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Peningkatan konsumsi energi di Indonesia mendorong pertumbuhan produksi biodiesel dari kelapa sawit. Akan tetapi, produksi biodiesel dari kelapa sawit mengonsumsi sejumlah besar air dan energi untuk suplai air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan analisis terhadap hubungan konsumsi air dan energi (water-energy nexus) pada produksi biodiesel di Provinsi Riau. Simulasi proses produksi biodiesel dilakukan menggunakan Unisim Design R390.1 sebagai bagian dari Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) untuk mengevaluasi konsumsi energi dan emisi CO₂. Konsumsi air pada produksi biodiesel ditentukan menggunakan metode water footprint. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa water footprint untuk FFB, CPO dan biodiesel adalah 671 m³/t FFB, 3.292 m³/t CPO, dan 3.432 m³/t biodiesel. Total konsumsi energi dan emisi CO₂ pada produksi biodiesel adalah 14,252 MJ/t biodiesel and 608,6 kg CO_2-eq/t biodiesel. Produksi CPO dan biodiesel di kilang membutuhkan air sekitar 41,2 dan 2,47 juta m³. Energi listrik yang dibutuhkan untuk menyuplai air tersebut adalah 91 dan 3,6 juta kWh. Dibandingkan dengan produksi energi lain, produksi biodiesel di Riau pada tahun 2017 merupakan konsumen air terbesar, yaitu sekitar 99,3% dari total air yang diambil, terutama digunakan pada tahap perkebunan, dan konsumen energi terbesar kedua, yaitu sekitar 31,7% dari total energi listrik untuk suplai air pada produksi CPO dan biodiesel.

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The increase of energy consumption in Indonesia induces the production of palm oil biodiesel. However, palm oil biodiesel production consumes a large amount of water and energy to supply water. The purpose of this study is to conduct analysis on the relationship between water and energy consumption (energy-water nexus) in biodiesel production in Riau Province. The process simulation of biodiesel production at refinery was done with Unisim Design R390.1 as part of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the energy consumption and CO₂ emission. Water consumption in biodiesel production was calculated using water footprint method. The result showed that water footprint for FFB, CPO, and biodiesel were 671 m³/t FFB, 3,292 m³/t CPO, and 3,432 m³/t biodiesel, respectively. The total energy consumption and CO₂ emission in biodiesel production was 14,252 MJ/t biodiesel and 608.6 kg CO_2-eq/t biodiesel. Production of CPO and biodiesel in refineries required around 41.2 and 2.47 million m³ of water. The electricity needed to supply water is 91 and 3.6 million kWh. Compared to other energy production, biodiesel production in Riau in 2017 is the largest water consumer, around 99.3% of total water abstraction, which is mainly rainwater used for plantation stage, and the second largest energy consumer, about 31.7% of total electricity to supply water for CPO and biodiesel production.

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"Biodiesel merupakan merupakan salah satu alternatif solusi untuk mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar berbasis minyak bumi. Bahkan kini penggunaan biodiesel dengan basis minyak kelapa sawit telah mulai dikomersilkan. Namun penggunaan minyak kelapa sawit sebagai bahan baku biodiesel erat kaitannya dengan isu-isu lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis besar emisi dan dampak lingkungan yang dihasilkan dalam produksi biodiesel, sekaligus membandingkan dampaknya dengan dampak lingkungan solar. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak SimaPro. Data yang digunakan merupakan data primer perusahaan dengan dilengkapi data sekunder dari literatur serta database global. Pendekatan batasan sistem yang diterapkan adalah cradle-to-gate, yaitu dimulai dari tahap kebun benih, pembibitan, perkebunan, pabrik kelapa sawit, stasiun penyimpanan, dan pabrik rafinasi. Metode analisis dampak lingkungan yang digunakan adalah metode ReCiPe 2016 midpoint (H). Berdasarkan perhitungan, dampak lingkungan global warming potential yang dihasilkan 1 ton biodiesel sebesar 959,56 kg CO2-eq. Dibandingkan dengan nilai GWP solar, apabila dilakukan penggantian bahan bakar komersil menjadi B20 didapatkan perhitungan bahwa akan terjadi penurunan dampak GWP sebesar 13% atau 2,46 juta ton CO2-eq selama satu tahun di Indonesia. 

