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"ABSTRAKReduction of free fatty acid (FFA) in used palm oil was determined after treatment of waste cooking oil with an adsorbent derived from coffee bean husk ash. Coffee husks were burned at 600 ºC for 12 hrs to obtain the adsorbent ash. Free fatty acid removal efficiency was optimized with respect to ash dosage, contact time and temperature. It was found that shaking ash (1 g) with waste palm oil (50 g) at 250 rpm and 30°C for 330 min gave the highest reduction in free fatty acids (FFA) (1966 mg/g). The adsorption isotherm was followed by Temkin (R2 = 0.9283) and Freundlich models (R2 = 0.9146). The adsorption of FFA at all adsorbent doses followed pseudo-second order kinetics (R2 = 0.9817-0.9999). A thermodynamic study revealed that the changes in enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were 89.07 kJ/mol, -0.25 kJ/mol.K and -5.15 to -12.17 kJ/mol, respectively. The coffee husk ash (5 g ash / 50 g waste palm oil) was found to reduce FFA by 100% at 30°C.KeywordsCoffee husk, Used palm oil, Free fatty acid, Adsorption, Ash"

"The volatile chemicals from species of wild Cinnamomum spp. (C. racemosum, C. cuspidatum, C. politum, C. javanicum), Etlingera spp. (E. pyramidosphaera, E. megalocheilos, E. coccinea, E. elatior) and Schizostachyum spp. (S. blumei, S. brachycladum, S. lima, S. pilosum) found in Sabah were investigated. The oils were obtained from the bark, rhizome and culm of respective specimens by hydrodistillation and the profile of volatile chemicals was obtained using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Dominance of eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol and eugenol were consistent among the species from genus Cinnamomum. aromadendrane oxide, lauryl aldehyde, elemicin, borneol and 1-dodecanol were predominant among the species from genus Etlingera. α-elemol, coumaran, guiacol-4-vinyl, palmitic acid and phytol acetate predominate the species from genus Schizostachyum. Strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 5.62 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) were exhibited by essential oils of C. cuspidatum and E. coccinea, oil of S. blumei inhibited Listeria monocytogenes (MIC: 4.60 ± 0.5 μg mL-1), oil of C. javanicum inhibited Salmonella typhimurium (MIC: 5.50 ± 0.5 μg mL-1). meanwhile the oil of C. politum suppressed Salmonella enteritidis (MIC: 5.20 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) was measured using microdilution method. these findings reveal the potential of selected plants used by indigenous communities of Borneo as antimicrobials in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries."

"ABSTRAKThe volatile chemicals from species of wild Cinnamomum spp. (C. racemosum, C. cuspidatum, C. politum, C. javanicum), Etlingera spp. (E. pyramidosphaera, E. megalocheilos, E. coccinea, E. elatior) and Schizostachyum spp. (S. blumei, S. brachycladum, S. lima, S. pilosum) found in Sabah were investigated. The oils were obtained from the bark, rhizome and culm of respective specimens by hydrodistillation and the profile of volatile chemicals was obtained using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Dominance of eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol and eugenol were consistent among the species from genus Cinnamomum. aromadendrane oxide, lauryl aldehyde, elemicin, borneol and 1-dodecanol were predominant among the species from genus Etlingera. α-elemol, coumaran, guiacol-4-vinyl, palmitic acid and phytol acetate predominate the species from genus Schizostachyum. Strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 5.62 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) were exhibited by essential oils of C. cuspidatum and E. coccinea, oil of S. blumei inhibited Listeria monocytogenes (MIC: 4.60 ± 0.5 μg mL-1), oil of C. javanicum inhibited Salmonella typhimurium (MIC: 5.50 ± 0.5 μg mL-1). meanwhile the oil of C. politum suppressed Salmonella enteritidis (MIC: 5.20 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) was measured using microdilution method. these findings reveal the potential of selected plants used by indigenous communities of Borneo as antimicrobials in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries."

