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"ABSTRACTStunting or short stature in children is a significant nutritional problem in developing and underdeveloped countries. Stunting during childhood might affect brain development and impair development cognitive function. Additionally, this condition associated with the increased risk for obesity during adulthood. Several studies have shown that the increment risk of obesity and overweight in children with a short stature was due to their metabolic efficiency. Children with stunting have lower resting energy expenditure compared to non stunting children. Additionally, stunted children has higher respiratory quotient and carbohydrate oxidation but lower fat oxidation compared to non-stunting children. These results might explain why stunted children easily become obese, which is due to lower fat oxidation and leading to tendency to store fat.This review discussed the current status on studies in the nutrigenetic aspects of the relationship between stunting in the childhood and obesity in adulthood. I hypothesized that stunted children are more likely to become obese in their later life because they have lower metabolic rate and higher tendency of fat storage. There are several candidate genes and pathway involved in obesity and I suspected that ghrelin and its receptor growth hormone secretague receptor (GHSR) were responsible."

"Obesitas merupakan fenomena saat ini yang banyak terjadi pada semua umur tak terkecuali anak usia sekolah. Pola makan yang salah serta gaya hidup kurang gerak merupakan salah satu faktor yang mendukung terjadinya obesitas selain faktor keturunan. Dampak yang terjadi pada anak-anak maupun dewasa merupakan hal yang mengkhawatirkan bagi individu, keluarga dan masyarakat. Keluarga merupakan orang terdekat bagi anak dan berfungsi melakukan perawatan pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan arti dan makna pengalaman keluarga dalam merawat anak usia sekolah dengan obesitas di kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain fenomenologi deskriptif dengan metode wawancara mendalam. Partisipan adalah keluarga baik ayah atau ibu (care giver) yang mempunyai pengetahuan cukup dan mampu menjelaskan fenomena, dan dapat berbahasa Indonesia. Jumlah partisipan keseluruhan ada 8 orang. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa rekaman wawancara dan catatan lapangan yang dianalisis dengan teknik Colaizzi. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi 9 tema. Persepsi keluarga dengan anak obesitas mempunyai tema yaitu persepsi baik dan persepsi buruk anak obesitas. Hambatan keluarga dalam perawatan obesitas mempunyai tema norma keluarga yang tidak tepat. Makna pengalaman keluarga merawat anak obesitas mempunyai tema perasaan membolehkan dan melarang, kepercayaan (believe) keluarga yang salah tentang anak obesitas, obesitas bukan hambatan percaya diri dan mekanisme koping pada anak. Harapan keluarga dalam perawatan obesitas mempunyai tema perbaikan pola makan pada anak obesitas dan dukungan keluarga yang mempunyai tema memotivasi anak obesitas mencapai berat badan ideal. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran perawatan anak usia sekolah dengan obesitas serta bermanfaat untuk mengurangi kejadian obesitas di masyarakat dan membuat kebijakan untuk mencegah obesitas bagi pemerintah.

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Obesity is phenomena that dwelly with most of ail people include school age children. Pattem of eat and sedentary iife style and also genetic cause obesity and dangerous for individu, family and community. Family are the closest with children and caring for children. This study was aimed to provide deep understanding and meaning of family to explain school age children and how the family caring children with obesity in Yogyakarta. This study was descriptive phenomenology with indepth interview method. The participant were family (father or mother) whose caring school of children with obesity, have enough knowledge to explained the phenomena and able to spoke Indonesian language welL Data were gathered by indepth interview recording and field notes, and analyzed with Colaizzi’s analysis method. This study involved 8 participants. This study identified 9 themes, obesity child’s family have themes good perception, and bad perception. Inhabated family in caring obesity have themes norm in ineffective pattem. Mean of experiences of obesity child’s family have themes wrong of pattem of care feel of agree and do not agree, family’s believe of wrong to children with obesity, obesity was not make down of self confidence and child coping mechanism. Family hope in caring obesity child have themes to repair eat pattem of child obesity and to family enhance have themes expect to motivation children with obesity to ideal body. The result of this study were expected to explained caring of child age obesity and function to decrease incident obesity in community, and for the govemment to make police obesity prevence."

