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"ABSTRAKHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are serious diseases in the world in which one of transmission methods is through sexual intercourse. This study aimed to explain the influential host factors to the incidence of HIV/AIDS in key populations. The study was conducted in March-September 2016. The study was observational analytic with case-control design in key populations in Pati District. Cases were 53 patients living with HIV/AIDS, while controls were 53 patients not living with HIV/AIDS. The sampling technique employed was consecutive sampling. Data were obtained from medical records and interview questionaire. This study applied chi-square test to analyze bivariate data, and multiple logistic regression to analyze multivariate data. Results indicated that the influential factors to the incidence of HIV/AIDS in key populations were inconsistent condom use behavior, records of suffering from sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), and forms of sexual activity. While, factors which were not influential to the incidence of HIV/AIDS were multiple sex partner behavior, sex accessory use behavior, tattoo needle use behavior, injecting drug use behavior. In conclusion, several influential factors to the incidence of HIV/AIDS in key populations are the inconsistent condom use behavior, records of suffering from STIs, and forms of sexual activity."

"HIV telah menjadi epidemi selama lebih dari tiga dekade dunia dan menjadi agenda kesehatan global yang terus dibahas. Status epidemi HIV di Tanah Papua menunjukkan perkembangan yang berbeda dengan wilayah lain di Indonesia dan telah memasuki kategori tergeneralisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui besar masalah HIV dan hubungan faktor sosiodemografi, ko-infeksi, perilaku, lingkungan dan pelayanan kesehatan dengan kejadian HIV di Tanah Papua pada tahun 2013. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder Survei Terpadu Biologis dan Perilaku Tanah Papua Tahun 2013. Sampel berjumlah 5.334 responden, berusia 15-49 tahun yang bersedia dan berhasil dilakukan rapid test untuk mengetahui status HIV. Hasil penelitian ini adalah ditemukannya faktor sosiodemografi yang berhubungan dengan kejadian HIV di Tanah Papua, yaitu usia, tingkat pendidikan dan suku asal; faktor ko-infeksi, yaitu status sifilis; faktor perilaku, yaitu pengetahuan, usia pertama berhubungan seks, status poligami, sirkumsisi, seks di luar nikah, seks saat menstruasi, konsumsi alkohol sebelum berhubungan seks, penggungaan narkoba suntik dan kebiasaan menyayat tubuh; faktor lingkungan, yaitu strata geografis; faktor pelayanan kesehatan, yaitu ketersediaan kondom, akses dan biaya pemeriksaan pelayanan VCT. Uji statistik multivariat menunjukkan faktor yang paling berhubungan dengan HIV pada responden laki-laki yaitu sirkumsisi, sedangka pada keseluruhan responden yaitu biaya pemeriksaan pelayanan VCT. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa peluang lebih tinggi untuk status HIV positif ditemukan pada responden berada pada usia 15-24 tahun, pendidikan tinggi, suku asal papua, status sifilis positif, pengetahua rendah, pertama kali berhubungan seks pada usia 15-24 tahun, tidak berpoligami, tidak sirkumsisi, pernah seks di luar nikah dan saat menstruasi, jarang konsumsi alkohol sebelum seks, menggunakan narkoba suntik, tidak melakukan kebiasaan menyayat tubuh, akses kondom sulit, akses ke pelayanan VCT mudah, serta biaya pemeriksaan VCT tidak terjangkau.