"Olive Pomace Oil (OPO) merupakan minyak yang didapat dari hasil ekstraksi ampas buah zaitun setelah pemerasan pertama. Katalis heterogen bersifat asam yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berasal dari ampas buat zaitun yang diaktivasi dan disulfonisasi. Variasi yang digunakan dalam proses esterifikasi adalah rasio oil-to-ethanol (1:9, 1:6, 1:3) dan penambahan katalis (20%, 15%, 10% w/w). Proses pertama adalah esterifikasi pada 65°C selama 5 jam dan produk dari esterifikasi akan melalui proses kedua, yaitu transesterifikasi pada 50°C selama 5 jam. Kondisi terbaik dari esterifikasi yaitu pada variasi rasio oil-to-ethanol 1:9 dengan 20 wt% katalis berdasarkan kadar asam lemak setelah 5 jam esterifikasi dan total produk yang dihasilkan dalam massa per massa awal OPO yang digunakan untuk setiap reaksi esterifikasi. Katalis heterogen yang digunakan pada esterifikasi dapat diregenerasi dan digunakan kembali sebanyak 6 kali dengan konversi asam lemak sebesar 94%. Katalis yang diregenerasi diambil dari sampel dengan oil-to-ethanol 1:9 dengan 10 wt% katalis. Proses transterifikasi dilakukan untuk produk esterifikasi dengan 1:9 20 wt%, 1:3 10 wt%, dan 1:9 10 wt%. Pengujian gas chromatography (GC) dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar gliserida dalam produk transesterifikasi. Hasil dari konversi asam lemak dan total produk yang dihasilkan dibandingkan dengan penelitian sebelumnya pada lab GEPEA.

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Olive pomace oil (OPO) has a great potential to be converted into biodiesel as it is non-edible and has a low cost acquisition. Heterogeneous acid catalyst used in this research was sulfonated activated carbon from olive pomace. The esterification was held under several conditions based on the ethanol to oil ratio (1:9, 1:6, and 1:3) and catalyst load (20 wt%, 15 wt%, and 10 wt%) at 65°C for 5 hours in a water bath. From those experiments, the best operating esterification condition was product from 1:9 oil to ethanol molar ratio with 20 wt% catalyst load based on the conversion of the fatty acid and the reaction yield. For the catalyst regeneration, the recovered catalyst from 1:9 oil to ethanol ratio and 10 wt% catalyst load which used the least amount of catalyst. The transesterification was held for the 1:9 20 wt% catalyst load esterification product, 1:3 10 wt% catalyst load esterification product, and 1:9 10 wt% catalyst load esterification product. Characterization of the product was analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) to measure the glycerides content. Lastly, the fatty acid conversion and reaction yield were compared with reaction using methanol in the previous research in GEPEA laboratory."

"Poliester sukrosa (SPE) merupakan senyawa yang memiliki struktur mirip dengan lemak alami, suatu substitusi lemak nonkalori yang tidak tercerna serta tidak terabsorpsikan. Ester sukrosa dengan derajat esterifikasi rendah banyak diaplikasikan sebagai emulsifier dan yang berderajat esterifikasi tinggi digunakan sebagai fat replacer. Sebagian besar produksi karbohidrat poliester dilakukan secara kimiawi dan saat ini masih dilindungi oleh paten. Sintesis ester sukrosa secara enzimatik dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan enzim lipase dalam pelarut organik dengan kandungan air yang sedikit.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan studi reaksi esterifikasi antara sukrosa dengan asam lemak hasil hidrolisis minyak kelapa dengan menggunakan enzim lipase Candida rugosa dalam pelarut nheksana. Enzim lipase yang digunakan memiliki aktivitas spesifik 2,45 U/mg. Analisis dengan IR menunjukkan produk hasil reaksi esterifikasi memiliki gugus ester, yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya serapan pada bilangan gelombang 1739 cm1. Analisis dengan HPLC menunjukkan bahwa ester sukrosa yang terbentuk merupakan campuran mono, di, tri, dan tetraester dengan perbandingan 40,28%, 42,05%, 13,65%, dan 4,03%. Hasil optimasi reaksi esterifikasi diperoleh bahwa kondisi optimum dari reaksi adalah pada waktu reaksi 18 jam, temperatur 30 oC, dan perbandingan mol sukrosa dengan asam lemak sebesar 1:40. Berdasarkan uji kualitatif sederhana pembentukan emulsi, produk hasil sintesis dapat digunakan sebagai emulsifier.

