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"ABSTRAKDiabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Indonesia. Reportedly that DM is associated with various risk factors. Notably, it seems that the rising prevalence rates reflect changes in urban lifestyle. This study aimed to examine risk differences in the prevalence of DM among men and women aged 15 years and older that lived in urban areas in Indonesia. Analysis used secondary data of 2013 National Basic Health Research, which applied a cross sectional study design. The total of sample was 333,731 respondents. Data processing and analysis used multiple logistic regression method. In general, findings showed that doctor diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DDDM) among urban men and women aged 15 to 39 years did not differ. However, the odds ratio of DDDM among older women aged 50 to 64 years was 30 times higher than women aged 15 to 39 years, while among the same age men was 21 times higher than younger men aged 15 to 39 years (p value < 0.001). In conclusion, entering the age of 50 years, women show a much higher risk of contracting DDDM than women with younger age, also much higher than older men towards younger men."

"ABSTRAKBackground: diabetes mellitus is a silent-killer. Its prevalence and impact on health expenses increase from year to year. This study aims to investigate the characteristics and the risk factors that affect diabetes mellitus in Indonesia.Methods: this is a cross sectional study. Data were obtained from the Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) in 2013. The samples were individuals aged ≥15 years, whose fasting blood glucose and 2 hours blood glucose after the imposition have been measured. 38.052 individuals were selected for this study. The variables of age, sex, marital status, level of education, employment status, living area, regional status, hypertension, obesity, smoking habit, and dyslipidemia are analyzed as risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Bivariate analysis was using chi-square test with significance level of p<0.05 and confidence interval (CI) of 95%, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression test.Results: our study showed that 13% have diabetes mellitus in 2013. Factors affecting diabetes mellitus were age>55 years (OR=5.10; 95%CI 4.42 to 5.89; p<0.001), female (OR=1.37; 95%CI 1.26 to 1.49; p<0.001), rural (OR=1.16; 95%CI 1.08 to 1.26; p<0.001), married (OR=1.31; 95%CI 1.07 to 1.58; p<0.05), unemployed (OR=1.14; 96%CI 1.05 to 1.23; p<0.05), obesity (OR=1.46; 95%CI 1.35 to 1.58; p<0.001), hypertension (OR=1.68; 95%CI 1.55 to 1.81; p<0.001) and dyslipidemia (OR=1.53; 95%CI 1.39- 1.68; P<0.001).Conclusion: as many as 13% of individuals have diabetes mellitus in 2013. Age, gender, living area, employment status, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are the contributing factors to diabetes mellitus."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi komplikasi kronis pada lansia diabetes melitus dan faktor yang berhubungan. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan data Riskesdas Tahun 2007 yang menggunakan desain crosssectional representatif Indonesia. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi komplikasi kronis pada lansia sebesar 73,1%. Dengan hipertensi sebagai komplikasi terbanyak. Berdasarkan analisis multivariat diketahui bahwa merokok merupakan faktor utama yang berhubungan dengan status komplikasi (OR=2,477). Faktor lain yang berhubungan yaitu umur, jenis kelamin, obesitas dan olahraga. Hasil penelitian menyarankan perlu adanya sistem pengobatan yang terintegrasi bagi lansia diabetes yang mengalami komplikasi. Selain itu, program untuk mencegah kesakitan dan komplikasi diabetes pada lansia perlu ditingkatkan.

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This thesis aims to determine prevalence of chronic complications in diabetic elderly and factors associated. The study was conducted using Riskesdas 2007, ​​representative cross-sectional study in Indonesia. The results show prevalence of chronic complications in the elderly is 73.1%. With hypertension as a complication most. Based on multivariate analysis known that smoking is a major factor associated with complications status (OR = 2.477). Other factors related are age, sex, obesity and exercise. The results suggest the need of integrated system medicine for the elderly with diabetic complications. In addition, programs to prevent the morbidity and complications of should be improved."

"Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit hiperglikemia dengan kadar gula dalam plasma darah lebih dari 126 mg/dl dalam keadaan puasa selama kurang lebih 8 jam sebelum diambil darahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan Faktor Sosial Ekonomi dan Faktor yang Tidak dan Bisa Dimodifikasi dengan Diabetes Mellitus pada Lansia dan prelansia dengan desain studi cross sectional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 35,6% responden menderita diabetes mellitus. Variabel yang memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan diabetes mellitus adalah riwayat keluarga DM (p value 0,005).

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Diabetes mellitus and prediabetes mellitus is Hyperglicemic disease with fasting blood glucose more than 126 mm/dl in a state of fasting about 8 hours before the blood taken. This study aims to look at the relationa between social economic factors & unmodified and modified factors with diabetes mellitus on elderly and pre-elderly of Kelurahan Depok Jaya, Depok, West Java in 2012. This study used cross sectional design with cluster method. The result showed that 35.6% of respondent have diabetes mellitus. Family history of DM is significantly related with diabetes mellitus (p value 0.005)."

"LATAR BELAKANG: Diabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang besar. Data dari studi global menunjukkan bahwa jumlah penderita Diabetes Melitus pada tahun 2011 telah mencapai 366 juta orang di dunia (IDF, 2011). Salah satu provinsi yang memiliki prevalensi Diabetes yang tinggi adalah Provinsi Banten. Prevalensi DM Provinsi Banten di daerah perkotaan sebesar 5,3% (mendekati angka nasional 5,7%) (Balitbangkes, 2008). TUJUAN: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Kecamatan Citangkil dan Puskesmas Kecamatan Pulo Merak, Kota Cilegon. DISAIN: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional, yang merupakan analisis data sekunder dari data Program Pengendalian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 dan Faktor Risikonya di Kota Cilegon. Data dikumpulkan tahun 2011 dan analisis dilakukan tahun 2012. HASIL: Prevalensi DM Tipe 2 adalah sebesar 4,4%. Variabel yang terbukti memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian DM Tipe 2 adalah aktivitas fisik (p: 0,032). Orang yang aktivitas sehari-harinya ringan memiliki risiko 2,68 kali untuk menderita DM tipe 2 dibandingkan dengan orang yang aktivitas fisik sehariharinya sedang dan berat (OR: 2,68; 95% CI: 1,11-6,46).

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus is one of big health problems. Global study showed that diabetician in 2011 had reached 336 millions people (IDF, 2011). One of provinces that had high prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus is Banten Province. The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Banten Province in urban areas is 5,3% (approaching the national prevalence 5,7%) (Balitbangkes, 2008).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to investigate the risk factors that have correlation with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Citangkil Primary Health Care and Pulo Merak Primary Health Care, Cilegon City.

DESIGN: This research was a quantitative research with cross sectional design. It used the secondary data of T2DM and Its Risk Factors Controlling Program in Cilegon City. Data was collected in 2011 and the analyzing was done in 2012.

RESULT: The Prevalence of T2DM was 4,4%. The variabel that have correlation with T2DM is physical activity (p value: 0,032). People who have low intensity in physical activity has 2,68 times probabilty to get T2DM than people who has middle and high intensity in phisycal activity (OR: 2,68; 95% CI: 1,11-6,46)."

