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"[Saat ini, jumlah kandungan minyak dan gas konvensional yang tersedia semakin terbatas sedangkan cadangan semakin rendah. Oleh karena itu diperlukan eksplorasi akan sumber daya baru, salah satu solusinya adalah dengan memperluas eksplorasi hidrokarbon dengan cara konvensional maupun unconvensional, dan untuk mengurangi tingginya kegagalan dalam tahapan eksplorasi ini maka diperlukan pembelajaran petroleum system terutama source rock. Source rock yang memiliki potensi tinggi harus mempunyai kandungan kerogen yang cukup untuk dapat mengenerateminyak maupun gas ke perangkap-perangkap hidrokarbon disekitarnya.Dalam penelitian ini memaparkan aplikasi metode Passey dan untuk memetakan source rock dengan kandungan TOC yang berbeda-beda di setiap kedalaman dan responnya pada seismik inversi, kemudian dihitung potensinya sehingga didapat peta penyebaran source rock dan total hidrokarbon yang sudah tergenerate ke perangkap-perangkap struktur maupun yang masih tersisa di dalam source rock itu sendiri.Penelitian ini pun mengintegrasikan data geokimia, analisa petrofisika, dan teknik seismik inversi dalam mengkarakterisasi zona yang berpotensi. Tahapan awal eksplorasi dalam penentuan sweetspot adalah dengan menggunakan metode passey untuk menghasilkan data log pseudo TOC. Kedua, melakukan analisa petrofisika untuk mendapatkan parameter fisis yang sensitif pada formasi target.Ketiga adalah dengan mengaplikasikan seismik inversi Impedansi akustik (AI) untuk mengetahui persebaran batuserpih yang mengandung potensi gas berdasarkan nilai TOC dan parameter fisis yang sensitif pada formasi target.Keempat melakukan penghitungan sumber daya yang sudah tergenerate dan yang masih tersisa dalam tubuh shale sebagai source rock;Currently, the amount of available conventional gas and oil content are more limited while the amount of reserves has been decreased. Therefore we need an exploration of new resources, one solution is to expand the exploration of hydrocarbons by means of conventional or unconvensional, and to reduce the high failure in the exploration phase of the learning required for this petroleum system primarily source rock. Source rock that has high potential must have a sufficient content of kerogen to oil or gas can be generate to the hydrocarbon traps nearby. In this research exposes Passey Method and application method to map the source rock TOC content varies with each depth and seismic inversion, the response was then calculated its potential so obtained a map of the spread of source rock and hydrocarbon that already total generated to structures trap as well as those still remaining in the source rock itself. In this study integrates geochemical data, analysis of petrophysic, and seismic inversion technique to characterize potential zones. Early stages of exploration in the determination of sweetspot is using Passey Method to generate pseudo TOC. Second, petrophysical analysis to obtain physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Third is by applying accustic impedance seismic inversion to determine the distribution of shale rock that contain gas potential based on the value of TOC and physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Fourth do calculating resources have generated and remaining in a shale as source rock;Currently, the amount of available conventional gas and oil content are more limited while the amount of reserves has been decreased. Therefore we need an exploration of new resources, one solution is to expand the exploration of hydrocarbons by means of conventional or unconvensional, and to reduce the high failure in the exploration phase of the learning required for this petroleum system primarily source rock. Source rock that has high potential must have a sufficient content of kerogen to oil or gas can be generate to the hydrocarbon traps nearby. In this research exposes Passey Method and application method to map the source rock TOC content varies with each depth and seismic inversion, the response was then calculated its potential so obtained a map of the spread of source rock and hydrocarbon that already total generated to structures trap as well as those still remaining in the source rock itself. In this study integrates geochemical data, analysis of petrophysic, and seismic inversion technique to characterize potential zones. Early stages of exploration in the determination of sweetspot is using Passey Method to generate pseudo TOC. Second, petrophysical analysis to obtain physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Third is by applying accustic impedance seismic inversion to determine the distribution of shale rock that contain gas potential based on the value of TOC and physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Fourth do calculating resources have generated and remaining in a shale as source rock, Currently, the amount of available conventional gas and oil content are more limited while the amount of reserves has been decreased. Therefore we need an exploration of new resources, one solution is to expand the exploration of hydrocarbons by means of conventional or unconvensional, and to reduce the high failure in the exploration phase of the learning required for this petroleum system primarily source rock. Source rock that has high potential must have a sufficient content of kerogen to oil or gas can be generate to the hydrocarbon traps nearby. In this research exposes Passey Method and application method to map the source rock TOC content varies with each depth and seismic inversion, the response was then calculated its potential so obtained a map of the spread of source rock and hydrocarbon that already total generated to structures trap as well as those still remaining in the source rock itself. In this study integrates geochemical data, analysis of petrophysic, and seismic inversion technique to characterize potential zones. Early stages of exploration in the determination of sweetspot is using Passey Method to generate pseudo TOC. Second, petrophysical analysis to obtain physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Third is by applying accustic impedance seismic inversion to determine the distribution of shale rock that contain gas potential based on the value of TOC and physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Fourth do calculating resources have generated and remaining in a shale as source rock]"

