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"ABSTRAKMalaysias representation of women as parliamentarians remains one of the lowest in comparison to other Southeast Asian and global parliamentary democracies. However, when contextualized against Malaysias politics of divides and dissent starting from 1999 onward, there are some newer characteristics of womens involvement in formal politics. This paper explores the specificities of womens experience in formal politics under the one-party dominant rule of the National Front before it was defeated in the May 2018 general election. The paper questions various incidents of political transitioning from an old to a newer political regime. Processes such as the collaboration between womens civil society and formal state political actors, the cultivation of clientelist and patronage relations, and the maintenance of a cohesive multiparty coalition as a strategy for electoral advantage have all had fruitful bearings on the way the formalization of women in politics has developed. However, given the insufficiency of these developments for increasing womens representation, this paper proposes the more reliable gender quota or reserved seats mechanism as one of the considerations for gender electoral reform."

"Disertasi ini membahas keterkaitan antara kehidupan Suparto Brata dengan hasil karya tulisnya serta membahas pandangan Suparto Brata berkaitan dengan peranan dan kedudukan perempuan Jawa sebagaimana terepresentasikan dalam novel Donyane Wong Culika dan Bekasi Remeng-Remeng. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi sastra yang mengaitkan unsur intrinsik (berupa fakta kemanusiaan fiksionalitas) dengan unsur ekstrinsik (fakta kemanusiaan realitas). Temuan atas penelitian ini adalah bahwa latar belakang kehidupan Suparto Brata berupa hadirnya tiga perempuan (ibu, ibu mertua, istri) serta nilai-nilai budaya Jawa yang terkandung dalam ungkapan-ungkapan bahasa Jawa sangat mempengaruhi isi karya sastranya. Pandangan dan sikap perempuan Jawa berkaitan dengan permasalahan gender dilandasi oleh empat jenis motivasi yaitu motif biogenetis, motif sosiogenetis, motif teogenetis, serta motif psikogenetis. Berdasarkan keempat motivasi tersebut, sosok perempuan Jawa dapat dikatakan sebagai sosok perempuan yang humanis dan religius. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bahwa peranan perempuan Jawa sangat dominan. Perempuan Jawa dapat melakukan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan masalah domestik sekaligus publik. Dikarenakan peranannya yang sangat besar tersebut, kedudukan perempuan Jawa menjadi sangat tinggi dan sangat terhormat.

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This dissertation discusses the interrelationship between life of Suparto Brata with the results of his writings and discuss Suparto Brata`s view about the role of and position of Javanese women as represented in the novel Donyane Wong Culika and Bekasi Remeng-Remeng. This study uses sociology of literature approach that linked the intrinsic elements (in the form of humanitarian fact of fiction) with extrinsic elements (humanitarian facts of reality). The findings of this research is that the background of life of Suparto Brata form of the presence of three women (mother, mother-in-law, wife) and Javanese cultural values contained within the Java language expressions greatly influence the content of his literary work. The views and attitudes of Javanese women related to gender issues based on the four types of motivation that biogenetic motive, sosiogenetic motive, theogenetic motive, and the psikogenetic motive. Based on the fourth motivations, Javanese women can be regarded as the humanist and religious figure of women. The conclusion of this study is that the role of Javanese women is very dominant. Javanese women can do things that are related to domestic issues and public at once. Due to the very huge role, the position of Javanese women become very high and very respectable."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang ketidaksetaraan gender dalam pendidikan di Kecamatan Majalaya Kabupaten Karawang Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian eksplanatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat ketidaksetaraan gender dalam pendidikan bagi perempuan yang disebabkan oleh pengaruh akses, partisipasi, kontrol, manfaat serta nilai terhadap pendidikan. Faktor penting yang mendorong terciptanya ketidaksetaraan gender dalam pendidikan adalah nilai. Nilai yang ada membentuk stereotip negatif yang menyebabkan terjadinya marjinalisasi, subordinasi dan beban kerja pada perempuan di Kecamatan Majalaya.

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This thesis discusses gender inequality in education in Majalaya district, Karawang, West Java, by using an explanative qualitative approach. The result of the study shows that there is a gender inequality in women education influenced by the access, participation, control, benefits and value in the community. Value plays as an important influencing factor that creates gender inequality in education. The existing value in Majalaya district forms a negative stereotype that causes women marginalization, subordination and over-load work."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana tokoh anak direpresentasikan dalam drama Jepang Kotaro wa Hitorigurashi (Kotaro Lives Alone) dan melihat makna dari representasi tersebut. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori representasi Hall (1997) sebagai konsep dasar dari penelitian serta pendekatan analisis film dengan karakterisasi tokoh tertentu yang dikemukakan oleh Petrie dan Boggs (2008). Dalam menganalisis penulis juga menggunakan acuan untuk mendapatkan makna dari setiap adegan menggunakan metode pengambilan gambar, pencahayaan, dan latar yang diungkapkan Petrie dan Boggs (2008). Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menyertakan tangkapan layar dari adegan yang menampilkan tokoh anak dari segi penampilan, kehidupan anak saat tinggal seorang diri, percakapan tokoh anak dengan orang-orang di sekitarnya, dan relasi anak dengan orang tuanya. Dari hasil dari analisis ditemukan bahwa tokoh anak digambarkan sebagai tokoh yang pemberani dan mandiri, karakter mandiri dan pemberani pada tokoh anak terjadi sebagai dampak kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT) dan penelantaran anak. Drama ini dapat dilihat sebagai kritik sosial terhadap isu kekerasan rumah tangga (KDRT) dan fenomena penelantaran anak oleh orang tua di Jepang.