"Kekurangan gizi pada awal kehidupan (1000 hari pertama) terutama masa prenatal akan memberikan multiple effect yang bersifat irreversible yaitu hambatan pertumbuhan linier yang direpresentasikan oleh pendek, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan organ termasuk pancreas yang direpresentasikan oleh diabetes mellitus dan tumbuh kembang otak yang direpresentasikan oleh kemampuan kognitif. Tingginya pendek pada populasi dewasa dan tingginya penyakit diabates mellitus di perkotaan berdasarkan survei Riskesdas 2007 mengindikasikan bahwa gangguan pertumbuhan linier dan perkembangan organ terjadi secara parallel.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai apakah pendek usia dewasa mewakili stunting awal kehidupan dalam menjelaskan risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus usia dewasa.Penelitian ini memanfaatkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2007 dengan disain cross sectional yang mewakili daerah perkotaan di 33 propinsi di Indonesia. Subyek penelitian adalah 12.639 laki-laki dan perempuan berumur 20 - 49 tahun. Penyakit diabetes mellitus ditegakkan berdasarkan kadar gula darah puasa 2 jam post prandial sedangkan hambatan pertumbuhan linier awal kehidupan diukur dengan pencapaian tinggi badan (pendek) di usia dewasa.Analisis dilakukan 2 level yaitu : (1) melakukan uji bivariat, stratifikasi, multivariat pada kondisi saat ini (subyek dewasa). (2) Melakukan analisis risiko kekurangan gizi awal kehidupan terhadap penyakit diabetes mellitus menggunakan teori dan bukti ilmiah hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Data yang digunakan dalam analisis penelitian ini cukup memadai yang ditunjukkan dengan konsistensi antar variabel dan konsisten dengan hasil penelitian lain.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proporsi diabetes mellitus sebesar 3,8% dan proporsi pendek sebesar 37,7%. Pendek usia dewasa pada IMT<23 merupakan faktor risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus OR adjusted 1,52 (CI 95% : 1.08-2.12). Bertambahnya umur meningkatkan risiko terkena penyakit diabetes mellitus dengan OR 3,05 (CI 95% : 1,82-5,09) pada umur 30-39 tahun dan OR 7,58 (CI 95% : 4,69-12,27) pada umur 40-49 tahun. Keluarga kaya mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi untuk menderita diabetes mellitus dengan OR 1.90 (CI 95% : 1.36-2.66). Minum minuman berkafein ≥1 x/hr dapat mencegah penyakit diabetes mellitus dengan OR 0,48 (CI 95% : 0,33-0,71).Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pendek usia dewasa pada kelompok IMT < 23 merupakan faktor risiko penyakit diabetes mellitus.

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Malnutrition in early life (1000 first day), especially during pregnancy would cause multiple effect which were irreversible, such as obstruction in linear growth were represented by short stature, growth and development of organs, including the pancreas represented by diabetes mellitus, and brain growth is represented by deficiency in cognitive abilities. The high prevalence of short stature in adult and the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus disease in urban population based on Riskesdas 2007 survey data indicated that disruption of linear growth and organ development occured in parallel.The purpose of this study was to assess whether short stature in adulthood represent stunting in their early life, in order to explain the risk of diabetes mellitus in adult. This study was utilized data from Indonesian Basic Health Research 2007 with a cross-sectional design representing urban areas in 33 provinces in Indonesia. Subjects were 12,639 men and women aged 20-49 years. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed based on fasting blood glucose levels, 2 hours post prandial, while linear growth retardation in early life is measured by the attainment of height (short stature) in adulthood. Analysis was done in 2 levels:(1) Worked on bivariate, stratified, multivariate testing on current conditions (adult subjects). (2) Performed a risk analysis of malnutrition in early life towards diabetes mellitus disease using theories and scientific evidence based on previous researches. The data used in this analysis were sufficient, indicated by consistency between variables and consistency with the results of other related studies.Results of this study showed that the proportion of diabetes mellitus was 3.8% and the proportion of short stature was 37.7%. Short stature in adults with BMI <23 was a risk factor for diabetes mellitus with adjusted OR of 1.52 (CI 95%: 1:08-2:12). Increasing age increased the risk of diabetes mellitus with 3.05 OR (95% CI: 1.82 to 5.09) at the age 30-39 years and 7.58 OR (95% CI: 4.69 to 12.27) at the age of 40-49 years. Wealthier families have a higher risk of developing diabetes mellitus with OR 1.90 (95% CI: 1.36-.66). Drinking caffeinated beverages ≥1 x / day could prevent diabetes mellitus with OR 0.48 (95% CI: 0.33 to 0.71).Conclusion of this study was short stature in adult with BMI <23 was a risk factor for diabetes mellitus."

