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"Material plastik sudah menjadi salah satu bagian penting bagi manusia karena memiliki sifat elastis yang tinggi, mudah dibentuk, dan ringan sehingga mempermudah manusia dalam berbagai kepentingannya. Namun, produksi massal yang berlebihan dan selalu bertumbuh secara eksponensial untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar tanpa pengelolaan yang baik dapat menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan, mengganggu habitat makhluk hidup, hingga memicu bencana alam karena sifatnya yang sulit mengalami terdegradasi secara alami. Salah satu solusi yang ditawarkan adalah menggunakan metode pirolisis untuk memecah rantai karbon pada limbah plastik sehingga mudah diproses secara alami bahkan dapat menjadi konversi energi menjadi bentuk lainnya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi pengaruh penambahan zeolit pada sampel limbah plastik berbasis polipropilen untuk mengetahui perubahan nilai energi aktivasi jika dibandingkan dengan reaksi pirolisis polipropilen murni. Metode isokonversional dalam bentuk metode Friedman dan Flynn-Wall-Ozawa digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai energi aktivasi proses pirolisis sebelum dan sesudah penambahan zeolit.

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Plastics materials have been an integral part in peoples daily life due to their high elasticity, formability and lightweight which are suitable for many products. However, exponentially growth of plastics waste leads to heavy environmental problems due to the plastics nature which is not easily degradable. One of solution to alleviate environmental problems due to plastics waste is to use pyrolysis method to burn plastics waste and convert them into lighter hydrocarbon which can be used as a source of energy. In this final project, the addition of zeolite catalyst in pyrolysis process of Polypropilene plastic waste has been studied in the terms of energy activation. Isoconversional Friedman and  Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used. It wa found that the addition of zeolite of 10 % w/w can reduce the activation energy around 40 kJ/mol."

"Penelitian ini menghasilkan katalis komposit Zeolit Alam Lampung (ZAL) terintegrasi dengan TiO2 yang dapat mengeliminasi polutan gas NO2 secara simultan sehingga dapat diaplikasikan sebagai masker kesehatan. Katalis komposit dibuat dengan mechanical mixturing dan didapatkan komposisi TiO2 10%-ZAL 90% sebagai yang terbaik dalam mengeliminasi polutan gas NO2. Katalis komposit ini akan mendegradasi gas NO2 menjadi HNO3 yang bersifat non-toksik lewat proses adsorpsi dan fotokatalisis. Katalis komposit ini dapat mendegradasi gas NO2 dalam paparan konsentrasi awal 0,15-0,3 ppm dalam waktu 1,1-1,82 jam."

"Previous research of thermal co-pyrolysis of biomass-plastics where plastics function as hydrogen donor to induce synergistic effect on non-oxygenated fraction of bio-oil has reached a condition that there was a difficulty of separating non-oxygenated compounds from oxygenated compounds either at low heating rate. It was suspected that the content of high molecular weight of compounds especially polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in bio-oil retarded this separation. At low heating rate, most of co-pyrolysis until recently have been conducted in fixed bed and auger reactors. The present work proposed a stirred tank reactor as the reactor alternative to avoid formation of PAH in bio-oil. A series of experiments of co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene at low heating rate (5oC/min) with maximum temperature of 500oC has been conducted with the ultimate goal of producing non-oxygenated fraction of bio-oil similar to diesel fuel. The qualities of the fraction targeted were its viscosity, double bond content and branching number of carbon chains. The values of these properties in diesel fuel are 2.7 cStokes, 0%, 0.4, respectively. The experiments involved 3 different reactors, i.e. the first, a stirred tank reactor with its aspect ratio (the ratio of the height to the diameter) of 2.0, the second, a stirred tank reactor with aspect ratio of 1.35 and the third, a dispecement reactor. Nitrogen gas as a sweeping gas was predicted to generate local turbulence favouring convective heat transfer. The work has resulted in some important results, i.e. the first, there was phase separation between oxygenated and non-oxygenated fractions, the second, synergistic effects in copyrolysis have been achieved both in bio-oil and non-oxygenated fraction yields, the third, non-oxygenated fraction had viscosity of 2.03 + 6.47% cStokes, the fourth, nonoxygenated fraction contained only 6-7% double bonds, which eases the hydrogenation reaction in further processing for double bond saturation, the fifth, non-oxygenated fraction had average branching number of 0.57, slightly above that of diesel fuel, which is unfavourable to reach short ignition delay time in the combustion, the sixth, the aspect ratio of the reactor significantly affected the extent of biomass pyrolysis, but not polypropylene pyrolysis."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan zeolite tanpa kalsinasi dan yang dikalsinasi sebagai penguat polipropilena (PP). Sampel PP diperkuat dengan zeolite dengan jumlah yang berbeda, yakni 2, 4, dan 6% berat. Sifat mekanik yang diamati adalah kekuatan tarik, perpanjangan putus dan modulus Young. Sifat termal dianalisis denganmenggunakan DSC dan DTA/TGA. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh kekuatan tarik dan modulus Young zeolit kalsinasi meningkat. Perpanjangan putus pada penambahan zeolit sampai 4% mengalami peningkatan namun terjadi penurunan pada penambahan 6%. Zeolit tanpa kalsinasi menunjukan perpanjangan putus lebih rendah dari zeolit kalsinasi. Analisis termal dengan DT A/TGA pada zeolit kalsinasi memiliki daya tahan termal lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan zeolit tanpa kalsinasi, yang ditandai dengan peningkatan temperatur dekomposisi zeolit kalsinasi. Dari analisis DSC didapatkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang sigifikan antara titik lebur sampel, namun sampel yang diberi zeolite kalsinasi memiliki entalpi yang relatif lebih rendah.