"Prevalens gizi lebih dan obesitas pada anak di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi. Konsumsi susu formula, terutama tingginya kandungan tinggi protein, berhubungan dengan kejadian gizi lebih dan obesitas pada anak sehingga kadar protein pada susu formula dianjurkan untuk diturunkan. Belum pernah terdapat penelitian di Indonesia mengenai hubungan konsumsi susu pertumbuhan dengan kejadian gizi lebih dan obesitas pada anak.Tujuan: Mengetahui rerata asupan energi, rasio kalori susu pertumbuhan dibandingkan kalori total per hari, protein susu pertumbuhan, dan rasio kalori protein susu pertumbuhan dibandingkan kalori protein total per hari dan hubungannya dengan kejadian gizi lebih dan obesitas pada anak usia 2-3 tahun. Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan untuk mengetahui proporsi gizi lebih dan obesitas, dilanjutkan dengan studi kasus kontrol untuk mengetahui hubungan susu pertumbuhan terhadap kejadian gizi lebih dan obesitas dengan matching usia dan jenis kelamin. Penelitian dilakukan di Posyandu Jakarta Pusat dan Timur bulan September hingga Desember 2018. Kelompok kasus merupakan subyek gizi lebih dan obes, sedangkan kelompok kontrol merupakan subyek gizi baik. Subyek menjalani pengukuran antropometri dan penilaian asupan nutrisi menggunakan food record selama 3 hari. Hasil: Sebanyak 292 subyek dengan kelompok kasus 34 subyek dan kelompok kontrol 68 subyek. Proporsi gizi lebih dan obesitas pada anak usia 2-3 tahun sebesar 12%. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada asupan energi susu pertumbuhan [516,1 (0-1546,7) vs 238,5 (0-1090,4) kkal/hari, p<0,001], rasio kalori susu pertumbuhan dengan kalori total per hari [41,1 (0-83,7) vs 20,8 (0-80,7)%, p<0,001], protein [18,9 (0-71,7) vs 8,6 (0-50,7) g/hari, p<0,001], dan rasio kalori protein susu pertumbuhan dengan kalori protein total [46,9 (0-89,5) vs 19 (0-72,3)%, p<0,001] antara kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulan: Konsumsi susu pertumbuhan yang berlebih berhubungan dengan kejadian gizi lebih dan obesitas pada anak usia 2-3 tahun.

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Overweight and obesity prevalence in Indonesia is quite high. Recent studies suggest that consumption of infant formula, particularly high protein content, was related to overweight and obesity in children. Therefore, protein content in infant formula was recommended to be lowered. Currently, there is no data on the association between growing-up milk consumption and overweight and obesity in children aged 2-3 years in Indonesia.

Objective: To determine the average intake of growing-up milk energy, ratio of growing-up milk calories to the total calories per day, growing-up milk protein, and ratio of growing-up milk protein calories to the total protein calories per day and their relationship with overweight and obesity children aged 2-3 years.

Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the proportion of overweight and obesity, followed by case-control study to determine the relationship between growing-up milk consumption with overweight and obesity. Overweight and obese subjects were considered as the case group, while normal weight subjects were categorized as control group. Study was conducted in Jakarta since September to December 2018. Three days-food record analysis were performed.

Results: A total of 292 subjects with 34 cases and 68 controls. The proportion of overweight and obesity in children aged 2-3 years was 12%. There were significant differences between case and control group in terms of growing-up milk energy intake [516.1 (0 to 1546.7) vs. 238.5 (0 to 1090.4) kcal/day, p<0.001], ratio of growing-up milk calories to total calories per day [41.1 (0 to 83.7) vs 20.8 (0 to 80.7)%, p<0.001], growing-up milk protein [18.9 (0 to 71.7) vs 8.6 (0 to 50.7) g/day, p<0.001], and ratio of growing-up milk protein calories to total protein calories [46.9 (0 to 89.5) vs. 19 (0 to 72.3)%, p<0.001].

