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"ABSTRACTThe use of reference toxicant in aquatic toxicity testing is a part of efforts to obtain good quality data and it can be justified scientifically. It is used to determine the health and sensitivity of the test on organisms; to compare relative toxicities of substances by using control as an internal standard; to perform interlaboratory calibrations; and to evaluate the reproductive ability on tested data with time. Numbers of substances, such as some metals and salts, can be used as reference toxicants, but basically we must consider certain criterias in using a chemical as a reference toxicant. An ideal reference toxicant is that has a toxic at low concentrations, rapidly lethal, non selective, and detectable by known analytical techniques. The use of each reference toxicant in toxicity tests should be repeated using the same test organism to produce a data set of sensitivity. Endpoint values are then plotted on a control chart with tolerance range 2 SD. The value outside the tolerance range requires the evaluation of all test procedures and conditions of the test organisms."

"Fishes are an economical and healthy source of protein for the majority of the world community. However the concentration of mercury in fish due to anthropogenic emissions pose health risks to humans. The concentration of organic mercury (methylmercury) dominates 80-90 persen total mercury concentrations in fish flesh. The Accumulation of mercury increases with the rise of water temperature, organism age, time of exposure, and the concentration of protein- bound mercury. The decline in salinity or hardness, pH, organic matter content, and the presence of Zn, Cd, or Se in solution will also increases the accumulation of mercury. The rate of accumulation of methylmercury in fish affects the toxicity, in which a low rate of accumulation associates with a higher tolerance. "

"Particle bombardment is a physical method of cell transformation. This method can be used in high density cell number. It is a versatile and effective transformation method, not limited by cell type, species or genotype. There are no intrinsic vector requirements so transgenes of any size and arrangement can be introduced, and multiple gene cotransformation is straightforward. A major advantage of particle bombardment is that the delivered DNA can be manipulated to influence the quality and structure of the resultant transgene loci. Particle bombardment can be applied effectively for genetic transformation in seaweeds, such as: Ulva pertusa, Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Kapaphycus alvarezii, Porphyra yezoensis, P. tenera, P. okamurae, P. onoi, P. variegate, P. pseudolinearis, Gracilaria gracilis, and G. changii. Gene expression in the transformation of seaweed using particle bombardment can be transient and stable. Based on their gene expression status, suggesting that genetic transformation using particle bombardment technique can be applied in seaweed. "

"Degradation on coral reef ecosystem is increasing day by day due to both natural and human factors, and it is greatly affecting to the catches of fishermen. Natural damages can be caused by he tsunami, global warming, predators and so on. Whiles people are destroying the ecosystem to the lack of awareness, necessities, poverty and greed. One of the coastal ecosystem rehabilitation efforts is b making artificial reef. There are four artificial reef functions i.e. to collect marine organisms in order to improve capture efficiency (attractant); increase natural productivity by providing new habitat for sessil biota; maintain the balance of food chain cycle; and providing habitat and stimulates coral recruitment and other organism. This article present the designs, benefit and future recommendation for artificial reef management"

"Karang Unarang adalah perairan perbatasan Indonesia dan Malaysia yang selama masih disengketakan sehingga perlu dilaksanakan patroli guna terciptanya keamanan. Pemilihan jenis Kapal Patroli untuk melaksanakan operasi di perbatasan ini sangant perlu disesuaikandengan keadaan hidro-oseonografi dan potensi ancaman yang dihadapi. Penelitian terkait pemilihan jenis kapal patroli yang ditugaskan untuk melaksanakan operasi di perairan Karang Unarang sangat diperlukan. Pengambilan keputusan tentang jenis kapal patroli tidak menempatkan kriteria sebagai suatu hierarki karena ada hubungan saling memengaruhi antarkriteria yang ditentukan. Keterkaitan ini bisa terjadi antar subkriteria yang terdapat di dalam kriteria (Innerdependece) dan keterkaitan antarelemen yang berbeda (outerdependence). Hasil penelitian menggunakan ANP ini didapatkan sesuai dengan apayang tertera dalam bobot nilai pada data yang menggunakan tools superdecisions sebagai alternatif terbaik terkait jenis kapal patroli yang harus melaksanakan operasi."