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HIV has become an epidemic for more than three decades and remained global health issue. The status of the HIV epidemic in Papua shows a different developments compared to other regions in Indonesia and has been classified as having generalized category. This research aims to determine the problem of HIV and the association between sociodemographic, co-infections, behavioral, environmental and health services factors with HIV infection in Tanah Papua in the year 2013. This research is a quantitative study, with a cross-sectional design and use secondary data from the Survei Terpadu Biologis dan Perilaku in Tanah Papua in 2013. The number of sample is 5334 respondents aged from 15-49 years old who are willing to and successfully conduct a rapid test to determine the HIV status. The results of this research is to find sociodemographic factors that associated with HIV infection in Papua, which are age, education and ethnic; co-infection factors, which is the status of syphilis; behavioral factors, which are knowledge, age of first sex, status of polygamy, circumcision, extramarital sex, sex during menstruation, drunk alcohol before having sex, injecting drug use, and traditional healing with scrathcing body; environmental factors, which is geographical strata; health care factors, which are availability of condoms, access to VCT and costs of VCT test. Multivariate statistical test indicates that the most associated factor with HIV infection among male respondents is circumcision, however among overall respondents the most associated factor is the costs of VCT test.. This research found the risk of HIV infection is higher for respondents around the age of 15-24 years old, higher educational level, origin of Papua, positive in syphilis status, lower knowledge level, first had sex at around the age of 15-24 years old, had one sex partner, lack of circumcision, had extramarital sex, had sex during menstruation, infrequent drunk alcohol before sex, injecting drug use, not making a habit of healing with scrathcing body, have a difficult access to condom, accessable to VCT, and high costs of VCT test."

"Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisa berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi konsistensi wanita penjaja seks (WPS) dalam pemakaian kondom di Kabupaten Pati. Desain cross sectional study digunakan pada penelitian ini dengan populasi WPS di sebuah lokalisasi di Pati sebanyak 76 orang (total sampling). Data dianalisa dengan chi square dan regresi logistik. Ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara karakter pelanggan (p=0,004) dan persepsi kesehatan reproduksi diri (p=0,037) dengan konsistensi pemakaian kondom. Karakter pelanggan merupakan faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi konsistensi pemakaian kondom (OR= 14,344). Pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi perempuan seharusnya mentargetkan WPS agar konsisten menggunakan kondom.

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The aim of this study was to analyze factors influencing consistency of condom use among female sex workers (FSW) at Pati District. This study used crosssectional design involving 76 FSWs in localization at Pati as population (total sampling). Data was analyzed using chi square and binary regression logistic. It found significant relationships between customer's character and perception of their reproductive health with the consistency of condom use. Cuscomer's character was the most dominan factor (OR=14,344). The women reproductive health education should focus on the FSW so that they can consistently use condoms."

"Pendahuluan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah CD4, infeksi HPV, faktor risiko, dan terjadinya lesi prakanker pada pasien terinfeksi HIV.Metode: Studi potong-lintang ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia. 80 subjek penelitian dikumpulkan dari bulan Juli-Oktober 2021. Data subjek penelitian dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur, meliputi usia, pendidikan, paritas, inisiasi seksual dini, jumlah pasangan seksual, riwayat merokok, riwayat kontrasepsi oral, riwayat penyakit menular seksual, dan jumlah CD4 terendah. Pemeriksaan sitologi, kolposkopi, dan tes HPV-DNA dilakukan pada seluruh subjek penelitian, dan 11 subjek melakukan pemeriksaan lanjutan histopatologi karena ditemukan abnormalitas pada pemeriksaan awal. Penginputan dan analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan IBM SPSS versi 25. Analisis bivariat, perhitungan odd ratio dan p value dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi jumlah CD4, HPV-DNA, dan faktor risiko yang terkait dengan lesi prankanker serviks.Hasil: Dari data penelitian didapatkan bahwa 81,2% memiliki jumlah CD4 yang baik, dengan rata-rata jumlah CD4 sebesar 437,05 sel/mm3. Sebagian besar subjek memiliki HPV-negatif; namun, terdapat 22,2% subjek yang diketahui HPV-positif, memiliki lesi prakanker. Penelitian kami juga menemukan bahwa jumlah CD4 (p=0,01, OR 7,625; CI 95% 1,744-33,331) dan HPV-DNA (p<0,01, OR 12,286; CI 95% 1,456–103,65) secara signifikan berhubungan dengan lesi prakanker serviks. Kami juga menemukan korelasi antara inisiasi seksual dini dan hasil sitologi (p=0,05, OR 6,4; CI 95% 1,1306–36,2292).Kesimpulan: Jumlah CD4 yang rendah dan HPV-DNA positif berhubungan dengan perkembangan lesi prakanker. Pasien terinfeksi HIV dengan jumlah CD4 rendah juga dikaitkan dengan hasil HPV-DNA positif. Inisiasi seksual dini, sebagai faktor risiko kanker serviks, diketahui meningkatkan hasil skrining yang tidak normal. Oleh karena itu, metode skrining co-testing direkomendasikan sebagai strategi untuk mencegah kanker serviks pada semua pasien terinfeksi HIV.