Conclusion: Excessive consumption of growing-up milk had significant relationship with overweight and obesity in children aged 2-3 years. "

"Sebanyak 4,8% penduduk Indonesia telah melebihi batas konsumsi gula yang telah ditetapkan oleh Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 30 tahun 2013. Selain itu, proporsi konsumsi minuman berpemanis ≥ 1 kali/hari di Indonesia meningkat sebesar 8,17% pada tahun 2018. Banten merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan proporsi konsumsi minuman berpemanis yang tinggi (61,46%), lebih besar dari proporsi konsumsi minuman berpemanis di Indonesia. Salah satu penyumbang proporsi terbesar merupakan Tangerang. Konsumsi minuman berpemanis merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang mendorong obesitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan, sikap, uang saku, teman, dan akses dengan perilaku konsumsi MBDK pada siswa-siswi SMAN 28 Kabupaten Tangerang pada tahun 2024. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui pengisian self-administered questionnaire oleh 172 siswa aktif SMAN 28 Kabupaten Tangerang. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen. Hasil penelitian telah menunjukkan sebanyak 88 (50,6%) responden mengonsumsi MBDK yang tinggi. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan secara statistik antara jenis kelamin (p= 0,046; OR= 2,16; 95% CI 1,07 - 4,36) dan uang saku (P= 0,004; OR=2,62; 95% CI 1,40-4,89) dengan Konsumsi MBDK, sehingga saran yang dapat diberikan peneliti yaitu membatasi penjualan dan iklan MBDK dan menyediakan air siap minum di sekolah.

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Approximately 4.8% of the Indonesian population has exceeded the sugar consumption limit set by the Minister of Health Regulation No. 30 of 2013. Furthermore, the proportion of daily sweetened beverage consumption in Indonesia increased by 8.17% in 2018. The province of Banten is notable for having a high proportion of sweetened beverage consumption (61.46%), exceeding the national average, with Tangerang being a significant contributor. The consumption of sweetened beverages is a primary factor contributing to obesity. This study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, pocket money, peer influence, and access related to the behavior of sweetened beverage consumption (MBDK) among students of SMAN 28 in Tangerang Regency in 2024. A cross-sectional study design was employed, with data collected via a self-administered questionnaire completed by 172 active students of SMAN 28 Tangerang Regency. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test to examine the relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The findings revealed that 88 respondents (50.6%) exhibited high consumption of MBDK. Additionally, the study identified statistically significant relationships between gender (p= 0.046; OR= 2.16; 95% CI 1.07 - 4.36) and pocket money (p= 0.004; OR= 2.62; 95% CI 1.40 - 4.89) with MBDK consumption. Based on these findings, it is recommended to implement restrictions on the sale and advertisement of MBDK and to provide readily available drinking water in schools."

"Latar Belakang. Obesitas pada anak merupakan masalah kesehatan global. Small dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) merupakan salah satu faktor risiko kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular. Peningkatan sdLDL sebagai manifestasi dislipidemi pada remaja dapat terus berlanjut pada usia dewasa dan menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi. Belum jelas faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi timbulnya sdLDL pada remaja obes.Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalens sdLDL dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi timbulnya sdLDL pada remaja siswa sekolah menengah pertama di Jakarta.Metode. Studi potong lintang pada 97 anak usia 12-15 tahun siswa SMP di Jakarta Pusat pada periode Juni-Juli 2012 dan April-Mei 2014 di Jakarta Timur. Pada subjek penelitian dilakukan pemeriksaan berat badan, tinggi badan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), massa lemak tubuh (MLT), tekanan darah dan pemeriksaan darah sdLDL. Kriteria obesitas menggunakan IMT ≥P95 berdasarkan usia dan jenis kelamin. Massa lemak tubuh diukur menggunakan Tanita Inner Scan Body Composition Monitor tipe BC-545.Hasil dan pembahasan. Sebanyak 97 remaja obes diikutsertakan dalam penelitian. Prevalens sdLDL terjadi sebanyak 17,2 %. Terdapat hipertensi sebanyak 26,8 %, IMT pada nilai 30-39,9 sebanyak 51,5 % , MLT > P98 67 % dan lingkar pinggang> P90 52,5 %. Pada analisis bivariat dengan uji Mann-Whitney dan Kai-kuadrat tidak didapatkan hubungan antara sdLDL dengan faktor-faktor di atasKesimpulan : Prevalens sdLDL pada remaja obes ditemukan sebesar 17,2 %. Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara sdLDL dengan IMT, tekanan darah, MLT dan lingkar pinggang.