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Sucrose polyester is a compound that has a similiar structure with natural fat, a noncaloric fat substitute that is non digestible and non absorbable. Sucrose ester with a low degree of substitution could be applied as an emulsifier and a high degree of substitution could be used as fat replacer. Most of sucrose esters were prepared by conventional chemical esterification and still protected by patent. The enzymatic synthesis of sucrose ester can be carried out by using lipase in organic solvent with a less water content.

This research aims to study the esterification reaction between sucrose and hydrolized coconut oil fatty acid performed in nhexane using Candida rugosa lipase. The specific activity of enzyme that used in this study is 2,45 U/mg. FTIR analysis showed that the product of esterification reaction has an ester group shown by the absoption at wave number 1739 cm1. HPLC analysis showed that the synthesized product were a mixture of mono, di, tri, and tetraester with the composition ratio 40,28%, 42,05%, 13,65%, and 4,03%. The optimum condition of esterification reaction were achieve at reaction time 18 hours, temperature 30 oC, and mole ratio of sugar to fatty acid 1:40 mmol. Based on simple qualitative test of emulsion formation, the product of esterification reaction could be used as an emulsifier."

"Penelitian ini membandingkan karakteristik pengabutan dan pembakaran dari campuran minyak nabati dan bahan bakar minyak pada setiap rasio pencampuran nya. Semburan nyala api pada pembakaran yang beroperasi pada tekanan 0,2 hingga 1,2 bar diamati secara optis. Bahan bakar nabati (BBN) memiliki kekentalan (viskositas) yang besar sehingga menjadi kendala dalam proses pembakaran. Karena itu untuk menurunkan viskositas nya perlu dicampur dengan bahan bakar minyak (BBM). Pembakaran yang baik memerlukan proses pengabutan yang baik. Pada penelitian ini proses pengabutan nya menggunakan nosel jet. Pengukuran kualitas pengabutan dan pembakaran dilakukan dengan metode fotografi dan perangkat lunak pemrosesan citra. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa rasio campuran BBN dan BBM yang terbaik adalah 40% : 60% untuk semua jenis campuran (minyak jelantah dan solar, minyak curah dan solar, minyak nyamplung dan solar serta minyak curah dan minyak tanah) dan tekanan operasi terbaik adalah 1,2 bar. Pada kondisi tersebut, campuran minyak curah dan minyak solar memiliki rerata suhu nyala yang paling tinggi (391,6oF) dan distribusi partikel aerosol terkecil yang paling tinggi (73%) meskipun masih di bawah BBM murni (100%).

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The spray atomization and combustion characteristic of vegetable oil and fosil fuel are compared to those ratio of mixtures on this paper. The spray flame was contained in an optically accessible combustor which operated at 0,2 - 1,2 bar of air pressure. Vegetable Fuel (VF) contains high viscosity that has been a, constraint in the combustion process; it needs to be mixed with Fosil Fuel (FF) in order to decrease the VF viscosity. A fine atomization process is necessary to fix the combustion. Research of atomization process was tested by using nozzle jet. The atomization and combustion quality were investigate by photographic method and image processing software was used to measure the spray droplet size. As a testing result, ratio mixture of 40% : 60% of VF and FF was good ratio mixtures ( used cooking oil diesel oil, cooking oil and diesel oil, nyamplung oil and diesel fuel, cooking oil and kerosene) compared to others ratio which operated at 1,2 bar of air pressure implying flame temperature. The flame temperatur of cooking oil and diesel oil mixture reached (391,6oF) as the highest mean temperature and distribution of aerosol particle reached (73%) although produced lower than fosil fuel (100%)."

