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"Jatuh miskin karena sakit adalah situasi yang lazim terjadi. Biaya perawatan kesehatan menjadi beban keuangan yang tidak dapat diprediksi dan bersifat katastropik. Asuransi kesehatan umum digunakan sebagai bagian dari perencanaan keuangan guna memberikan proteksi keuangan dan pengelolaan risiko. Asuransi kesehatan sosial merupakan jenis asuransi kesehatan yang dapat dijangkau oleh seluruh kelompok masyarakat, termasuk kelompok miskin yang sulit menjangkau asuransi kesehatan swasta. Akan tetapi, peran dan fungsi asuransi kesehatan sosial belum dapat terjelaskan dengan baik, terutama di Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) yang memiliki skema asuransi kesehatan sosial yang masih prematur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi peran asuransi kesehatan sosial dalam memberikan proteksi keuangan di tiga LMICs yang berada di kawasan Asia Tenggara, yakni Indonesia, Filipina, dan Kamboja. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga melakukan analisis lanjutan terkait variasi cakupan asuransi kesehatan sosial guna memetakan ketimpangan antarkelompok. Penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data dari IFLS dan DHS yang diolah menggunakan metode IV-2SLS, Quantile Regression, dan Logistic. Hasil penelitian menemukan hanya program asuransi kesehatan sosial di Indonesia dan Kamboja yang berhasil memberikan proteksi keuangan bagi rumah tangga, sedangkan asuransi kesehatan sosial di Filipina hanya memberikan proteksi keuangan bagi pengobatan rawat inap. Walau demikian, cakupan asuransi kesehatan sosial di Indonesia dan Filipina masih terkonsentrasi pada kuintil kekayaan yang makin tinggi. Adapun, asuransi kesehatan sosial di Kamboja masih terlimitasi dengan tingkat cakupan yang masih sangat rendah.

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Impoverishment due to illness is a common case. Health care costs are often unpredictable and become catastrophic financial burden for households. Health insurance is generally used in financial planning to provide financial protection and risk management. As part of health insurance, social health insurance has the ability to reach all levels of society, including the poor who are unable to use private health insurance. However, the role and function of social health insurance cannot be well explained, especially in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) which have premature social health insurance schemes. This study aims to explore the role of social health insurance in providing financial protection in three LMICs in Southeast Asia, namely Indonesia, the Philippines, and Cambodia. In addition, this study also conducted further analysis related to variations in social health insurance coverage in order to map inequality between groups. This study uses data from IFLS and DHS which are processed using IV-2SLS, Quantile Regression, and Logistic methods. The results found that only social health insurance programs in Indonesia and Cambodia have succeeded in providing financial protection for households, whereas social health insurance in the Philippines provide financial protection only for the inpatient groups. However, social health insurance coverage in Indonesia and the Philippines is still concentrated in higher wealth quintiles. Meanwhile, social health insurance in Cambodia is still limited with a very low level of coverage."

"This proposed academic book contributes to the literature on asynchronous online discussions in the following three main ways: First, it reviews previous research studies in order to identify the factors leading to limited student contribution. Second, three potential guideline dilemmas that educators may encounter: (a) use of grades, (b) use of number of posting guideline, and (c) instructor-facilitation are introduced. Third, nine exploratory case studies related to student-facilitation and audio-based discussion are reported on and examined. "

"This book aims to present the first comprehensive synthesis of the context and impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to offer insights on successful and sustainable interventions and policies that work for at-risk populations. It includes 12 chapters divided into 3 parts. Part I focuses on the state of the problem and state of knowledge on the epidemiology and burden of the major NCDs. Three chapters review the epidemiology and burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (Chapter 1), cancers (Chapter 2) and neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's disease (Chapter 4). Two chapters focus on the co-morbid and multi-morbid interactions between the major NCDs and infectious diseases like HIV, tuberculosis and malaria (Chapter 3) and mental health disorders (Chapter 5). Part II focuses on best practices and innovation in research and intervention. Four chapters discuss key issues on this theme including health systems strengthening (Chapter 6), population surveillance (Chapter 7), community-based interventions (Chapter 8) and self-help approaches to NCD care (Chapter 9). Part III focuses on policy development and implementation. Three chapters offer a comprehensive analysis of existing policies relevant to NCD prevention and control. They focus on policies that work, as well as discussing the lessons that can be learned from infectious disease control (Chapter 10), NCD control in high-income countries (Chapter 11) and the current policy issues and activities arising from the 2011 UN High Level Meeting on NCDs and leading to a post-2015 global health agenda (Chapter 12)."