"Lapangan SP merupakan lapangan eksplorasi yang terletak di Cekungan Arjuna. Berdasarkan data sumur FD-01 pada Main Formation ditemukan keberadaan hidrokarbon. Data Drill Steam Test pada Top B-28B dan Top B-29A menunjukan keberadaan hidrokarbon gas. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan karakterisasi reservoar pada zona target tersebut dengan menggunakan metode Impedansi Akustik (IA), AVO, dan Lambda Mu Rho. Tahapan pengolahan data pada penelitian ini yaitu melakukan inversi IA, dilanjutkan analisa respon AVO dan Lambda Mu Rho. Hasil inversi IA mampu memisahkan lapisan reservoar sandstone dan non reservoar shale. Nilai IA yang di golongkan sebagi reservoar sandstone B-28B dan B-29A terletak pada rentang nilai 10.000 (ft/s)(gr/cc) - 12.500 (ft/s)(gr/cc). Sedangkan yang non reservoar memiliki nilai IA antara 13.000 (ft/s)(gr/cc) - 15.000 (ft/s)(gr/cc). Nilai IA sandstone lebih rendah dibanding shale secara geologi mengidikasikan reservoar sandstone tersebut bersifat unconsolidated. Berdasarkan delineasi sebaran impedansi akustik, sandstone B-28B dan B29-A pada arah timur - barat menipis kearah cekungan di sebelah barat, dan pada arah utara - selatan sandstone menipis ke arah cekungan di sebelah selatan. Analisa respon AVO pada data gather menunjukan AVO kelas IV, yang berasosiasi dengan low impedace contrast yang sesuai dengan hasil inversi Impedansi Akustik. Respon AVO kelas IV secara geologi berasosiasi dengan lapisan unconsolidated sandstone dengan penutup shale di atasnya. Lambda Mu Rho dapat mendelineasi keberadaan reservoar sandstone yang berisi gas. Nilai Mu Rho yang di interpretasi sebagi sandstone B28-B dan B-29A memiliki nilai 0,75 (GPa)(gr/cc) - 1,40 (GPa)(gr/cc). Sandstone B-28B dan B-29A memiliki nilai Lambda Rho antara 1 (GPa)(gr/cc) - 5,8 (GPa)(gr/cc). Berdasarkan delineasi Lambda Rho dan Mu Rho, sumber pengendapan sandstone B-28B dan B-29A pada cekungan arjuna berasal dari arah utara dan timur. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan bisa menjadi masukan dalam penentuan titik pengeboran sumur eksplorasi yang baru. Secara geologi dan hasil dari Lambda Mu Rho sebaiknya diletakan pada pada lintasan SP02 CDP 1005050. Dimana titik tersebut terletak pada puncak antiklin dan memiliki nilai Lambda Rho rendah yang berasosiasi dengan gas.