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Introduction: This study aimed to determine the association between CD4 count, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, risk factors, and the occurrence of precancerous lesions among HIV-infected patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Indonesia. All samples were collected between July and October 2021, and 80 HIV-infected subjects were included in the study. All participant data were collected using a structured questionnaire, including age, education, parity, early sexual initiation, number of sexual partners, history of smoking, history of oral contraception, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and the lowest CD4 count. Cytological examination, Colposcopy, and HPV DNA tests were performed on all participants, and 11 subjects underwent biopsy due to abnormalities. Data entry and analysis were performed using IBM SPSS 25th version. Bivariate analysis was performed, and odds ratios and p-values were computed to identify the CD4 count, HPV DNA, and risk factors associated with histopathology results.

Results: Among the participants, 81.2% had a good CD4 count, with a mean CD4 count of 437.05 cells/mm3. Most of the subjects were HPV-negative; however, 22.2% of HPV-positive subjects had precancerous lesions based on histopathologic results. Our study found that CD4 count was correlated with precancerous lesions (p=0.01, OR 7.625; CI 95% 1.744-33.331) and HPV DNA was significantly associated with cervical precancerous lesions (p<0.01, OR 12.286; CI 95% 1.456–103.65). Another finding was the correlation between early sexual initiation and cytology results (p = 0.05, OR 6.4; CI 95% 1.1306–36.2292).

Conclusion: Low CD4 counts and HPV DNA positivity are associated with the development of precancerous lesions. HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts were also associated with positive HPV DNA results. Early sexual initiation, as a risk factor for cervical cancer, was found to increase abnormal screening results. Therefore, co-testing screening methods are recommended as a strategy to prevent cervical cancer in all HIV-infected patients."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Diare kronik meningkatkan risiko kematian serta morbiditas jangka panjang pada anak. Anak dengan infeksi HIV memiliki risiko lebih tinggi terjadi diare kronik. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik, prevalensi, serta faktor risiko yang terkait dengan kejadian diare kronik pada pasien anak dengan infeksi HIV di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Faktor risiko yang diteliti ialah usia, status nutrisi, status dehidrasi, status pemberian ASI, fase infeksi HIV, penggunaan obat antiretroviral ARV , kultur tinja, serta sindrom malabsorbsi. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan sumber data dari rekam medis pasien departemen anak RSCM dengan infeksi HIV pada tahun 2014-2016. Seluruh data memenuhi kriteria dianalisis. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis bivariat diikuti analisis multivariat. Hasil: Karena keterbatasan data rekam medis, variabel kultur tinja, sindrom malabsorbsi, serta status pemberian ASI dikeluarkan dari penelitian ini. Prevalensi diare kronik pada pasien anak HIV ialah 12,9 . Analisis multivariat atas 132 data menunjukkan hubungan bermakna antara gizi kurang dan buruk p=0,037, adjusted OR=5,737 dan dehidrasi p=0,026, adjusted OR=6,891 dengan kejadian diare kronik pada pasien anak dengan infeksi HIV. Diskusi: Hasil ini dapat dijelaskan dengan pengaruh imunosupresi dari status gizi yang rendah serta dehidrasi, selain bahwa diare pun dapat menyebabkan dehidrasi serta penurunan status gizi.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction Chronic diarrhea increases mortality and other long term morbidities in children. Children with HIV infections are at higher risk of developing chronic diarrhea. Objective This study aims to investigate the characteristics, prevalence, and risk factors of chronic diarrhea in HIV children. Factors analyzed are age, nutritional status, dehydration status, breastfeeding, HIV infection phase, use of antiretroviral ARV drugs, stool culture, and malabsorbtive syndrome. Methods In this cross sectional study data are obtained from medical records of children with HIV infection in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from 2014 until 2016. All data that satisfy the inclusion criteria and are not excluded are analyzed by bivariate followed by multivariate analysis. Results Due to insufficient data on stool culture, breastfeeding, and malabsorbtive syndrome, aforementioned variables are dropped from this study. Data shows that prevalence of chronic diarrhea in children with HIV in CMH is 12.9 . Analysis of 132 data shows that low nutritional status p 0.037, adjusted OR 5.737 and dehydration p 0.026, adjusted OR 6.891 are significantly associated with chronic diarrhea in HIV children. Discussions This finding may be due to the immunosupression caused by low nutritional status and dehydration, also by the fact that diarrhea can also cause a decrease in nutritional status and induce dehydration."