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Background : Childhood obesity is a global health problem. Plasma concentrations of small dense (sd)-LDL are associated with the prevalence of atherosclerosis events. Atherosclerosis already start to develop in childhood and adolescent obese. Increase of sdLDL in adolescent develop to adult and caused high morbidity and mortality. There are still not clear what factors influenced sdLDL.

Objectives. To know the prevalence of sdLDL in obese adolescents and the affecting factors, such as body mass index, body fat mass, blood pressure and waist circumference.

Methods. This was a cross-sectional study performed in obese adolescents, aged 12-15 years old, in several junior high schools in Central and East Jakarta, from May to June 2012 and April to Mei 2014. Physic examination was perfomed, including body mass index, body fat mass, blood pressure and waist circumference. and sd LDL as a blood examination.. Body mass index with the percentile ≥95 according to age and gender was used for obesity criteria, body fat mass was calculated using Tanita Inner Scan Body Composition Monitor Type BC-545.

Results. Of 97 obese adolescents in this study, sdLDL was found in 17,2 % subjects. The prevalence of each factors was 26,8 % hypertension, 51,5 % for body mass index at 30-39,9, 67 % for body fat mass >P98 and 52,5 % for central obesity P>P99. Based on bivariate analyse, such as Mann-Whitney and Kai-Kuadrat, there were no correlation between sdLDL and it’s factors.

Conclusion. sdLDL has a prevalence of 17,2 % in obese adolescent in this study, with no association found between body mass index, body fat mass, blood pressure and waist circumference."

"Studi tentang obesitas dari berbagai sudut pandang telah banyak dibahas dalam literatur ilmu kesehatan. Akan tetapi, studi yang membahas obesitas dari sisi karakter kota masih sangat terbatas, terutama untuk negara berkembang. Untuk melengkapi gap literatur, studi ini memberikan pembuktian empiris hubungan kausal antara obesitas dan karakter kota berupa urban sprawl. Skor indeks risiko gempa dan elevasi digunakan sebagai instrument variable (IV) untuk mengatasi masalah endogenitas dalam mengestimasi parameter. Hasil estimasi dengan metode 2SLS menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan satu persen indeks sprawl akan menurunkan 3,6% poin indeks massa tubuh dan 0,4% poin likelihood peningkatan status obesitas. Konsisten dengan hasil estimasi tersebut, studi ini menemukan bahwa semakin sprawl suatu area, maka peluang individu melakukan aktivitas fisik seperti berjalan kaki dan bersepeda semakin meningkat, intensitas individu mengkonsumsi makanan sehat meningkat, dan intensitas konsumsi makanan yang tidak sehat semakin menurun. Berdasarkan hasil temuan tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa untuk mengendalikan tingkat obesitas masyarakat dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan perubahan pada struktur kota (lingkungan) dengan meningkatkan fasilitas yang dapat mendukung aktivitas fisik masyarakat, seperti jogging track, jalur khusus sepeda, atau taman untuk berolahraga terutama di aera yang padat residensial.

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The study of obesity from various perspectives has been widely discussed in the health science literature. However, studies that discuss obesity in terms of urban character are still very limited, especially for developing countries. To complete the literature gap, this study provides empirical evidence of a causal relationship between obesity and urban form in terms of urban sprawl. The earthquake risk and elevation scores are used as instrument variables (IV) to solve the endogeneity problem in estimating parameters. The estimation results using the 2SLS method find that a one percent increase in the sprawl index will decrease 3.6% body mass index points and 0.4% likelihood of increasing obesity status. Consistent with the results, this study found that the more sprawl an area, the chances of individuals doing physical activities such as walking and cycling increased, the intensity of individuals consuming healthy food increased, and the intensity of consumption of unhealthy foods decreased. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that to combat the obesity rate can be done by making changes to the structure of the city (environment) by increasing facilities that can support the physical activities of the community, such as jogging tracks, bicycle lanes, or parks to exercise, especially in areas that residential solid."