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SP exploration field, which is located at Arjuna Basin, shows hydrocarbon potential in Main formation based on well data FD-01. Drill Steam Test data at Top B-28B and Top B-29A shows any gas hydrocarbon. Therefore, reservoir characterization in target zone is needed using several method such as Acoustic Impedance (AI), AVO, and Lambda Mu Rho. This research has been divided into three domain step: AI inversion, AVO responses analysis, and Lambda Mu Rho.

The result from AI inversion can separate lithology between sandstone reservoir and shale non reservoir. AI value from sandstone reservoir B-28B and B-29A in range 10000 (ft/s)(gr/cc) – 12500(ft/s)(gr/cc) and non reservoir has AI value in range 13000 (ft/s)(gr/cc) – 15000 (ft/s)(gr/cc). Giologically, AI value of sandstone is lower than shale which indicating sandstone reservoar has unconsolidated properties. Based on deliniation of AI distribution, B-28B and B-29A sandstone at East - West direction decrease toward to west basin, and sandstone at North - South direction decrease toward to south basin.

AVO response analysis on gather data shows class IV AVO, this response associated with low impedance contrast related to AI inversion result. Geologically, Fourth class of AVO response associates between unconsolidated sandstone layer overlaid with shale caprock on top. Lambda Mu Rho result can delineate any gas bearing sand. Sandstone reservoir B-28B and B-29A has Mu Rho value in range 0.75 (Gpa)(gr/cc) – 1.40 (Gpa)(gr/cc) and Lambda Rho in range 1 (Gpa)(gr/cc) - 5.8 (Gpa)(gr/cc). According to Lambda Rho and Mu Rho delineation, depositional source of sandstone B-28B and B29-A are from north and east Arjuna Basin.

Results from this research can be used as a guidance to locate a new wellbore exploration. From geological and Lambha Mu Rho results, the wellbore should be put on line SP02 CDP 1005050, where this area is located at top of anticline and has a low Lambdha Rho value which is associated with gas potential."

"Oil Shale merupakan salah satu bahan bakar non konvensional berbentuk sedimen batuan halus, yang dapat menjadi sumber energi alternatif. Dalam proses retorting, Oil Shale dapat dikonversi menjadi shale oil dan shale gas. Sebelumnya, terdapat beberapa penelitian yang membahas potensi shale gas untuk memproduksi gas hidrogen. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pemodelan sistem menggunakan Aspen Plus untuk mengetahui potensi pemanfaatan keseluruhan shale oil beserta shale gas hasil dari retorting untuk memproduksi hidrogen menggunakan teknologi chemical looping. Selain itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi energi dari sistem apabila meneruskan tahapan produksi hidrogen hingga ke tahap produksi ammonia untuk penyimpanan. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, produk retorting dari 0,126 kg/s bahan baku oil shale komposisi New Albany, yaitu 0,0063 kg/s shale oil dan 0,0024 kg/s shale gas, dapat memproduksi hidrogen sebanyak 0,0037 kg/s. Hidrogen ini dapat dikonversi menjadi ammonia sebanyak 0,012 kg/s dengan sisa hidrogen sebanyak 0,00089kg/s. Berdasarkan analisis energi, didapatkan efisiensi dari keseluruhan proses oil shale retorting hingga produksi ammonia adalah sebesar 55%.

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Oil shale is one of the non-conventional fuel in the form of fine rock sediments, which can be utilized as an alternative energy resource. In the retorting process, Oil Shale is converted into shale oil and shale gas. Previously, there were several studies that discussed the potential utilization of the shale gas product to produce hydrogen gas. In this study, a simulation was carried out using Aspen Plus to determine the potential of using both shale oil and shale gas products from the retorting process, to produce hydrogen using a chemical looping system. In addition, this study is aimed at analysing the energy efficiency of the system with the additional process of converting hydrogen into ammonia for storage. Based on the simulation results, the retorting product from 0,126 kg/s of oil shale, respectively 0,0063 kg/s and 0,024 kg/s of shale oil and shale gas, could produce 0,0031 kg/s of hydrogen. This amount of hydrogen could be converted into 0,012 kg/s of ammonia, with a remaining hydrogen product of 0,00089 kg/s. Based on the energy analysis, the efficiency of the entire system from the oil shale retorting process up to the ammonia production is 55%."