"Plastik yang banyak digunakan saat ini bersifat nonbiodegradable, sehingga limbah plastik menjadi sulit dihancurkan dan menjadi polutan. Upaya untuk mengatasi masalah limbah plastik adalah dengan membuat material plastik yang mudah diuraikan oleh alam. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) adalah salah satu jenis plastik biodegradable yang ramah lingkungan. PHB dapat dihasilkan oleh bakteri pada saat fermentasi. Pada penelitian ini proses fermentasi menggunakan bakteri Bacillus cereus strain suaeda B-001. Sumber karbon yang digunakan dalam fermentasi adalah glukosa murni dan hidrolisat tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). TKKS diubah menjadi gula reduksi melalui proses hidrolisis asam. Selanjutnya pembentukkan PHB dengan fermentasi menggunakan hidrolisat TKKS sebagai sumber karbon. Kemudian ekstraksi PHB dari dalam sel biomass untuk mendapatkan PHB murni. Hasil penelitian pada sumber karbon glukosa murni 15 g/L mendapatkan berat sel kering (CDW) sebesar 2,62 g/L dan kadar PHB sebesar 43,1 %CDW. Sedangkan pada sumber karbon hidrolisat TKKS 14,3 g/L menghasilkan berat sel kering sebesar 2,5 g/L dan kadar PHB 40 %CDW. Hasil analisa FTIR dan H NMR terhadap produk PHB menunjukkan gugus fungsi dan struktur yang mirip dengan PHB standart. Hasil analisis dengan DSC didapatkan PHB mempunyai titik leleh pada 171,52 oC, temperatur transisi pada -17,37 oC dan ΔH sebesar 105,16 J/g.

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The effort to overcome the problem of plastic waste is to make plastic material that is easily broken down by nature. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is one type of biodegradable plastic that is environmentally friendly. PHB can be produced by bacteria during fermentation.

In this study the fermentation process uses Bacillus cereus strain suaeda B-001. The carbon sources used in fermentation are pure glucose and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) hydrolyzates. OPEFB is converted into reducing sugars through an acid hydrolysis process. Furthermore, the formation of PHB by fermentation using OPEFB hydrolyzate as a carbon source. Then extraction of PHB from biomass cells to obtain pure PHB.

The results of experiment using 15 g/L of pure glucose as a carbon source obtained dry cell weight (CDW) of 2.62 g/L and accumulated PHB of 43.1% CDW. Whereas if using OPEFB hydrolyzate 14.3 g / L as a carbon source produced CDW of 2.5 g/L and accumulated PHB of 40% CDW. The results of FTIR and H NMR analysis of PHB products show functional groups and structures similar to standard PHB. Analysis with DSC found the melting point of PHB at 171.52 oC, the transition temperature of PHB at -17.37 oC and PHB had ΔH 105.16 J/g."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan material komposit armor yang lebih handal sebagai pelindung yang dibutuhkan militer dan sesuai dengan National Institute of Justice Standard. Material komposit ini berbentuk panel terbuat dari fiberglass sebagai penguat, resin unsaturated polyester sebagai matriks, dan biofiller (abu sekam padi-pati tapioka) sebagai filler. Panel komposit terdiri dari 4 tipe, yaitu: tipe-1 (single-panel), tipe-2 (multi-panel), tipe-3 abu sekam padi sebagai filler, dan tipe-4 pati tapioka sebagai filler. Komposisi panel komposit tipe-1 dengan memvariasikan jumlah layer, tipe-2 dengan memvariasikan jumlah panel, tipe-3 dengan memvariasikan fraksi volume abu sekam padi (3, 5, 7, dan 9 %v.) sebagai filler, dan tipe-4 dengan memvariasikan fraksi volume pati tapioka (30, 40, 50, dan 60 %v.) sebagai filler. Kemudian dilakukan uji balistik dengan Pistol FN amunisi kaliber 9 mm kecepatan proyektil 380 m/s dan Senapan FNC amunisi kaliber 5.56 mm kecepatan proyektil 890.2 m/s dengan rekaman video high speed camera. Karakterisasi dilakukan dengan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction dan Simultaneous Thermal Analyzers (STA). Kemampuan balistik optimum didapatkan pada komposit bi-panel dengan jumlah 7 lembar fiberglass di masing-masing panel. Kemampuan balistik komposit bi-panel meningkat dengan penambahan 9 %v. abu sekam padi sebagai filler. Kemampuan balistik bi-panel terbaik didapatkan dengan penambahan 50 %v. pati tapioka sebagai filler.