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AbstractThis study was carried out to compare mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with uncalcined and calcined zeolites. The PP samples were reinforced with zeolites at various quantities of 2, 4, and 6 (wt%). The comparison of the two types of zeolite was based on mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young?s modulus, and thermal characteristics analyzed using DSC, and DTA/TGA technique. The results obtained clearly revealed that both zeolites were able to significantly increase tensile strength and Young?s modulus of the samples, with calcined zeolite was found to work better. Additionof calcined zeolite was found to result in increased fracture elongation of the samples reinforced with up to 4 wt% zeolite but decreased sharply for the sample reinforced with 6 wt% zeolite, while for the samples reinforced with uncalcined zeolite, no consistent trend was observed. Thermal analyses demonstrated that the samples reinforced with calcined zeolite are more resistant to thermal treatment than those reinforced with uncalcined zeolite, asindicated by their higher decomposition temperature. DSCanalysis revealed that there was no significant differenceof the melting points of the samples was observed, but the effect of the quantity of zeolite on enthalphy was quite evident, in which the enthalpies of the samples reinforced with calcined zeolites were relatively lower than those of the samples reinforced with uncalcined zeolites. "

"Congo Red (CR) merupakan senyawa diazo yang sering digunakan dalam industri sebagai zat warna dan bersifat karsinogenik. Modifikasi ZnO/Zeolit oleh nanopartikel emas (AuNP) menggunakan ekstrak daun katuk fraksi metanol diaplikasikan sebagai katalis untuk reaksi degradasi termal CR menggunakan H2O2. Ekstrak daun katuk (EDK) berperan sebagai agen pereduksi dan agen penstabil AuNP. AuNP optimum disintesis menggunakan EDK fraksi metanol 0,01% pada temperatur ruang dengan kestabilan mencapai 24 hari. Spektrum UV-Vis menunjukkan nilai panjang gelombang maksimum AuNP sekitar 536 nm. Karakterisasi FT-IR menunjukkan bahwa adanya interaksi antara senyawa golongan fenolat dengan AuNP. Karakterisasi TEM, PSA, dan XRD menunjukkan rata-rata diameter AuNP sebesar 4-17 nm dengan bentuk spheric (bulat) dan memiliki struktur kristal face centered cubic. AuNP selanjutnya digunakan untuk memodifikasi ZnO/Zeolit dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis DRS, TEM-SAED, SEM-EDS, serta XRD. Hasil karakterisasi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa AuNP dan ZnO berhasil terimobilisasi pada permukaan Zeolit. Degradasi termal CR dilakukan menggunakan H2O2 dengan katalis ZnO, Au/ZnO, ZnO/Zeolit, dan Au/ZnO/Zeolit. Studi kinetika degradasi CR menunjukkan katalis Au/ZnO/Zeolit memiliki aktivitas katalitik yang baik dengan laju reaksi 1,97 x 10-6 M menit-1 dan % dye removal mencapai 100%.

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Congo Red (CR) is a diazo compound that industrially used as dye and it is carsinogenic. Modification of ZnO/Zeolite by gold nanoparticles (AuNP) using methanol fraction of katuk leaves extract (EDK) have been applied as thermal degradation catalyst of CR using H2O2. EDK is used as reduction and stabilizer agent of AuNP. The optimum condition of AuNP was synthesized using 0,01% EDK at room temperature and its stability up to 24 days. Spectrum of UV-Vis showed that AuNP has the maximum wavelength 536 nm.

Characterization using FT-IR showed the interaction between fenolic compound group and AuNP. Characterization of TEM, PSA, also XRD obtained the range diameter of AuNP 4-17 nm with spheric shape and has face structure cubic crystalline structure. Further AuNP used for modify ZnO/Zeolite and characaterized using UV-Vis DRS, TEM-SAED, SEM-EDS, also XRD.