"ABSTRAKHasil dekomposisi spektral dengan menggunakan metode Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-VilleDistribution (SPWVD) digunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai atenuasi pada data seismik.Tujuan tugas akhir ini adalah untuk mengkarakterisasi reservoar shale pada formasiGumai yang terletak di Lapangan Abiyoso yang berada di sub cekungan Jambi, cekunganSumatera Selatan dengan menggunakan dekomposisi spektral. Tahapan pertama yangdilakukan adalah analisis petrofisika dan analisis crossplot untuk mengarakterisasi lapisanreservoar shale. Karakterisasi lebih lanjut dilakukan dengan overlay kurva DlogR dankurva Transit time sonik. Dari ketiga zona shale yang diprediksi, diperlihatkan bahwalapisan batuan lempung pada zona Shale 1 merupakan lapisan batuan lempung yangdiduga reservoar. Hasil tersebut didukung pula oleh estimasi nilai atenuasi daridekomposisi spektral. Selanjutnya dekomposisi spektral diteruskan untuk data seismiksecara keseluruhan sehingga didapatkan estimasi persebaran reservoar lapisan batuanlempung pada data seismik.

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ABSTRACTThe results of spectral decomposition using Smoothed Pseudo Wigner-Ville Distribution(SPWVD) is used to estimate the value of attenuation on seismic data. The purpose of thisthesis is to characterize shale reservoir in Gumai Formation at Abiyoso Field in JambiSub Basin, South Sumatera Basin. The first stage,it is carried out petrophysical analysisand crossplot analysis to characterize shale reservoir layer. Further characterization isdone by overlaying DlogR and Sonic transit time curve. Based on the three predictedshale zone, it is shown that shale layer at Shale zone 1 is estimated the layer of shalereservoir. These results are confirmed also by the estimated value of the attenuation ofspectral decomposition. Further spectral decomposition is applied to seismic data set tomap distribution of shale reservoir."

"A detailed combined geological and geophysical study in North Sumatra basin has shown that prospective formations for shale play containing gas sweet spots are found to be shales from Bampo, Belumai, and Baong Formations. Bampo Formations Exhibits low shale gas potential with very low to medium in organic material contents, maturity index of immature to mature, and moderate brittleness. Rocks within the formation tent to be reactive to highly reactive to water, with a moderate degree of swelling capacity. Porosity varies within 5.8-7.4% with permeability raging from 0.37 to 3.2 mD. Sweet spots in the formation found around Basilam-l and Securai-l wells occupy about 21% of the formation. On the other hand, Belumai Formation shows moderate to good shale gas potential, with low to high organic material contents, immature to mature levels of maturity, and moderately brittle to brittle. Sweet spots areas in the formation fpund around the two wells are about 29% of the formation. For Baong Formation, analysis reveals moderate to good shale gas potential, with low to medium contents of organic material, immature to mature in maturity index, moderately brittle to brittle in brittleness, and tendency of being reactive to highly reactive to water but with low degree of swelling capacity. Sweet spots in the formation found around two wells occupies are roughly 11% of the total formation volume in the area. Basin modeling leading to gas resources estimation for Baong, Belumai, and Bampo Formations has led to estimated volumes of 6, 379 TCF, 16, 994 TCF, and 25,024 TCF, respectively, with a total amount of 48, 397 TCF. The resources figures are speculative in nature and do not incorporate any certainty and efficiency factors."