"[Climate change poses major socio-economic, technical and environmental challenges which will have serious impacts on countries' pathways towards sustainable development. As a result, climate change and sustainable development have increasingly become interlinked. A changing climate makes achieving Millennium Development Goals more difficult and expensive, so there is every reason to achieve development goals with low greenhouse gas emissions. This leads to the following five challenges discussed by Challenges and solutions for climate change : to place climate negotiations in the wider context of sustainability, equity and social change so that development benefits can be maximised at the same time as decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. To select technologies or measures for climate change mitigation andadaptation based on countries' sustainabledevelopment and climate goals. To create low greenhouse gas emission and climate resilient strategies and action plans in order to accelerate innovation for sustainable development and climate goals on the scale and timescale required within countries. To rationalize the current directions in international climate policy making in order to provide coherent and efficient support to developing countries in devising and implementing strategies and action plans for low emission technology transfers to deliver climate and sustainable development goals. To facilitate development of an international framework for financial resources in order to support technology development and transfer, improve enabling environments for innovation, address equity issues such as poor people's energy access, and make implementation of activities possible at the desired scale within the country. The solutions presented in Challenges and Solutions for Climate Change show how ambitious measures can be undertaken which are fully in line with domestic interests, both in developing and in developed countries, and how these measures can be supported through the international mechanisms. , Climate change poses major socio-economic, technical and environmental challenges which will have serious impacts on countries' pathways towards sustainable development. As a result, climate change and sustainable development have increasingly become interlinked. A changing climate makes achieving Millennium Development Goals more difficult and expensive, so there is every reason to achieve development goals with low greenhouse gas emissions. This leads to the following five challenges discussed by Challenges and solutions for climate change : to place climate negotiations in the wider context of sustainability, equity and social change so that development benefits can be maximised at the same time as decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. To select technologies or measures for climate change mitigation andadaptation based on countries' sustainabledevelopment and climate goals. To create low greenhouse gas emission and climate resilient strategies and action plans in order to accelerate innovation for sustainable development and climate goals on the scale and timescale required within countries. To rationalize the current directions in international climate policy making in order to provide coherent and efficient support to developing countries in devising and implementing strategies and action plans for low emission technology transfers to deliver climate and sustainable development goals. To facilitate development of an international framework for financial resources in order to support technology development and transfer, improve enabling environments for innovation, address equity issues such as poor people's energy access, and make implementation of activities possible at the desired scale within the country. The solutions presented in Challenges and Solutions for Climate Change show how ambitious measures can be undertaken which are fully in line with domestic interests, both in developing and in developed countries, and how these measures can be supported through the international mechanisms. ]"

"Obesitas telah menyerang dengan kekuatan penuh dan dampaknya adalah meningkatnya prevalensi di seluruh dunia seiring dengan meningkatnya angka kematian dan penyakit yang berhubungan dengan obesitas. Faktor genetik, hormonal dan lingkungan berinteraksi satu sama lain menyebabkan obesitas. Diet rendah kalori dan gaya hidup aktif secara fisik adalah cara utama untuk menangani obesitas. Penanganan tambahan adalah melalui intervensi farmakologis, menggunakan dua obat baru, yaitu cyclobutane methanamine HCl dan tetrahidrolipstatin, yang potensial untuk pengaturan obesitas. Cara terakhir untuk memecahkan masalah ini adalah dengan melakukan pembedahan. Akhir kata, pasien harus berkonsultasi dengan dokternya dalam memutuskan metode mana yang paling efektif untuk mencari solusi terhadap obesitas. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 53-62)

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Obesity has struck with all its might and the results are the increased world-wide prevalence along with increased mortality rate and other obesity-related diseases. Genetic, hormonal and environmental factors interact to cause obesity. Very low calorie diet and physically active lifestyle are the primary means to treat obesity. Additional intervention is by pharmacological treatment, using two new drugs, namely cyclobutane methanamine HCl and tetra hidrolipstatin that are potential for the management of obesity. Another way to solve this problem is by performing a surgery. In conclusion, patients should consult their physicians in order to decide which methods are the most effective to find a solution to combat obesity. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 53-62)"