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"ABSTRACTAlginate extracted from brown seaweed has gelling properties that make it useful as a wall material in encapsulation systems. Liquid smoke contains the active substances, such as phenols, which can preserve food. In order to protect the active substances, liquid smoke is encapsulated by using alginate and maltodextrin. The purpose of this study was to investigate liquid smoke encapsulation technology with maltodextrin and alginate using a spray dryer, to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the liquid smoke. The microcapsules of liquid smoke were made, using a spray dryer SD 04, by encapsulating liquid smoke with two types of wall materials, maltodextrin and the combination of alginatemaltodextrin. The ratio of liquid smoke to total solids (wall materials) was 9:1 (v/w). The alginate concentration used was 0.5 to 2% (w/v). Parameters observed in this study were phenol release, shape and morphology, encapsulant efficiency, drying yield, phenol marker and, particle size. This study used a completely randomized design with three replications. The best treatment was obtained by using the alginate with a concentration of 1% (w/v) and maltodextrin of 9% (w/v) with phenol release of 2.52% (w/w) in the 20 minute of release, encapsulant efficiency of 45.13% and drying yield of 28.74%. The particle size analyzer results showed that the particles were agglomerating. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation illustrated that all treatments have a better capsule morphology than the controls, whereas Optilab image processing and analysis software results showed that phenolic compounds are encapsulated by wall materials used."

"ABSTRACTAmphipods inhabit many marine benthic habitats and have an important ecological role. However, there is a lack of information about Indonesian amphipod diversity and distribution, especially in the shallow subtidal sediments of Probolinggo and Tangerang. During the transition to the monsoon season in September 2014, eight subtidal stations were sampled in Bayeman (Probolinggo) on East Java and seven subtidal stations were sampled in Kramat Kebo (Tangerang) in West Java. A total of 7346 amphipods individuals were collected, comprising flve genera. Genus Photis was the most abundant group, followed by Grandidierella and Synchelidium. Multivariate analyses of these data indicated that sampling location and sediment granulometry were major determinants of distribution and composition of amphipods in Probolinggo and Tangerang."

"ABSTRACTMercury and arsenic are considered to be among the most toxic metals and have been associated with serious adverse health effects. These two trace metals and other contaminants that are found in fish products are therefore of public concern for food safety reasons. Hence, we selected three marine species to study i.e., yellow fin tuna, marlin and green mussels because of their economic values in the international and local markets. The objective of our study was to determine the arsenic and mercury content in these three marine species as a first step in monitoring metal content in seafood products. The tissue samples of tuna and marlin were collected from the Jakarta Fishing Port, while the green mussels was collected from aqua culture sites in Jakarta Bay. The metal content was determined by ICP MS and validated using CRM DORM Z and DORM 3. The speciation of arsenic (organic and inorganic forms) was determined using HPLC ICPMS. All measurements were based on dry weight samples. The result showed that the mercury concentration in yellow fin tuna, marlin and green mussel samples was 0.68 :1: 0.08 mg kg", 0.56 :1: 0.06 mg kg"and 1.51 :t 0.10 mg kg, respectively. The total arsenic concentration in yellow fin tuna, marlin and green mussel samples was 3.47 i 0.21 mg kg, 2.71 i 0.18 mg kg, and 6.77 :t 0.32 mg kg, respectively. The mercury content in the fish tissue was below the maximum allowable concentration (National Standard of Indonesia 1.0 mg kg), except for the green mussels. For total arsenic concentration, all the samples were above the national standard concentration (1.0 mg kg). The organic arsenic species arsentobetaine (AB) found in tuna and marlin fish samples was not toxic. Inorganic and organic arsenic was found in the green mussel samples. Our results suggest that there is a need to establish a national program to regularly monitor the content of selected trace metals in fishery products."

"ABSTRACTThe increase in research activities in recent years has generated a lot of data to be analysed. Research related communities need powerful software to perform their analyses, which can be a problem. particularly for those who live in developing countries, where the proprietary programs are often unaffordable. R may provide a solution, since it is open source software which can be installed on major operating systems. In addition, it is well maintained by the R Core Team, which ensures that the program and its packages work across platforms. The increasing usage of R, especially in universities, is not only proof that the program can be relied on, but it is also a guarantee that the software will continue developing. R and its capability, particularly for ecological research activities, will be described in this short note."

"ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of the addition of coral rubble and polyvinylchloride (PVC) guttering as substrates on the growth of the donkey ear abalone (Haliotis asinina) reared in a How through water system. The tanks were 100 cm long x 50 cm wide x 40 cm deep, filled with sea water up to a height of 30 cm. Hatchery produced abalone, with a mean initial shell length of 30.9 i 0.1 mm and wet weight of 5.51: 0.1 g. were stocked at 25 individuals per tank that corresponds to stocking densities of ca. 50 abalone m'2 at the bottom of the tank. Juvenile abalone were provided with plenty of red seaweed Gracilaria spp daily over 175 days. The results show that the growth and growth rates in shell length and wet body weight were not significantly different between treatments (P>0.05). Survival rates of juveniles reared in the tank with the addition of coral rubble and/or PVC guttering were 100%, but 98% for juveniles in the tank without the addition of substrate. The average daily growth rates of shell length and wet body weight were 0.08710037 mm and 008810.044 g for juveniles reared in the tank with coral rubble 0.08110030 mm and 0.07710032 g for juveniles reared in the tank with PVC guttering and 008210.032 mm and 007810.039 g for juveniles reared in the tank without substrates. Juveniles reared in tanks with a flow through water system grew very well. The increase of body weight was more than double (>250%) the initial size."