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The objective of this research is obtain more reliable composite armor material as a military-required protector in accordance with the National Institute of Justice Standard. The composite material is in the form of panels made of fiberglass as reinforcement, unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix, and biofiller (rice husk ash-tapioca starch) as fillers. Composite panels consist of 4 types, namely: type-1 (single-panel), type-2 (multi-panel), type-3 rice husk ash as filler, and type-4 tapioca starch as filler. Type-1 composite panel composition by varying the number of layers, type-2 by varying the number of panels, type-3 by varying the volume fraction of rice husk ash (3, 5, 7, and 9% wt.) As filler, and type-4 with varying the volume fraction of tapioca starch (30, 40, 50, and 60% wt.) as a filler. Then a ballistic test was performed with a 9 mm FN ammunition gun with a projectile speed of 380 m/s and FNC rifles caliber 5.56 mm projectile speed of 890.2 m/s with high speed camera video recording. Then the characterization of the materials were carried out by means of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Simultaneous Thermal Analyzers (STA). The optimum ballistic ability were obtained from bi-panel composites with 7 fiberglass layer in each panel. The ballistic ability of bi-panel composites increased with the addition of rice husk ash as a filler. The best bi-panel ballistic ability is the composite with 50 %v. tapioca starch as a filler."

"Ester asam lemak glukosa dapat diperoleh melalui reaksi esterifikasi antara glukosa dengan asam lemak hasil hidrolisis minyak sawit. Pada penelitian ini, reaksi esterifikasi dilakukan secara enzimatik menggunakan katalis lipase Candida rugosa E.C.3.1.1.3 yang terimobilisasi pada nanopartikel Fe3O4-kitosan. Nanopartikel Fe3O4-kitosan disintesis menggunakan metode kopresipitasi antara Fe3+ dan Fe2+, kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) dan FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy). Proses imobilisasi lipase pada nanopartikel Fe3O4-kitosan menggunakan metode ikat silang dengan glutaraldehida sebagai agen pengikat silang. Hasil imobilisasi lipase dianalisis menggunakan FESEM. Analisis dengan FESEM menunjukkan bahwa ukuran rata-rata partikel Fe3O4-kitosan yang dihasilkan berkisar 35 nm. Persen loading imobilisasi lipase yang diperoleh adalah 84,80%. Aktivitas hidrolisis lipase terimobilisasi sebesar 5,61 U/mg dengan aktivitas spesifik 0,374 U/mg, serta efisiensi imobilisasi sebesar 14,22%. Dari hasil reaksi esterifikasi diperoleh persen konversi asam lemak sebesar 2,92; 3,33; 3,75; 5,83; dan 8,75 pada penggunaan enzim terimobilisasi berurutan sebesar 5, 10, 20, 30, dan 40% massa substrat.