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Biodiesel is considered as a viable alternative solution to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel-based fuels. The utilization of biodiesel derived from palm oil has started to be commercialized. However, the use of palm oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production is closely associated with environmental issues. This study aims to analyze the magnitude of emissions and environmental impacts generated in biodiesel production and compare them with the environmental impacts of conventional diesel fuel. The analysis is conducted using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with the SimaPro software. The data used include primary data from the company, supplemented with secondary data from literature and global databases. The system boundary applied in this study is cradle-to-gate, starting from the seed production, nursery, estate, palm  oil mill, bulking, and refinery. The environmental impact assessment method used is the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint (H). Based on the calculations, the global warming potential (GWP) impact generated by 1 ton of biodiesel is estimated at 959.56 kg CO2-eq. When compared to the GWP value of conventional diesel fuel, replacing commercial fuel with a blend of 20% biodiesel (B20) would result in a 13% reduction in GWP impact, equivalent to 2.46 million tons of CO2-eq over one year in Indonesia."

"Peningkatan global warming akibat bahan bakar fosil mendorong penggunaan bahan bakar nabati (BBN) atau biofuel, seperti biogasoline, bioavtur, bioLPG, dan renewable diesel sebagai alternatif dari bahan bakar fosil untuk kehidupan sehari-hari. BBN bersifat lebih ramah lingkungan dan ketersediaan bahan bakunya melimpah di Indonesia, seperti minyak kelapa sawit sebagai minyak nabati pangan dan minyak kemiri sunan sebagai minyak nabati non-pangan yang memiliki produktivitas tertinggi dibandingkan minyak nabati lainnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis tahapan daur hidup produksi BBN yang menghasilkan dampak lingkungan dan menentukan skenario alternatif bahan baku pada produksi BBN yang berdampak paling minimum. Metode yang digunakan adalah Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), dengan lingkup cradle-to-gate yang meliputi tahap pembukaan lahan, perkebunan, ekstraksi minyak, sintesis BBN, dan transportasi distribusi. Software OpenLCA dengan database Bioenergiedat digunakan dalam menganalisis dampak lingkungan dalam memproduksi 1 ton BBN. Alternatif bahan baku yang digunakan adalah buah sawit dan buah kemiri sunan hasil perkebunan serta minyak sawit dan minyak kemiri sunan dari pemasok minyak. Analisis ditinjau dari aspek emisi, yaitu CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NOx, SOx, dan NMVOCs, serta aspek dampak terendah yang dihasilkan dari produksi BBN dengan keempat alternatif bahan baku. Minyak kemiri sunan merupakan bahan baku yang paling ramah lingkungan dengan emisi terendah, dimana CO2 (18859.45 kg) dan NOx (42.41 kg) adalah emisi dengan nilai tertinggi. Potensi dampak lingkungan tertinggi dari produksi BBN dengan minyak kemiri sunan adalah global warming potential (GWP) (16400.4 kg CO2 eq/ton BBN), Human toxicity (50.9 kg 1,4-DB eq/ton BBN), dan acidification (21.21 kg SO2 eq/ton BBN). Kontribusi dampak terbesar adalah tahapan sintesis BBN dengan persentase lebih dari 50% di setiap kategori dampak yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh penggunaan diesel. Solusi yang direkomendasikan dalam mengurangi dampak terhadap lingkungan adalah dengan pengalihan penggunaan diesel menjadi renewable diesel sebagai bahan bakar pada produksi BBN.

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Increased global warming due to fossil fuels encourage the use of biofuels, such as biogasoline, bioavtur, bioLPG, and renewable diesel as an alternative to fossil fuels for daily life. Biofuel is more environmentally friendly and high availability of raw materials in Indonesia, such as palm oil as edible vegetable oil and blanco airy shaw oil as non-edible vegetable oil which has the highest productivity compared to other vegetable oils. This study was conducted to analyze the emissions and environmental impacts caused by the life cycle of biofuel production. Also, to determine which raw material produce the least emissions and impacts from biofuel production process. The method used is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), with a cradle-to-gate scope that includes the stages of land clearing, plantation, oil extraction, biofuel synthesis, and transportation distribution. OpenLCA software with Bioenergiedat database is used in analyzing environmental impacts in producing 1 ton of biofuel. Alternatives of raw material used are palm fresh fruit bunches and blanco airy shar fruit from plantation, and also palm oil and blanco airy shaw oil. The analysis is examined from the aspect of emissions, namely CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NOx, SOx, and NMVOCs, as well as the lowest impact aspects resulting from biofuel production with the four alternatives of raw material. The result is blanco airy shaw oil turns out to be the most environmentally friendly raw material with the lowest emissions, where CO2 (18859.45 kg) and NOx (42.41 kg) have the highest emission values. The highest potential environmental impact of biofuel production using blanco airy shaw oil is global warming potential (GWP) (16400.4 kg CO2 eq/ton BBN), Human toxicity (50.9 kg 1.4-DB eq/ton BBN), and acidification (21.21 kg SO2 eq/ton BBN). The biggest impact contribution is the synthesis of biofuel process with a percentage of more than 50% in each impact category, which is mostly caused by the use of diesel fuel. The recommended solution to reduce the impact on the environment is by diverting the use of diesel to renewable diesel as fuel in biofuel production."