"[ABSTRAKMaterial serpih adalah sejenis serpih minyak yaitu material clay atau karbonat yangmengandung banyak organik belum matang, apabila dipanaskan pada suhu tertentu,kandungan organiknya menjadi matang dan berubah secara fisika dan kimia,sehingga dapat menghasilkan bahan energi seperti migas. Dalam penelitian inicampuran material dimodifikasi dengan perbandingan: A=B, AB dan AB.Pengujian TOC menghasilkan clay-organik (SMC) dan karbonat-organik (SMK)menunjukkan kualitas yang sangat baik sebagai serpih minyak (TOC≥12.0%), yangdiperkuat hasil analisis SEM (morfologi dan komposisi) dan XRD (interaksi duamaterial).Hasil analisis Termogravimetri menunjukkan energi aktivasi material serpih clay(209-355 kJ/mol) lebih kecil dibanding karbonat (749-1339 kJ/mol), dan temperaturuntuk proses reaksi material serpih clay (40-600OC) lebih kecil dibanding karbonat(75-740OC). Karakteristik tersebut menyebabkan tingkat maturasi material serpihclay lebih cepat dibanding karbonat, diperkuat Tmax serpih clay (315-323OC) lebihkecil dibanding Tmax serpih karbonat (415-493OC). CEC 2 (serpih minyak)memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan serpih clay (Ea=239 kJ/mol dan T=40-600OC). OD1-Ast3 memiliki tingkat maturasi yang paling bagus (Ea=234 kJ/moldan Tmax=315OC) sesuai dengan serpih minyak (CEC 2). Hasil pengujian RockEval Pyrolisis menunjukkan material serpih clay dan karbonat mempunyai potensitinggi (menghasilkan oil dan gas). Hasil pemanasan material serpih diperkuat olehhasil pengujian FTIR yaitu senyawa dengan gugus fungsi tertentu terlepas danmuncul puncak baru di bilangan gelombang 2900 cm-1 yang menunjukkankeberadaan hidrokarbon ikatan tunggal dari rantai karbon panjang C-H.;