"Upwelling adalah proses penting yang mengangkut nutrisi ke sistem biologis yang terkait dengan jaring makanan di kolom air. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menyelidiki karakteristik fenomena upwelling dengan menganalisis kesuburan historis perairan Banggai melalui dua indikator utama, yaitu suhu permukaan laut (SST), dan klorofil-a, menggunakan data citra satelit, serta melihat hubungan antara fenomena upwelling dan produksi perikanan tangkap di perairan Banggai. Analisis dilakukan dengan data resolusi spasial 4 kilometer menggunakan SST (NOAA AVHRR Pathfinder Version 5.3 Collated Global), data konsentrasi klorofil (Ocean Color SMI), dan analisis regresi polinemal untuk menguji hubungan fenomena upwelling dengan produksi perikanan tangkap. Hasil pola dispersi klorofil-a dari tahun 1998 hingga 2022 dikumpulkan pada bulan Agustus 2004, 2006 dan 2015, dengan konsentrasi klorofil rata-rata 0,49 mg/m3 dan kisaran suhu permukaan laut 23–24°C. Hasil trend dekomposisi dari sebaran klorofil-a konsentrasi tinggi di perairan Banggai, pola upwelling terjadi setahun sekali pada setiap bulan Agustus. Sementara itu, dekomposisi suhu permukaan laut pada grafik tren musiman menunjukkan nilai yang rendah, dan suhu tersebut dapat meningkat tiga kali lipat dalam satu tahun. Hal ini terkait dengan periode El-Nino. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, persebaran klorofil-a di Banggai paling besar terjadi pada periode El Nino. Pengaruh hubungan antara fenomena upwelling dengan jumlah ikan yang ditangkap melalui grafik fluktuasi tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan.

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Upwelling is an important process that transports nutrients to biological systems linked to food webs in the water column. This study intends to investigate the characteristics of the upwelling phenomena by analyzing the historical fertility of Banggai waters via two key indicators, namely sea surface temperature (SST), and chlorophyll-a, using satellite imagery data, as well as looking at the relationship between the phenomenon of upwelling and capture fisheries production in Banggai waters. The analysis was conducted with a data spatial resolution of 4 kilometers using SST (NOAA AVHRR Pathfinder Version 5.3 Collated Global), chlorophyll concentration (Ocean Color SMI) data, and polynemal regression analysis to examine the relationship of the upwelling phenomenon with capture fisheries production. Results of chlorophyll-a dispersion patterns from 1998 to 2022 were collected in August 2004, 2006 and 2015, with an average chlorophyll concentration of 0.49 mg/m3 and a sea surface temperature range of 23–24°C. The result of trend decomposition from the distribution of high concentrations of chlorophyll-a in Banggai waters, the pattern of upwelling occurs once a year in every August. Meanwhile, the decomposition of sea surface temperature on the seasonal trend chart shows a low value, and the temperature can increase three times in one year. This is related to the El-Nino period. Based on this study, the chlorophyll-a distribution in Banggai was greatest during the El Nino period. The effect of the relationship between the upwelling phenomenon and the amount of fish caught through the fluctuation graph does not show a significant effect."

"ABSTRACTThere is a long history of marine research in Indonesia, starting from mid December 1905 when Dr. J. C. Koningsbergena terrestrial zoologist,established the Visscherii Laboratorium te Batavia (Jakarta F ishery Laboratory) at Jalan Akuarium Pasar Ikan, Jakarta. During its development this institution, which was the forerunner of the Research Center for Oceanography LIPI, underwent a series of name changes, the development of its tasks and fimctions, and improvements in its institutional status font branch to national level. There were also changes in how the institution was administered, and it finally came under the auspices of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, which was established under the Decree of the President of Republic of Indonesia Number 128/1967, 23 August 1967. To support research activities, this marine research institution has had several research vessels since it first began and, to cover Indonesian waters more widely, it also established Marine Research Stations or Technical Implementation Units in several other parts of Indonesia. Historical events happen only once and are never repeated exactly the same again, yet they can determine people Is lives, and still be remembered for all time. As the oldest institution for marine research in Indonesia, at 110 years (mid December 1905 mid December 2015), it is valuable to have an archive of facts and information about significant historical milestones, about its founder; its development, and the history of marine research in Indonesia. In addition, this is essential information for leaders and employees of the Research Center for Oceanography LIPI, both now and in the future, and may also benefit the academic community in general."

"ABSTRACTAmphipods inhabit many marine benthic habitats and have an important ecological role. However, there is a lack of information about Indonesian amphipod diversity and distribution, especially in the shallow subtidal sediments of Probolinggo and Tangerang. During the transition to the monsoon season in September 2014, eight subtidal stations were sampled in Bayeman (Probolinggo) on East Java and seven subtidal stations were sampled in Kramat Kebo (Tangerang) in West Java. A total of 7346 amphipods individuals were collected, comprising flve genera. Genus Photis was the most abundant group, followed by Grandidierella and Synchelidium. Multivariate analyses of these data indicated that sampling location and sediment granulometry were major determinants of distribution and composition of amphipods in Probolinggo and Tangerang."