"Penatalaksanaan DM memiliki hubungan erat dengan kadar gula darah diabetisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan penatalaksanaan DM dengan kadar gula darah lansia diabetisi. Disain penelitian menggunakan pendekatan crossectional study. Penelitian dilakukan pada 49 orang lansia di kelurahan Cisalak Pasar. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara diit dengan kadar gula darah (p value: 0,035), tidak ada hubungan antara latihan fisik dengan kadar gula darah (p value: 0,246), ada hubungan antara minum obat dengan kadar gula darah (p value: 0,011) dan ada hubungan antara pengendalian stres dengan kadar gula darah (p value: 0,007). Analisis multivariat menyimpulkan bahwa elemen penatalaksanaan DM yang dominan adalah minum obat (OR 10,7).

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Diabetes Mellitus management has close correlation with blood sugar level of Diabetes patient. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between Diabetes Mellitus Management with Blood Sugar Level on Elderly with DM. This is descriptive cross-sectional study, where recruiting 49 elderly people from Cisalak Pasar area. The result shows that there is significant correlation between diet (p value: 0,035), take medication (p value: 0,011), stress management (p value: 0,007) with blood sugar level but no significant correlation between physical exercise (p value: 0,246) with blood sugar level. Multivariate analysis result shows that taking medication is the most predominant element in diabetes management (OR 10,7)."

"Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 adalah penyakit kronis dimana tubuh tidak bisa menggunakan insulin untuk metabolisme glukosa. Penyakit ini terus menerus bertambah setiap tahun baik pada masyarakat perkotaan maupun pedesaan. Disayangkan, penyakit diabetes mellitus tidak dapat disembuhkan, hanya bisa dikendalikan.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor dominan terhadap kejadian pre DM dan DM tipe 2 pada Staf Kependidikan FKM UI, Depok. Variabel independen yang diteliti adalah umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga, asupan zat gizi (energi, karbohidrat, lemak, dan serat), aktivitas fisik, status gizi lebih, lingkar pinggang, dan pengetahuan gizi. Desain studi penelitian yaitu cross sectional dengan analisis chi square. Penelitian dilakukan pada 122 responden dan pada bulan April 2014.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 26,2% penderita pre DMDM (Pre DM (17,2%) dan DM (9%)). Variabel yang memiliki perbedaan proporsi yang bermakna dengan kejadian pre DM-DM adalah umur. Faktor dominan adalah riwayat keluarga dan umur. Staf kependidikan FKM UI diharapkan meningkatkan kesadaran untuk melakukan pola hidup sehat baik makan-makanan seimbang maupun olahraga rutin, dan melakukan pengecekan glukosa darah.

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Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic disease which the body can not use insulin for glucose metabolism. The disease is constantly increasing every year both in urban and rural communities. Unfortunately, diabetes mellitus can not be cured, only controlled.

This study aims to determine the dominant factor on the incidence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Education Staff at FKM UI, Depok. The independent variables studied were age, sex, family history, the adequacy of nutrients (energy, carbohydrates, fats, and fiber), physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, and nutrition knowledge. The study design is a crosssectional study with a chi-square analysis. The study was conducted on 122 respondents, on April 7 to 25, 2014.

Results showed 26.2% of patients with pre-DM - DM (Pre DM (17.2%) and DM (9%)). Variables that had significant differences in the proportion of the incidence of pre-DM and DM is age. Dominant factor is family history ang age. Education Staff at FKM UI is expected to raise awareness for do healthy lifestyle such as eat balanc meals and exercise regularly, and do a blood sugar check."

"Kriteria utama obesitas menurut WHO adalah IMT namun obesitas sentral lebih berhubungan dengan risiko kesehatan dibanding obesitas umum Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan cut off point dari ketiga indikator dalam mendeteksi terjadinya DMT2. Juga untuk mengetahui hubungan obesitas dengan indikator IMT, LP dan rasio LP-TB dengan terjadinya DMT2 dan menentukan indikator mana yang lebih baik dari ketiganya. Desain Cross Sectional. menggunakan data sekunder. Analisis menggunakan regresi logistic dan metode ROC. Hasil : prevalensi DMT2 9,1% dan prevalensi obesitas berkisar 38,37 % - 41,98 % Nilai cut off obesitas umum IMT ≥ 25,72 kg/m2, LP laki-laki ≥ 80,65 cm perempuan ≥ 80,85 cm dan LP-TB laki-laki ≥ 0,51 perempuan ≥ 0,55. Kesimpulan : orang dengan obesitas meningkatkan risiko terjadinya DMT2 setelah dikontrol faktor umur. Karena hasil ketiga indikator tidak jauh berbeda, maka penggunaanya tergantung keputusan praktisi kesehatan itu sendiri.