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ABSTRACTThe material is a kind of shale oil shale is clay or carbonate material containingorganic many immature, when heated to a certain temperature, the organic contentof becoming mature and change in physics and chemistry, so it can produce energymaterials such as oil and gas. In this study a mixture of materials modified bycomparison: A=B, AB and A>B. TOC testing of clay-organic (SMC) produce andorganic carbonates (SMK) demonstrate excellent quality as shale oil (TOC≥12.0%),which confirmed the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis(morphology and composition) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) (interaction of twomaterials).The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed activation energy shale claymaterial (209-355 kJ/mol) is smaller than the carbonate (749-1339 kJ/mol), and thetemperature of the reaction process shale clay material (40-600OC) is smaller thanthe carbonate (75- 740OC). These characteristics cause the maturation level of clayshale material faster than carbonate, shale clay reinforced Tmax (315-323OC) issmaller than Tmax flakes carbonate (415-493OC). CEC 2 (shale oil) has the samecharacteristics as the flakes of clay (Ea=239 kJ/mol and T=40-600OC). OD1-Ast3have the most good maturation rate (Ea=234 kJ/mol and Tmax=315OC) inaccordance with the shale oil (CEC 2). Test results show the Rock Eval Pyrolisisclay shale and carbonate material has a high potential (produce oil and gas).Results heating shale material reinforced by FTIR testing results are compoundswith specific functional groups apart and a new peak appeared at wavenumber 2900cm-1 which indicate the presence of hydrocarbons single bonds of the carbon chainlength of CH.;The material is a kind of shale oil shale is clay or carbonate material containingorganic many immature, when heated to a certain temperature, the organic contentof becoming mature and change in physics and chemistry, so it can produce energymaterials such as oil and gas. In this study a mixture of materials modified bycomparison: A=B, AB and A>B. TOC testing of clay-organic (SMC) produce andorganic carbonates (SMK) demonstrate excellent quality as shale oil (TOC≥12.0%),which confirmed the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis(morphology and composition) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) (interaction of twomaterials).The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed activation energy shale claymaterial (209-355 kJ/mol) is smaller than the carbonate (749-1339 kJ/mol), and thetemperature of the reaction process shale clay material (40-600OC) is smaller thanthe carbonate (75- 740OC). These characteristics cause the maturation level of clayshale material faster than carbonate, shale clay reinforced Tmax (315-323OC) issmaller than Tmax flakes carbonate (415-493OC). CEC 2 (shale oil) has the samecharacteristics as the flakes of clay (Ea=239 kJ/mol and T=40-600OC). OD1-Ast3have the most good maturation rate (Ea=234 kJ/mol and Tmax=315OC) inaccordance with the shale oil (CEC 2). Test results show the Rock Eval Pyrolisisclay shale and carbonate material has a high potential (produce oil and gas).Results heating shale material reinforced by FTIR testing results are compoundswith specific functional groups apart and a new peak appeared at wavenumber 2900cm-1 which indicate the presence of hydrocarbons single bonds of the carbon chainlength of CH., The material is a kind of shale oil shale is clay or carbonate material containingorganic many immature, when heated to a certain temperature, the organic contentof becoming mature and change in physics and chemistry, so it can produce energymaterials such as oil and gas. In this study a mixture of materials modified bycomparison: A=B, AB and A>B. TOC testing of clay-organic (SMC) produce andorganic carbonates (SMK) demonstrate excellent quality as shale oil (TOC≥12.0%),which confirmed the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis(morphology and composition) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) (interaction of twomaterials).The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed activation energy shale claymaterial (209-355 kJ/mol) is smaller than the carbonate (749-1339 kJ/mol), and thetemperature of the reaction process shale clay material (40-600OC) is smaller thanthe carbonate (75- 740OC). These characteristics cause the maturation level of clayshale material faster than carbonate, shale clay reinforced Tmax (315-323OC) issmaller than Tmax flakes carbonate (415-493OC). CEC 2 (shale oil) has the samecharacteristics as the flakes of clay (Ea=239 kJ/mol and T=40-600OC). OD1-Ast3have the most good maturation rate (Ea=234 kJ/mol and Tmax=315OC) inaccordance with the shale oil (CEC 2). Test results show the Rock Eval Pyrolisisclay shale and carbonate material has a high potential (produce oil and gas).Results heating shale material reinforced by FTIR testing results are compoundswith specific functional groups apart and a new peak appeared at wavenumber 2900cm-1 which indicate the presence of hydrocarbons single bonds of the carbon chainlength of CH.]"

"Lapangan “E” yang terletak di Cekungan Jawa timur yang merupakan salah satu Cekungan busur belakang (back-arc basin) dan berada pada tenggara dari lempeng Eurasia yang terbentuk karena proses pengangkatan, ketidakselarasan, penurunan muka air laut dan pergerakan lempeng tektonik. Cekungan ini dibatasi oleh busur Karimunjawa disebelah barat, memanjang kearah timur sampai ke laut dalam pada cekungan Lombok, dan mendangkal ke arah utara menuju Paternoster High. Penelitian ini terfokus pada formasi Ngimbang pada cekungan Jawa Timur, yang terdiri dari batuan sedimen klastik berbutir halus (batu lempung dengan alternatif batu lanau) dan batu karbonat berkembang secara lokal dan menggunakan 3 data sumur non produksi. Untuk mengkarakterisasi reservoar pada lapisan karbonat dan memprediksi nilai sifat fisik batuan seperti porositas, permeabilitas, kandungan lempung, dan saturasi air digunakan analisis petrofisika dan evaluasi formasi. Dengan metode pengukuran porositas menggunakan indikator neutron-densitas, menggunakan single-clay indicator dengan log gamma ray untuk mengetahui nilai kandungan lempung, menggunakan pendekatan nilai permeabilitas menggunakan model permeabilitas timur, metode pengukuran saturasi air menggunakan model persamaan Archie, dan menentukan zona reservoar hidrokarbon dari zona net produktif. Hasil penelitian pada reservoar hidrokarbon di sumur ini memiliki rata-rata nilai kandungan lempung 9%, porositas 17%, dan saturasi air 16%.