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This study aims to see how children's characthers are represented and their meaning in the Japanese drama Kotaro wa Hitorigurashi (Kotaro Lives Alone). The theory used in this research is the representation theory of Hall (1992) as the basic concept of the research and the film analysis approach characterization of certain characters proposed by Petrie and Boggs (2008). In analyzing, the author uses the reference to get the meaning of each scene using the method of taking pictures, lighting, and setting as stated by Petrie and Boggs (2008). In analyzing the data, the author includes screenshots of scenes that show the child's character in terms of appearance, the child's life when he lives alone, the conversation of the child's character with the people around him, and the child's relationship with his parents. The result found that child characters' representations are depicted as brave and independent characters. The brave and independent characters appear due to domestic violence (DV) and child neglect. This drama can be viewed as a social criticism of the domestic violence (DV) issue and the phenomenon of child neglect by parents in Japan."

"ABSTRAKDrag Queen merupakan seorang laki-laki gay yang menunjukkan sisi feminin dengan tujuan eksplisit untuk menghibur dan tampil di depan audiens. Kini, drag queen tidak hanya tampil di klub, bar, atau teater, melainkan tampil dalam sebuah tayangan televisi berjudul RuPaul s Drag Race dan RuPaul s Drag U. Menggunakan metode studi literatur, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana representasi sisi feminin dari drag queen yang tampil di televisi. Representasi tersebut dapat dilihat dari sisi kostum, tampilan fisik, bahasa yang digunakan, seks, dan gender. Tulisan ini juga menjelaskan bagaimana identitas gender mereka antara yang ditampilkan pada sebuah tayangan dan kehidupan personalnya, serta persepsi dari masyarakat mengenai drag queen itu sendiri.

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ABSTRACTDrag Queen is a gay man who shows a feminine side with an explicit aim to entertain and appear in front of an audience. Now, drag queen does not only appear in clubs, bars or theaters but appears on a television show titled RuPaul s Drag Race and RuPaul s Drag U. Using the literature study method, this paper aims to see how the feminine side of drag queen appears on television. This representation can be seen in terms of costume, physical appearance, language used, sex, and gender. This paper also explains how their gender identity is displayed on a show and personal life, as well as perceptions from the public regarding drag queen itself."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai representasi federalisme dalam uang kertas rubel Federasi Rusia emisi 1997-2017. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan gambar-gambar yang terdapat dalam uang kertas rubel Federasi Rusia emisi 1997-2017 dan sejauh mana gambar-gambar tersebut merepresentasikan federalisme di Federasi Rusia. Bahan penelitian yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah gambar-gambar uang kertas rubel dari situs resmi Bank Sentral Rusia. Teori-teori yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah teori semiotika C.S. Peirce, teori representasi uang J.D. Peters, teori federalisme W.H. Riker dan teori federalisme Rusia M. Russel. Metode yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa federalisme dalam uang kertas rubel emisi 1997-2017 dapat terlihat melalui penggunaan gambar-gambar seperti lambang-lambang dan landmark yang mewakili pemerintah federal dan subjek federal Federasi Rusia.

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This study discusses the representation of federalism in the Russian Federation ruble banknotes, issue 1997-2017. The aim of this study is to decipher the images contained in the Russian Federation ruble banknotes, issue 1997-2017, and to explain how far can these images represent federalism in the Russian Federation. The research material used in this study are pictures of ruble banknotes, issue 1997-2017, from the official website of the Central Bank of Russia. The theories used in this study are C.S. Peirce's theory of semiotics, J.D. Peters' theory of money representation, W.H. Riker's theory of federalism, and M. Russel's theory of Russian federalism. The methods used in this research are descriptive method and literary study. The results indicate that federalism can be seen through the use of images such as emblems and landmarks representing the federal government and the federal subject of the the Russian Federation."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana kawaii menurut Kinsella (1995) direpresentasikan dalam poster COVID-19 di Jepang dalam kurun waktu pandemi, yaitu dari tahun 2020 hingga 2021. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Data yang akan dianalisis merupakan tiga contoh poster kesehatan yang diambil dari tiga situs lembaga dan perusahaan yang berbeda. Ketiga poster akan dianalisis menggunakan teori semiotik oleh Roland Barthes (1967), dan hasil pemaknaannya menggunakan teori representasi menurut Stuart Hall (1997). Hasil dari penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat makna denotasi dan konotasi dari tanda yang muncul dalam poster tersebut. Representasi kawaii dalam poster digunakan untuk menarik perhatian pembaca, menghilangkan rasa takut dan menjadikan informasi yang terkandung dalam poster menjadi lebih mudah dimengerti.