"Produksi Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN) di Indonesia, terutama biodiesel, sudah banyak dilakukan menggunakan bahan baku minyak kelapa sawit. Namun hal tersebut menimbulkan kompetisi dengan kebutuhan pangan. Saat ini mulai dikembangkan pembuatan BBN dengan menggunakan minyak nabati non-pangan, seperti minyak nyamplung. Proses produksi BBN menghasilkan emisi dan dampak lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan besar emisi gas dan dampak lingkungan dari produksi BBN berbasis kelapa sawit dan nyamplung, serta menentukan alternatif bahan baku yang paling ramah lingkungan. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) menggunakan perangkat lunak OpenLCA. Batasan sistem pada penelitian ini adalah cradle to gate yang meliputi tahap pembukaan lahan sampai dengan tahap distribusi produk. Emisi gas yang dihasilkan dalam produksi BBN adalah emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) berupa CO2 N2O, dan CH4, serta emisi gas polutan berupa CO, NOx, SOx, dan NMVOC. Hasil yang diperoleh menyatakan produksi BBN dengan bahan baku minyak nyamplung merupakan yang paling ramah lingkungan, dengan emisi terbesar adalah CO2 senilai 15129,05 kg CO2/ton BBN dan emisi terkecil adalah N2O senilai 9,3E-06 kg N2O/ton BBN. Potensi dampak lingkungan terbesar yang dihasilkan adalah Global Warming senilai 15647,30 kg CO2 eq, Human Toxicity senilai 50,89 kg 1,4-DB eq, dan Acidification senilai 21,21 kg SO2 eq.

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Biofuel production in Indonesia, especially biodiesel, has been carried out using palm oil as the raw material. However, this has created competition with food needs. Therefore, currently biofuel production is being developed with non-food vegetable oil, such as nyamplung oil. The biofuel production process produces emissions and environmental impacts. This study aims to analyze the comparison of gas emissions and environmental impacts of biofuel production from palm oil and nyamplung oil, and determine the most environmentally friendly raw material. The analysis was conducted using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with OpenLCA software. The scope in this study is cradle to gate, start from land clearing process until product distribution. Gas emissions produced in biofuel production are GHG emissions in the form of CO2 N2O, and CH4, and pollutant gas emissions in the form of CO, NOx, SOx, and NMVOC. The result showed that biofuel production from nyamplung oil is the most environmentally friendly, with the largest emissions produced is CO2 worth 15129,05 kg CO2/ton biofuel and the smallest is N2O worth 9,30E-06 kg N2O/ton biofuel. The biggest environmental impact produced was Global Warming 15647,30 kg CO2 eq, Human Toxicity 50,89 kg 1.4-DB eq, and Acidification 21,21 kg SO2 eq.

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"The focus of this research is to analyze potential environmental impact in the supply chain of palm oil biodiesel industries. Simple Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is applied to analyze impacts, produced by the three main units in the supply chain of Palm-Oil-based Biodiesel, which are Palm Plantation, CPO mill, and Biodiesel Plant. We developed LCA calculation model using spreadsheet software, used to assess a number of input scenarios to evaluate the best scenario, in variation of: land quality, land area and the rate of clearing, land clearing technique and type of the original land. The biggest potential environmental impact is the contribution to global warming impact which emissions are produced mostly from unit plantation. Although plantation has biggest potential to contribute to environmental impact, it also gives biggest reduction to global warming impact. In general, the biggest environmental impact in the LCA category is climate change, followed by photo-oxidant formation and eutrophication. The biggest impacts in the supply chain are from the plantation, especially when choosing the right technique for land clearing. In addition, due to LCA linearity nature, the scenario that we tested does not change the total accumulative environmental impacts."