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Field "E" located in East Java Basin, which is one behind of the back arc basin and are in the southeast of the Eurasian plate formed due to the appointment process, misalignment, a decrease in sea level and the movement of tectonic plates. This basin is limited by the Publications arc to the west, extending eastward to the sea in the Lombok basin and shallow north toward Paternoster High. This study focused on the Ngimbang formation in East Java basin, which is composed of fine-grained clastic sedimentary rocks (stones silt loam with alternative rock) and carbonate rocks evolved locally and uses 3 non-production wells. To characterize the reservoir in carbonate coating and predicted values of rock physical properties such as porosity, permeability, clay content and water saturation used petrophysical analysis and formation evaluation. With a measurement method using indicator neutron porosity-density, single-use indicator clay with gamma ray logs to determine the value of the content of clay, using eastern permeability to predict a model of permeability and water saturation measurement method using Archie equation model and determine zones of reservoir hydrocarbons from the zone of net productive. Results of research on hydrocarbon reservoirs in these wells has an average value of clay content of 9%, 17% porosity and water saturation of 16%."

"Penelitian ini melakukan identifikasi lapisan shale gas menggunakan Inversi Impedansi Akustik dan Dekomposisi Spektral. Penelitian dilakukan di Lapangan "AP", Cekungan Barito dan formasi target yaitu Formasi Tanjung. Nilai Total Organic Carbon (TOC) ditentukan dengan menggunakan Passey's Number dan data geokimia. Selanjutnya, zona shale gas ditentukan dengan mengorelasikan Log Gamma-ray dengan Log Densitas, Sonic, NPHI, dan Resistivitas pada dua sumur. Hasil korelasi menunjukkan terdapat zona shale gas pada masing-masing sumur, yaitu dikedalaman 7130-7370 ft (Sumur A-1) dan 3100-3280 ft (Sumur P-1). Zona shale gas Sumur A-1 dan Sumur P-1 memiliki TOC rata-rata 5.4 wt% dan 2.8 wt%. Hasil tersebut didukung oleh hasil inversi impedansi akustik (AI) yang menujukkan nilai impedansi rendah untuk zona shale gas antara 5000-8000 m/s*g/cc (Line A-1), dan 7200-8900 m/s*g/cc (Line P-1). Selain itu, hasil tersebut juga didukung oleh hasil dekomposisi spektral yang menunjukkan anomali Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) tinggi pada frekuensi 18 Hz (untuk Line A-1) dan 20 Hz (untuk Line P-1). Analisis terintegrasi antara data seismik, hasil inversi AI dan CWT menunjukkan terdapat daerah potensial shale gas pada punggungan antilkin di Line A-1 dan Line P-1.

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This study identify shale gas layer using acoustic impedance (AI) and spectral decomposition. The object of this study is Field ‘AP’, Barito Basin, and the formation target is Tanjung Formation. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values was determined using Passey’s Number and geochemical data. Furthermore, shale gas zone was determined by correlating Gamma-ray log with Density, Sonic, NPHI and Resistivity log in two wells.

Correlation result showed there are a shale gas zone in each well, which is at 7130-7370 ft (Well A-1) and 3100-3280 ft (Well P-1). Shale gas zone Well A-1 and P-1 has average TOC of 5.4 wt% and 2.8 wt%. These results are supported by calculation of AI inversion, which showed a low impedance values for shale gas zone between 5000-8000 m/s*gr/cc (Line A-1) and 7200-8900 m/s*gr/cc (Line P-1).

Besides, spectral decomposition also showed high CWT anomaly at 18 Hz (Line A-1) and 20 Hz (Line P-1). Integrated analysis of seismic data, AI, and CWT indicates there are potentials area of shale gas on the anticline ridge on Line A-1 and Line P-1."