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This study aims to explain how kawaii according to Kinsella (1995) is represented within Japanese COVID-19 posters during the pandemic, which is from 2020 to 2021. A qualitative approach would be used in this study. The data used are three examples of health posters taken from three different institutions and companies' websites. The three posters will be analyzed using Roland Barthes’ theory of semiotics (1967), and the results further analyzed using Stuart Hall’s theory of representation (1997). The results of the study reveal that there are denotative and connotative meanings of the signs that appear in the poster. The representation of kawaii in such posters are used as an attention-grabber, to eliminate fear and to make the information contained within the poster easier to understand."

"[Tesis ini membahas tentang seputar fenomena sosial yang muncul di sekitar siswi SMU di Jepang yang direpresentasikan oleh tokoh utama dalam novel Install dan Keritai Senaka karya Wataya Risa. Tokoh utama dalam kedua novel merupakan siswi SMA, yang mana termasuk generation z, generasi yang lahir setelah tahun 1980-an di Jepang. Penulis menggunakan objek data berupa dua buah novel karangan Wataya Risa, yaitu: Install, yang menceritakan tentang siswi SMA berusia 17 tahun yang membolos sekolah dan memutuskan bekerja sama melakukan fūzoku chatto (sex chatting) bersama bocah SD berusia 12 tahun; dan novel Keritai Senaka, yang menceritakan persahabatan dua siswi SMA, salah satu merasa dikhianati dan akhirnya mencurahkan rasa kesendirian tersebut ke sorang siswa otaku di kelasnya. Pada kedua novel ini, penulis menemukan representasi fenomena sosial seputar kehidupan siswi SMA di Jepang, serta adanya pesan dari pengarang novel yang ingin disampaikan kepada pembaca.Tesis ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis unsur-unsur instrinsik, selanjutnya menggunakan teori sosiologi sastra, serta konsep generation Z yang diperkenalkan oleh Atsushi Miura. Hasil penelitian dari kedua novel ini menghasilkan 9 representasi dari fenomena sosial di Jepang antara tahun 1980-2000, yaitu: generasi pengguna teknologi; generasi yang mengalami krisis identitas; generasi yang kesepian; generasi yang tidak tertarik pergi ke sekolah; bunuh diri di kalangan pelajar; ketidakterikatnya hubungan ibu-anak; populernya prostitusi online di kalangan siswi SMA; individu yang tak bisa lepas dari seksualitas; perilaku otaku; serta munculnya fenomena herbivore men dan carnovore girl.;This thesis explain about social phenomenons around Japanese high school girls which representated by main character based on novel Install and Keritai Senaka, written by Wataya Risa. Both of main character in the novels is a high school girls called Generation Z, mention to Japanese generation was born after 1980s. This literature object are two novels written by Wataya Risa: First, Install, story about 17 years old high school girl decided to skip class for a month, then playing along with 12 years old elementary school boy for doing sex chat, a kind of small prostitution business; Second, Keritai Senaka, telling about friendship of two high school girls, but one of them feel jealous to other, and finally put her alone feelings to otaku boy. Both of this novel representating of social phenomenons around Japanese high school, and an implicit messages from author to readers.Analyzing this thesis using instrinsic structure which construct a novel, then based on that analyze with literature sociology theory, and „Generation Z‟ theory which introduced by Atsushi Miura. Result from this research of two novels, I found 9 representation of Japanese high school during 1980-2000s, there are: generation of technology; generation have a identity crisis; loner individual; generation are used to skip the class, suicide among student; unrelated connection between mother-child; popularity of online prostitute among high school girls; individual addicted with sexual activity; otaku phenomena; and phenomena of herbivore men dan carnovore girl, This thesis explain about social phenomenons around Japanese high school girls which representated by main character based on novel Install and Keritai Senaka, written by Wataya Risa. Both of main character in the novels is a high school girls called Generation Z, mention to Japanese generation was born after 1980s. This literature object are two novels written by Wataya Risa: First, Install, story about 17 years old high school girl decided to skip class for a month, then playing along with 12 years old elementary school boy for doing sex chat, a kind of small prostitution business; Second, Keritai Senaka, telling about friendship of two high school girls, but one of them feel jealous to other, and finally put her alone feelings to otaku boy. Both of this novel representating of social phenomenons around Japanese high school, and an implicit messages from author to readers.Analyzing this thesis using instrinsic structure which construct a novel, then based on that analyze with literature sociology theory, and „Generation Z‟ theory which introduced by Atsushi Miura. Result from this research of two novels, I found 9 representation of Japanese high school during 1980-2000s, there are: generation of technology; generation have a identity crisis; loner individual; generation are used to skip the class, suicide among student; unrelated connection between mother-child; popularity of online prostitute among high school girls; individual addicted with sexual activity; otaku phenomena; and phenomena of herbivore men dan carnovore girl]"