"Pengembangan dan pemanfaatan bahan bakar cair alternatif seperti biodiesel dari mikroalga menjadi perhatian utama oleh banyak kalangan. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh peningkatan kebutuhan bahan bakar minyak (BBM) disaat kondisi cadangan dan produksi minyak yang terus menyusut dan pemanfaatan BBM yang berdampak terhadap pemanasan global. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui produktivitas biomassa Synechococcus HS-9 sebagai kandidat bahan baku yang potensial untuk menghasilkan biodiesel, mengetahui pengaruh hidrodinamik terhadap proses pertumbuhan Synechococcus HS-9 selama proses kultivasi, proses optimasi mulitiobjektif untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi biomassa dan efisiensi energi yang optimal, serta mengetahui potensi dampak lingkungan melalui analisis LCA. Proses kultivasi Synechococcus HS-9 dilakukan menggunakan Rectangular Airlift Photobioreactor Using Baffles (RAPBR- Bs). Data gambar dan video gelembung di dalam RAPBR-Bs diambil dengan menggunakan high speed camera Fastec TS5 untuk keperluan analisis hidrodinamik. Optimasi multiobjektif dilakukan dengan menggunakan Artificial Neural Network (ANN) dan Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA). Analisis LCA menggunakan software LCA GABI versi 10.5.1.124 commercial license dan database Ecoinvent 3.7.1. Berdasarkan analisis data hasil eksperimen diperoleh hasil proses kultivasi Synechococcus HS-9 berupa biomassa kering sebesar 3,226 g dengan produktivitas biomassa 0,0117 mg/l/hari dan laju pertumbuhan sel sebesar 0,012 per hari. Parameter hidrodinamik seperti propertis gelembung, yaitu kecepatan gelembung, diameter gelembung, bilangan non dimensional, superficial gas velocity, bubble rise velocity, dan gas holdup, serta proses perpindahan massa yang terjadi di dalam RAPBR-Bs sangat berpengaruh dan meningkatkan proses pertumbuhan Synechococcus HS-9 selama proses kultivasi. Hasil optimasi menggunakan ANN-GA diperoleh nilai optimum target, yaitu konsentrasi biomaas (C)= 4,61x10-5 mg/ml dan efisiensi energi (ղ) = 0,043 %. Nilai target tersebut paling optimum pada nilai input T = 29,7 0C; I= 254,7 μmol m-2s-1; pH = 8,6; CO2 = 83,4 ppm; ORP =149,1 mV; dan DO =6 mg/l. Analisis LCA yang dilakukan selama proses produksi biomassa Synechococcus HS-9 menunjukkan penggunaan listrik dan kompresor berkontribusi paling tinggi terhadap dampak lingkungan. Proses produksi biomassa kering Synechococcus HS-9 menyebabkan dampak terhadap lingkungan sebesar 8,38x10-9 Pt. Lima kategori dampak yang merasakan secara signifikan, yaitu Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential, Human Toxicity Potential, Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Pot, Abiotic Depletion, dan Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years).

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The development and utilization of alternative liquid fuels such as biodiesel from microalgae is a major concern for many people. This is due to the increasing demand for fuel oil when the condition of oil reserves and production are shringking and the use of fuel oil has an impact on global warming. The aims of the study were to determine the biomass productivity of Synechococcus HS-9 as a potential raw material candidate to produce biodiesel, the effect of hydrodynamics on the growth process of Synechococcus HS-9 during the cultivation process, the multi-objective optimization process to obtain optimal biomass concentration and energy efficiency, and the LCA analysis. The cultivation of Synechococcus HS-9 was carried out in a Rectangular Airlift Photobioreactor with Baffle (RAPBR-Bs). For hydrodynamic analysis, image and video data of bubbles in the RAPBR-Bs were taken using a Fastec TS5 high speed camera. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA) were used for multi-objective optimization. LCA analysis was performed with the LCA GABI software version 10.5.1.124 commercial license and the Ecoinvent 3.7.1 database. Based on the analysis of experimental data, Synechococcus HS-9 cultivation process produced 3,226 g of dry biomass with a biomass productivity of 0,0117 mg/L/day and a cell growth rate of 0,012 per day. Hydrodynamic parameters such as bubble properties, such as bubble velocity, bubble diameter, non-dimensional number, superficial gas velocity, bubble rise velocity, and gas holdup, as well as mass transfer processes that occur in RAPBR-Bs, have a large influence on the growth of Synechococcus HS-9 during cultivation. Optimization results using ANN-GA obtained the optimum target value, namely biomass concentration (C) = 4,61x10-5 mg/ml and energy efficiency (ղ) = 0,043 %. The target value is the most optimum at the input value T = 29,7 0C; I= 254,7 μmol m-2s-1; pH = 8,6; CO2 = 83,4 ppm; ORP = 149,1 mV; and DO = 6 mg/l. LCA analysis conducted during the Synechococcus HS-9 biomass production process showed that the use of electricity and compressors contributed the most to the environmental impact. The dry biomass production process of Synechococcus HS-9 causes an environmental impact of 8,38x10-9 Pt. Five categories of impacts that felt significantly, namely Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Pot, Human Toxicity Potential, Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Pot, Abiotic Depletion, and Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years)."