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"Summary: Between 1846 and 1873, California's Indian population plunged from perhaps 150,000 to 30,000. Benjamin Madley is the first historian to uncover the full extent of the slaughter, the involvement of state and federal officials, the taxpayer dollars that supported the violence, indigenous resistance, who did the killing, and why the killings ended. This deeply researched book is a comprehensive and chilling history of an American genocide. Madley describes pre-contact California and precursors to the genocide before explaining how the Gold Rush stirred vigilante violence against California Indians. He narrates the rise of a state-sanctioned killing machine and the broad societal, judicial, and political support for genocide. Many participated: vigilantes, volunteer state militiamen, U.S. Army soldiers, U.S. congressmen, California governors, and others. Ultimately, the state and federal governments spent at least $1,700,000 on campaigns against California Indians. Besides evaluating government officials' culpability, Madley considers why the slaughter constituted genocide and how other possible genocides within and beyond the Americas might be investigated using the methods presented in this groundbreaking bo"

"Diskriminasi kerap memunculkan perlakuan tidak adil yang terjadi pada kaum minoritas. Seperti halnya imigran Jepang di California. Kesuksesan yang mereka capai memunculkan kekhawatiran dari kulit putih, selain itu budaya mereka yang kuat serta kecenderungan mereka menutup diri dengan kelompok lain membuat imigran Jepang kerap mengalami pengucilan, sehingga mereka menjadi sasaran dalam berbagai tindakan diskriminatif diberbagai aspek kehidupan baik politik, ekonomi, maupun pendidikan dan puncak diskriminasi yang diterima imigran Jepang adalah saat Perang Dunia II. Merasa diperlakukan tidak adil, imigran Jepang maupun pemerintah Jepang merespon diskriminasi tersebut dengan berbagai tindakan guna menegakan keadilan. Bedasarkan penjelasan tersebut penelitian ini ingin melihat bagaimana bentuk diskriminasi yang diterima imigran Jepang dan juga reaksi imigran Jepang dan Pemerintah Jepang terhadap diskriminasi tersebut. Terdapat penelitian sebelumnya yang membahas mengenai diskriminasi imigran Jepang, namun belum ada yang membahas aspek diskriminasi secara keseluruhan. Argumentasi penelitian ini adalah tindakan diskriminasi yang ditujukan kepada imigran Jepang merupakan ketidakadilan yang harus diperjuangkan, terlebih proses kedatangan mereka yang bersifat resmi membuat mereka berbeda dengan imigran lainnya di Amerika, sehingga dalam perjuangannya melawan diskriminasi mereka memperjuangkannya dengan cara yang juga bersifat resmi dengan melibatkan pemerintah. Metode yang penulis gunakan adalah metode sejarah. Penulis mengumpulkan data yang terdapat dari buku, jurnal dan website kemudian penulis melakukan proses kritik dan menginterpretasi data tersebut kemudian melakukan penulisan sejarah.

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Discrimination often raises unjustly acts, which is often the case with minorities in a region. Just like Japanese Immigrant in California. The success they had achieved in agriculture was considered a threat by the whites. Besides their strong traditional culture and their tendency to not blend with another groups has raised discrimination acts to Japanese immigrants in various aspect such as politics, economy, and education. The climax of the discrimination occured in the World War II. Feeling threatened and being treated unjustly causes Japanese immigrant and Japanese government to begin fighting to regain their rights and fight the injustices. Based on the explanation above this study would like to discover the various discrimination acts that adressed to Japanese Immigrants and also the responses from both Japanese immigrants and Japanese the government. Several previous studies discussed about Japanese Immigrant but no research has yet examined about all discrimination acts in various aspect. Discrimination creates unjustly acts that violate human rights so that Japanese immigrants struggle to regain their rights, especially their arrival process into United States which is officially under the government control, has made them different from other immigrant in the United States, so in their struggle to regain their rights against the California Alien Land Act, they are also fighting for it with an officialy and organized efforts. This study uses historical methods that include heuristic stages, criticism, interpretation and historiography. "