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"Summary: "Ethnicity and International Law presents an historical account of the impact of ethnicity on the making of international law. The development of international law since the nineteenth century is characterised by the inherent tension between the liberal and conservative traditions of dealing with what might be termed the 'problem' of ethnicity. The present-day hesitancy of liberal international law to engage with ethnicity in ethnic conflicts and ethnic minorities has its roots in these conflicting philosophical traditions. In international legal studies, both the relevance of ethnicity, and the traditions of understanding it, lie in this fact"

"This text is a summary of my farewell lecture as a university professor, which Igave on 5 July 2005 as the holder of the professorship for Political Sciences andContemporary History in Mannheim, and which I later elaborated.The analysis of unique historic events, as well as permanent structures andprocess patterns, requires the use of a range of different methods used in thehistorical and social sciences, which take into account the uniqueness of eventsand the regulatory character of structures. The history of society and historicalsocial science are two not entirely compatible research approaches, whichattempt to link the analysis of events and structures in their own differentways. Their common feature can be described as being a socio-historicalresearch approach.In the age of the sovereignty of the people, strong tendencies can be observedtowards a lasting world peace, as well as towards legal and illegal acts of massannihilation, particularly in the form of war and of mass murder. A usefulconcept of peace cannot aim to achieve structural conflict resolution and conflicttermination, but merely a dynamic of regulated conflict, which involves cooperationand which entails a low degree of violence.In European policy, the geographical and socio-political dimensions of theconcept of Europe are conjoined in different ways. Historically, a shift in theimage of a north-south Europe towards a west-central-east Europe and thentowards an east-west Europe can be observed."

"Indonesia is a plural society that consists of several hundred ethnic and sub-ethnic groups. One of its generic characteristics is heterogeneity. In the last ten years after the implementation of regional autonomy, we have witnessed the emergence of strong ethnic and religiously flavoured local identity politics in various places in Indonesia that created open and vicious conflicts. This periodical violence exploded especially during the election of district and provincial heads. The intimate relation multiculturalism, with the actual political praxis of everyday life as an alternative to the existing paradigm of the ?homogenization? of nationhood, has not been discussed. I believe it is time to discuss the strategic junctures between heterogeneity, politics of ethnicity (and religion) and multiculturalism as well as their possible realization at the local and national levels in order to find a viable framework for a future Indonesia."