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Glucose fatty acid esters could be produced by esterification reaction between palm oil fatty acid and glucose. In this study, esterification reactions were carried out enzymatically using immobilized Candida rugosa lipase E.C. 3.1.1.3 on Fe3O4-chitosan nanoparticles. Fe3O4-chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method between Fe3+ and Fe2+ and then characterized using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) and FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy). The process of lipase immobilization on Fe3O4-chitosan nanoparticles was using crosslinking method with glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent. The immobilization lipase obtained was analyzed by FESEM. FESEM analysis showed that the average particle size of Fe3O4-chitosan nanoparticles produced was around 35 nm. Loading percentage of immobilized lipase was 84,80%. Hydrolysis activity of immobilized lipase was 5,61 U/mg with specific activity 0,374 U/mg and efficiency immobilization was 14,22%. The percentage of fatty acid conversions obtained from this study were 2,92; 3,33; 3,75; 5,83; 8,75 by using immobilized lipase each around 5, 10, 20, 30, 40% of substrate mass."

"Ester glukosa dapat disintesis secara enzimatik menggunakan lipase Candida rugosa. Pada penelitian ini digunakan lipase Candida rugosa EC 3.1.1.3 yang diimobilisasi pada nanopartikel magnetik Fe3O4. Nanopartikel Fe3O4 disintesis dengan metode kopresipitasi menggunakan NaOH sebagai agen pengendap. Lipase diimobilisasi pada kondisi pH 7,0 dan suhu 4 oC. Nanopartikel Fe3O4 yang disintesis dan hasil imobilisasi lipase Candida rugosa pada nanopartikel dikarakterisasi menggunakan Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Lipase terimobilisasi ditentukan nilai persen loading, nilai aktivitas hidrolisis, dan nilai aktivitas spesifiknya. Reaksi esterifikasi menggunakan lipase Candida rugosa terimobilisasi pada nanopartikel Fe3O4 dilakukan pada suhu 4 oC selama 20 jam. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji emulsifier terhadap produk esterifikasi yang dihasilkan. Nilai persen loading lipase terimobilisasi pada nanopartikel magnetik Fe3O4 adalah sebesar 58,53%. Aktivitas hidrolitik lipase terimobilisasi adalah sebesar 7,13 U/mL dan aktivitas spesifik lipase terimobilisasi adalah sebesar 0,47 U/mg, sedangkan aktivitas spesifik lipase bebas adalah sebesar 2,58 U/mg. Terjadi penurunan aktivitas spesifik lipase sebesar 81,22%. Nilai persen konversi asam lemak yang didapat setelah reaksi esterifikasi adalah 3,33%. Analisis produk esterifikasi dengan FT-IR menunjukkan adanya puncak serapan gugus karbonil ester (C=O) pada bilangan gelombang 1740 cm-1. Hasil uji emulsi sederhana terhadap produk ester menunjukkan produk ester yang dihasilkan terbukti dapat bertindak sebagai emulsifier.

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Ester glucose could be synthesized enzymatically using Candida rugosa lipase. In this study, Candida rugosa EC 3.1.1.3 lipase was immobilized on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles was synthesized using coprecipitation method. Fe3O4 nanoparticles which had been synthesized and the immobilized lipase were characterized using FESEM. The immobilized lipase was determined its loading percentage, hydrolytic activity, and specific activity. Esterification reaction using immobilized lipase was carried out at 4 OC for 20 hours. The loading percentage of immobilized lipase on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles was 58.53%. The hydrolytic activity of the immobilized lipase was 7.13 U/mL with spesific activity of 0.47 U/mL. Thus the specific activity of the immobilized lipase was decreased up to 81.22%. The percentage of fatty acids conversion in esterification reaction was 3,33%. The characterization of synthesized product with FT-IR showed that product exhibit the absorption group at 1740 cm-1. The synthesized product was then examined by simple emulsion test and was proved to be an emulsifier."