"Shallow water acoustics (SWA), the study of how low and medium frequency sound propagates and scatters on the continental shelves of the worlds oceans, has both technical interest and a large number of practical applications. Technically, shallow water poses an interesting medium for the study of acoustic scattering, inverse theory, and propagation physics in a complicated oceanic waveguide. Practically, shallow water acoustics has interest for geophysical exploration, marine mammal studies, and naval applications. Additionally, one notes the very interdisciplinary nature of shallow water acoustics, including acoustical physics, physical oceanography, marine geology, and marine biology. In this specialized volume the authors, all of whom have extensive at-sea experience in US and Russian research efforts, have tried to summarize the main experimental, theoretical, and computational results in shallow water acoustics, with an emphasis on providing physical insight into the topics presented."

"Marine resources as energy resources has become one means for the construction maritime power and unifying the region's defense for Indonesia. The geographical condition of Indonesia as an archipelagic country with the vast majority of territorial waters, as well as its strategic cross-position, becomes a fundamental source for sustainable energy development through the utilization of microalgae as a potential marine plant for biodiesel fuel, a diesel mix for Indonesian coastal communities. The research method in this study uses literature study and observation of previous authors' research, which will result in an analysis of energy objectives as supporting maritime defense that includes: (1) comprehensive understanding on the management and development of marine energy resources through the use of biodiesel from renewable energy of marine microalgae; (2) raising effective awareness and cooperation among the coastal communities, government and industry regarding the greatness of Indonesian history that has been built from the control over the oceans as a source of defense in developing energy security to support maritime defense."

"Pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik perikanan dan kelautan mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Pada saat dunia internasional mengalami krisis sumber daya alam perikanan akibat over penangkapan ikan di laut, perubahan iklim dan pencemaran, pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik perikanan dianggap suatu cara untuk melakukan konservasi sekaligus sumber alternatif pangan. Sejak tahun 1950 sampai sekarang hasil pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik perikanan dan kelautan telah menyumbangkan banyak hal untuk kehidupan manusia seperti obat-obatan, pangan alternatif dan kosmetik. Ancaman penurunan keanekaragaman hayati baik di laut maupun di darat semakin mendorong eksplorasi dan ekploitasi terhadap sumber daya genetik perikanan dan kelautan. Namun, pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik perikanan dan kelautan masih banyak dinikmati oleh negara-negara maju. Negara Selatan yang sebagian besar kaya akan sumber daya genetik perikanan dan kelautan seperti Indonesia, Brasil, Filipina dan negara lain hanya dapat menonton dari jauh perkembangan teknologi yang semakin maju tanpa dapat menikmati keuntungan sumber daya genetik yang telah dimanfaatkan oleh negara lain. Oleh karena itu tuntutan akan adanya akses dan pembagian keuntungan terhadap pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik menguat sejak KTT Bumi. Upaya ?upaya untuk mewujudkan pengaturan internasional mengenai akses dan pembagian keuntungan berhasil diperjuangkan dengan ditegaskannya CBD dan Protokol Nagoya. Namun demikian, pelaksanaan akses dan pembagian keuntungan terutama pada pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik perikanan dan kelautan masih menemui banyak kendala mulai dari perbedaan konsep, ruang lingkup, akses dan kepatuhan. Oleh karena itu selama UNCLOS belum mengatur sumber daya genetik secara tegas maka negara-negara pihak sebaiknya melakukan penyusunan akses dan pembagian keuntungan terutama dalam hal pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik.

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The utilization of marine and fisheries genetic resources is enhanced in line with the development of science and technology. When the world facing international crisis on fisheries resources due to overfishing, climate change and pollution, the utilization of fisheries genetic resources is considered as a means for conservation and alternative source of food. Since 1950 to present, the utilization of marine and fisheries genetic resources have contributed to human life namely for medicines, alternative food and cosmetics. Threats on reduction of sea and land biodiversity encourages the exploration and exploitation of marine and fisheries genetic resources. Nevertheless, the utilization of marine and fisheries genetic resources is enjoyed only by developed countries. The South countries who are rich in marine and fisheries genetic resources namely Indonesia, Brazil, Philippines and others do not possess advanced technology nor enjoy benefit sharing from the utilization of marine and fisheries genetic resources by other countries. Therefore, claims on access and benefit sharing on the utilization of genetic resources have increased since the Earth Summit. Efforts to realize international regulations on access and benefit sharing successfully achieved and confirmed on CBD and Nagoya Protocol. Nevertheless, the implementation of access and benefit sharing notably on marine and fisheries genetic resources remain to encounter issues concerning the concept, scope, access, benefit sharing, and compliance. Therefore, since UNCLOS does not clearly regulate genetic resources, state party must develop regulation on access and benefit sharing particularly on the utilization of genetic resources."