral bleaching can be occurerd locally and globally. Based on the historical record, the largest coral bleching occurred in 1997-1998. Contributing factors to the coral bleaching are extreme temperature changes, metals, other pollutants (nitrates), slow water movement, light intensity and salinity. Zooxantellae (algae symbiont) is much more affected in the certain conditions, especially in the photosynthesis process. Defensive mechanisms against the pressure on zooxantellae can be defined as Npq, fluorescent pigments, oxidation enzymes and genetic variation. Changing in reproductive patterns, species composition and community structure can be happened after bleaching phenomenon. In the future, monitoring of Seawater Surface Temperature (SST), research on the types of stress and tolerant mechanisms of algae symbiont, including pigments, proteins, enzymes oxidation, genetics in both laboratory and field are needed. "