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"ABSTRAKSanksi Ekonomi Unilateral/sepihak, telah banyak menimbulkan perdebatan dalam hukum internasional. Sanksi ekonomi merupakan alat kebijakan luar negeri yang digunakan oleh negara atau organisasi internasional untuk mempengaruhi pemerintah atau kelompok pemerintahan untuk mengubah kebijakan mereka dengan membatasi perdagangan, investasi, atau kegiatan komersial lainnya.Tindakan tersebut tentunya berlawanan dengan era perdagangan saat ini yang bertujuan untuk membangun kerjasama ekonomi secara global. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa legalitas serta efektifitas pengenaan sanksi ekonomi oleh Uni Eropa terhadap Federasi Rusia, serta meninjau keberadaan sanksi dalam peraturan hukum perdagangan internasional. Tindakan pemberian atau penjatuhan sanksi diketahui bahwa hanya merupakan kewenangan tunggal Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB), dan hanya melalui otoriasinya suatu negara atau organisasi internasional dapat memberlakukan sanksi tersebut kepada negara lain. Dalam hukum perdagangan internasional ketentuan pemberian sanksi ekonomi memang dapat diperbolehkan tetapi dalam ketentuan yang juga mengacu kepada Piagam PBB atau sebagai tindakan balasan atas pelanggaran negara target terlebih dahulu.

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ABSTRACT

Unilateral economic sanctions is already have caused many debates in international law. Economic sanctions are foreign policy tools used by countries or international organizations to influence other countries to change their policies by limiting trade, investment, or other commercial activities. Such actions are certainly controvert from the current trade era which is aims to build global economic cooperation among nations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legality and effectiveness of imposing economic sanctions by the European Union on the Russian Federation, as well as reviewing the existence of sanctions in the rules of international trade law. The act of giving or imposing sanctions is known to be the sole authority of the United Nations (UN) Security Council, and only through its authorization can a country or international organization impose such sanctions on other countries. In international trade law, the provision of economic sanctions can indeed be permitted but under special circumstances that also refer to the UN Charter provisions or as a retaliation for the violation of the target country first."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II 2018/2001 yang dikeluarkan oleh European Union (EU). Pemberlakuan regulasi mengenai Renewable Energy Directive II dapat menimbulkan kerugian bagi negara-negara pengekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) karena penggunaan CPO akan pelan-pelan dikurangi hingga 2030 untuk mencapai tujuan dari Renewable Energy Directive II. Skripsi ini secara khusus membahas mengenai apakah Delegated Regulation Renewable Energy Directive II melanggar prinsip non-discrimination atau tidak dan upaya hukum apa yang dapat dilakukan Indonesia terhadap kebijakan RED II. Pelarangan penggunaan CPO disebabkan karena kelapa sawit dianggap sebagai tanaman yang mengakibatkan deforestasi dan tidak berkelanjutan serta berisiko tinggi. Skripsi ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normative karena penelitian ini mengkaji aturan-aturan terkait Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive II terhadap prinsip non-discrimination serta pengaruhnya terhadap kebijakan perdagangan crude palm oil (CPO) di Indonesia. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder. Skripsi ini menyimpulkan bahwa Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive II melanggar prinsip non- discrimination dan Indonesia dapat menggugat ke Dispute Settlement Body WTO. Skripsi ini menyarankan jika terjadi sengketa antara Indonesia dan EU langkah- langkah yang dapat diambil oleh pihak yang bersengketa harus sesuai dengan mekanisme DSU.

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This thesis discusses the Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II 2018/2001 by the European Union (EU). The enforcement of regulations regarding Renewable Energy Directive II can cause losses for exporting countries of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) because the use of CPO will slowly be reduced until 2030 to achieve the objectives of Renewable Energy Directive II. This thesis specifically discusses whether Delegated Regulation Renewable Energy Directive II violates the principle of non-discrimination or not and what legal efforts Indonesia can make towards RED II policies. The ban on the use of CPO is because oil palm is considered a plant that causes deforestation and is unsustainable and high risk. This thesis is compiled using normative juridical method because this study examines the rules related to Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive II on the principle of non- discrimination and its influence on the trade policy of crude palm oil (CPO) in Indonesia. Data collection in this study uses secondary data. This thesis concludes that the Delegated Regulation Supplementing Renewable Energy Directive II violates the principle of non-discrimination and Indonesia can sue the WTO Dispute Settlement Body This thesis suggests that if there is a dispute between Indonesia and the EU the steps that can be taken by the parties to the dispute must be in accordance with the DSU mechanism."