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The WHO's major obesity criteria is BMI but central obesity is more associated to health risks than general obesity. The objective of the research is to define the cut off points of the three measurements in detecting the occurrence of T2DM. It is also aimed to examine the relationship of obesity indicators (BMI, WC, and WHtR) with T2DM and determine the best indicator of them. Design of Cross Sectional employs secondary data. Analysis apply logistic model and ROC method.

The result: prevalence of type 2 DM is about 9.1%, and obesity prevalence is about 38.37 % to 41.98 %. The cut off values of BMI general obesity, male WC, female WC, male WHtR, and female WHtR are ≥ 25.72 kg/m2, ≥ 80.65 cm, ≥ 80.85 cm, ≥ 0.5, and ≥ 0,55 respectively.

Conclusion: adjusted by age, obesity increases the risk of type 2 DM occurrence. Since there is no significantly different result, the use of obesity indicators depends on the health practitioner decisions."

"Diabetes melitus merupakan salah satu penyakit tidak menular yang dalam 20 tahun terakhir ini terus menunjukkan angka kejadian yang meningkat. Prevalensi Diabetes Melitus di Puskesmas Ratu Jaya juga masih mengalami peningkatan yaitu sebanyak 1378 pada tahun 2022 menjadi 1571 kasus pada tahun 2023. Kejadian diabetes dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor risiko yang dapat diubah seperti pola makan yang tidak sehat, kebiasaan merokok, obesitas, penggunaan alkohol, aktivitas fisik kurang dan faktor risiko yang tidak dapat diubah yaitu usia, jenis kelamin dan riwayat keluarga yang menderita diabetes. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan perilaku aktivitas fisik dengan kejadian diabetes melitus di wilayah kerja UPTD Puskesmas Ratu Jaya Tahun 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi (cross-sectional) dengan data sekunder dari hasil skrining faktor risiko PTM dan didapatkan sampel sebanyak 5435 responden. Analisis data yang dilakukan terdiri dari analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square (CI 95%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 190 (3,5%) responden diabetes dan 1207 (22,2%) responden yang kurang beraktivitas fisik. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara perilaku aktivitas fisik (p=0,011; OR=1,52 (95% CI 1,11-2,09) dengan kejadian diabetes melitus. Oleh karena itu perlu meningkatkan peran masyarakat dalam pengaplikasian perilaku hidup sehat guna mencegah dan mengendalikan perilaku aktivitas fisik dan penyakit diabetes melitus.

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Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that has shown an increasing incidence rate over the past 20 years. The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus at the Ratu Jaya Public Health Center has also increased from 1378 cases in 2022 to 1571 cases in 2023. The occurrence of diabetes is influenced by various modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy eating patterns, smoking habits, obesity, alcohol use, and physical inactivity, as well as non-modifiable risk factors such as age, gender, and family history of diabetes. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between physical activity behavior and the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the working area of UPTD Ratu Jaya Public Health Center in 2023. This study uses a cross-sectional design with secondary data from the results of NCD risk factor screening, and a sample of 5435 respondents was obtained. Data analysis consists of univariate and bivariate analyses using the chi-square test (CI 95%). The results of the study showed that 190 (3.5%) respondents had diabetes and 1207 (22.2%) respondents were physically inactive. There is a significant relationship between physical activity behavior (p=0.011; OR=1.52 (95% CI 1.11-2.09)) and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance community involvement in the application of healthy living behaviors to prevent and control physical inactivity and diabetes mellitus."