"Latar belakang: Wanita Pekerja Seks (WPS) adalah populasi berisiko tinggi terhadap kejadian infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Persentase HIV pada WPS di Kota Jayapura kian mengalami peningkatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor perilaku berisiko yang dapat mempengaruhi kejadian HIV pada WPS di Kota Jayapura. Metode: Sebanyak 361 WPS terpilih sebagai sampel melalui Time Location Sampling (TLS) dan Simple Random Sampling (SRS). Uji statistik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah chi square dan regresi logistik. Variabel yang diikutsertakan dalam analisis ini meliputi variabel karakteristik demografi dan faktor perilaku berisiko yang dilakukan oleh WPS. Hasil: Persentase HIV pada penelitian ini diestimasikan mencapai 6.6%. Hasil analisis multivariabel menunjukkan variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian HIV diantaranya: (a) usia muda [p=0.03; 18-24 tahun: AOR=2.92; 95% CI=0.89-9.57 | 25-34 tahun: AOR= 3.93; 95% CI=1.33-11.63]; (b) usia seks pertama kali yang sangat muda [p=0.03; AOR=3.31; 95% CI=1.09-10.05]; (c) penggunaan kondom [p=0.03; AOR-0.10; 95% CI=0.01-0.81]. Kesimpulan: WPS yang berusia muda lebih berpotensi untuk terinfeksi HIV. Sementara WPS muda yang terinfeksi HIV, juga berisiko untuk terjangkit penyakit lain Human Papillomavirus (HPV) yang persisten dan dapat berujung pada kanker serviks. Oleh karena itu, pemeriksaan HIV dan penyakit menular seksual lain perlu dilakukan secara rutin untuk kalangan WPS agar dapat ditangani lebih dini.

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Background: Female Sex Workers (FSW) are high-risk population for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Prevalence of HIV among FSW in Jayapura has increased. This study aims to identify behavioral factor of HIV among FSW in Jayapura.

Method: Data were collected on 361 FSW that selected by Time Location Sampling (TLS) and Simple Random Sampling (SRS). Chi-square and logistic regression were used to determine variables that associated with HIV infection. Demographic characteristics and behavioral factors are included in this study.

Results: HIV prevalence was estimated at 6.6% among FSW. In multivariable analysis variables associated with HIV infection included: (a) young age [p=0.03; 18-24 years: AOR=2.92; 95% CI=0.89-9.57 | 25-34 years: AOR= 3.93; 95% CI=1.33-11.63]; (b) early age at first sexual intercouse [p=0.03; AOR=3.31; 95% CI=1.09-10.05]; (c) condom use [p=0.03; AOR-0.10; 95% CI=0.01-0.81].

Conclusion: Young FSW are at higher risk to be infected with HIV. Meanwhile, young FSW with HIV are also at high-risk of having other diseases, such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. Therefore, for FSW, it is necessary to routinely do medical check up for HIV and other sexually transmitted infection so that they can be treated early."