"Shale hidrokarbon masih menjadi salah satu topik hangat dalam industri perminyakan. Indonesia memiliki potensi shale gas yang cukup besar yaitu sekitar 574 TCF. Pemerintah bersama investor sedang memulai pengusahaan shale hidrokarbon. Parameter-parameter geokimia dan geomekanik merupakan aspek penting dalam eksplorasi potensi shale hidrokarbon dan memberikan informasi penting dalam rangka optimasi produksi. Namun demikian, masih cukup terbatas penelitian-penelitian terkait hubungan parameter-parameter petrofisik untuk shale hidrokarbon. Area penelitian berada pada bagian tepi selatan cekungan Sumatera Utara. Formasi Baong dipercaya sebagai target pengusahaan shale hidrokarbon dengan dominan litologi adalah shale. Formasi Baong berada pada kisaran kedalaman 1.465 ndash;3.224 m dengan mudstone tebal, didominasi oleh calcareous shale berwarna abu-abu coklat hingga hitam yang kaya foraminifera, mengindikasikan pengendapan pada lingkungan laut. Umur Formasi Baong bervariasi dari Miocen Bawah hingga Miocen Tengah dan secara vertikal dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 unit, yaitu : Baong Bagian Atas, Baong Bagian Tengah dan Baong Bagian Bawah yang didominasi oleh shale. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi potesni shale hidrokarbon dengan menganalisa Total Organic Carbon TOC , Brittleness Index BI , Hydrogen Index HI dan parameter-parameter kematangan. Berbagai metode dilakukan untuk menganalisa beberapa parameter tersebut, diantaranya dengan geokimia, mineralogi, petrofisik, cross plotting, dan interpretasi seismik. Hasil analisa Rock-Eval dan petrografi menunjukkan bahwa TOC bervariasi antara 0,1 ndash;2,3 , vitrinite reflectance Ro berkisar 0,4 ndash;0,9, HI bervariasi antara 31 ndash;171 dan temperatur maksimum Tmax berkisar antara 432 ndash;461oC. TOC menunjukkan kategori cukup hingga baik. Crossplot antara HI dan Tmax pada diagram van Krevelen menunjukkan dominasi kerogen tipe II dan III. Kerogen dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai early mature hingga mature. BI pada shale termasuk pada kategori less brittle hingga brittle. Area prospektif untuk pengembangan shale hidrokarbon yaitu pada sekuen MFS-2, MFS-3, SB-2 dan SB-3 dengan potensi berupa shale oil.

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Shale hydrocarbon remains one of the hot topics in the petroleum industry. Indonesia has a great potential shale gas resource 574 TCF , and both government and oil companies have promoted the development of shale gas. Geochemical and geomechanical parameters are important aspects for exploring new shale gas play, and it provides significant information to optimize production plan and stimulation design. However, there is limited research on correlations inter petrophysical parameters for shale hydrocarbon reservoirs. The study area is located on the southeast border of the North Sumatra Basin. Lower Baong Formation shales are believed to be favorable shale gas targets with a dominant shale lithology. The Baong Formation occurs at depths from 1.465 ndash 3.224 m in the study area with the thick mudstone, dominated by gray, brown to black calcareous shale rich in foraminifera, indicating a marine environment. The Baong Formation age varies from the Lower Miocene to Middle Miocene can split into three vertical units the Upper Baong, Middle Baong, and the dominantly shale Lower Baong. This research is aimed to characterize and identify shale hydrocarbon by examining the Total Organic Carbon TOC , Brittleness Index BI , Hydrogen Index HI and maturity parameters. Various methods were used to analyze these parameters, including geochemistry, mineralogy, petrophysics, cross plotting, and seismic interpretation. Our analysis on Rock Eval and petrographic data shows that TOC varies between 0.1 ndash 2.3 , vitrinite reflectance of 0.4 ndash 0.9 , HI varies from 31 ndash 171, and maximum temperature Tmax from 432 ndash 461oC. TOC resulted in a poor to good category. A cross plot of the HI and Tmax in the van Krevelen diagram revealed the dominant kerogen types as II and III. The kerogen can be considered as early mature to mature. The BI of the shale formation of the research area is categorized in less brittle to brittle. The prospective areas for the development of shale hydrocarbon are the sequences of MFS 2, MFS 3, SB 2 and SB 3 with the potential of shale oil."