"This book discusses the regulatory framework of contingent protection in the World Trade Organization (WTO) - antidumping, countervailing duties, and safeguards as well as an economic analysis of these instruments. The book's various chapters illuminate the basic functioning of all three protections."

"Dalam kerangka perdagangan internasional, penetapan kebijakan standardisasi di suatu negara dapat dipandang sebagai suatu faktor pendorong perdagangan global sekaligus sebagai suatu bentuk hambatan teknis perdagangan. Di Indonesia, kegiatan standardisasi nasional berupa penetapan kebijakan Standar Nasional Indonesia SNI Wajib telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1979. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak penerapan kebijakan SNI Wajib terhadap impor Indonesia dari 5 negara RCEP selama periode 2011-2015 untuk 25 jenis komoditas pada level HS 2 digit. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan perhitungan frequency measures, penetapan kebijakan SNI Wajib pada komoditas pertanian dan hasil pertanian akan menurunkan impor sedangkan pada komoditas manufaktur non pertanian akan meningkatkan impor Indonesia.

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In the international trade framework, the establishment of a standardization policy can be viewed as a driving factor in global trade as well as a technical barriers to trade. In Indonesia, the national standardization activities in the form of Mandatory Indonesia National Standard SNI Wajib have been conducted since 1979. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the implementation of SNI Wajib to the value of Indonesia rsquo s import from 5 RCEP countries during the period 2011 ndash 2015 for 25 commodities at the level of 2 digit HS Code. Empirical results indicate that by using frequency measures, the implementation of SNI Wajib is trade restricting for agriculture goods but trade promoting for manufacture goods."

"Proses liberalisasi perdagangan dunia sebelumnya hanya diatur secara multilateral melalui World Trade Organization WTO , tetapi sejak proliferasi free trade agreement FTA tahun 1980-an, muncul perdebatan antara building blocks dan stumbling blocks dalam melihat kaitan FTA dengan usaha liberalisasi perdagangan multilateral. Tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk memetakan persebaran perdebatan tersebut di berbagai kawasan dan fenomena kesepakatan perdagangan yang ada. Berdasarkan teknik pengorganisasian taksonomi, tinjauan literatur ini membagi pembahasan ke dalam beberapa kawasan dan fenomena yakni Amerika Utara, Amerika Latin, Eropa, Asia Timur, Asia-Pasifik, Afrika, Mega-FTA, dan komparasi lintas kawasan. Selain taksonomi, tinjauan literatur ini juga menggunakan teknik pengorganisasian tipologi untuk membagi literatur berdasarkan argumentasi building blocks dan stumbling blocks. Dari hasil tinjauan literatur, ditemukan beberapa tema utama yang memengaruhi relasi antara regionalisme dengan multilateralisme perdagangan, yakni pergeseran ke bilateralisme cross-regional, pengaruh kerja sama regional utama kawasan, dan pengaruh eksternal. Kemudian, ditemukan pula beberapa kesenjangan literatur umum dari tiap kawasan yang dapat menjadi potensi penelitian lanjutan, yakni peran kelompok epistemik, peran aliansi bisnis transnasional, dan dinamika politik intra-regional yang memengaruhi relasi regionalisme perdagangan di kawasan tersebut dengan usaha multilateralisme perdagangan.

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Previously, world trade liberalization efforts were managed multilaterally through World Trade Organization WTO, but after the proliferation of free trade agreement FTA in the 1980s, a debate emerged between the building blocks and stumbling blocks argumentations in viewing the relation of FTA with multilateral trade liberalization effort. This literature review aims to map this debate in various regions and FTA phenomenon. Based on taxonomy technique, this literature review classifies its discussion into few regions and phenomenon, which are North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, Asia Pacific, Africa, Mega-FTA, and cross-regional comparation. Besides taxonomy, this literature review also uses typology technique to classify the literature based on building blocks and stumbling blocks argumentation. Based on the literature review, several main themes that influence the relation between trade regionalism and multilateralism can be found, such as the switch to cross-regional bilateralism, the influence of the region`s main regional cooperation, and external influence. Then, this literature review also finds some literature gaps from each regions which could be potential for further research, which are the role of epistemic community, the role of transnational business alliance, and intra-regional political dynamics that influence the relation of a region rsquo;s trade regionalism with trade multilateralism effort."