The results indicate that both AuNP and ZnO successfully immobilized on the surface of the Zeolite. Thermal degradation of CR was conducted using H2O2 with ZnO, Au/ZnO, ZnO/Zeolite, and Au/ZnO/Zeolite as catalyst. CR degradation kinetic studies showed that catalyst Au/ZnO/Zeolite has good catalityc activity with the reaction rate 1,97 x 10-6 M minute-1 and % dye removal up to 100%."

"Co-pirolisis termal antara bonggol jagung dan PP pada laju pemanasan rendah telah berhasil memisahkan bio-oil fasa oksigenat dan non-oksigenat secara spontan. Pada co-pirolisis, PP dapat mengambil oksigen dari bio-oil untuk mengkonversi sebagian bio-oil menjadi fasa non-oksigenat sehingga dapat berkontribusi dalam perengkahan PP. Namun, kemampuan PP untuk mengubah oksigen sangat lemah. Pada penelitian ini, zeolit digunakan sebagai katalis pada co-pirolisis bonggol jagung dan PP pada laju pemanasan rendah guna mengurangi energy aktivasi dari pirolisis PP, sehingga akan mengurangi suhu dekomposisi massa PP hingga kurang dari 400 oC. pada penelitian sebelumnya, belum pernah ada katalitik pirolisis menggunakan laju pemanasan rendah untuk meningkatkan yield fase non-oksigenat pada co-pirolisis biomass dan PP. Penelitian ini dilakukan di reaktor berpengaduk dengan laju pemanasan 5 oC/menit dan suhu pirolisis 500 oC. komposisi umpan yang digunakan adalah 0; 50 dan 100%PP. Katalis yang digunakan adalah katalis zeolit alam dan zeolit sintetik ZSM-5 dengan dua rasio Si/Al yang berbeda yaitu 38 dan 70. Penggunaan katalis menghasilkan produk senyawa alifatik seperti metil, metilen dan methin yang tingggi. Dengan penambahan tipe katalis zeolit ZSM-5 produksi dari alilik yang merupaan rantai yang berhubungan dengan alkena berkurang. Apabila dilhat dari kualitas bio-oil, sebagian besar fraksi bio-oil non-polar memiliki nilai HHV yang hampir sama atau sedikit lebih tinggi dari bahan bakar komersial yaitu diesel dan gasoline. Selain itu apabila dilihat dari nilai BI (Branching Index) bio-oil fraksi non-polar menghasilkan rantai karbon lurus dengan cabang yang lebih banyak apabila dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar komersial. Dari perbandingan HHV dan BI, nilai HHV dan BI bio-oil fraksi non-polar lebih mendekati nilai HHV dan BI dari gasoline komersial.

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Thermal co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene (PP) at low heating rate has succeeded in separating bio-oil produced between oxygenated and non-oxygenated phases spontaneously. In co-pyrolysis, PP can sequester oxygen from bio-oil to convert part of bio-oil to non-oxygenated phase and can contribute partly non-oxygenated phase by PP carbon chain cracking. However, the capability of PP pyrolates to sequester oxygen is still low. In present work, zeolite catalyst was introduced in co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and PP at low heating rate, in order to reduce activation energy of PP pyrolysis and therefore reducing the lowest temperature of PP mass decomposition to less than 400oC. There has been no research previously conducted to employ catalytic co-pyrolysis at low heating rate to improve non-oxygenated phase yield in co-pyrolysis of biomass-plastic. The present co-pyrolysis work was carried out in a stirred tank reactor at heating rate of 5oC/min and maximum temperature of 500oC. The composition of feed was varied at 0, 50 and 100%PP in the mixture of corn cob particles and PP granules. There were two types of zeolite catalysts used in this experiment, natural zeolite and ZSM-5 with two different ratio, 38 and 70. Utilization of catalyst generated high amount of aliphatic moieties, i.e. methyl, methine and methylene. With ZSM-5 catalyst utilization, production of allyl decreased. Most of non-polar bio-oil fractions have similar or slightly higher higher heating values (HHVs) compared to those of commercial fuels. Branching index (BI) values of non-polar phase of bio-oil generated traight carbon chain with higher branches compared to those commercial fuels. From the comparison of HHV and BI value, non-polar phase of bio-oil generate HHV and BI value closer to commercial gasoline."

"Energi merupakan aspek penting penunjang kehidupan dan hingga saat ini terus dikembangkan pemanfaataannya.. Salah satu bahan bakar alternatif yaitu biofuel yang diperoleh dari bio-oil yang telah ditingkatkan kualitasnya sesuai dengan standar. Di pihak lain, buangan plastik yang didominasi polipropilen semakin hari semakin bertambah. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan bahan baku RBDPO (refined, bleached, deodorised palm oil) yang mewakili crude palm oil dan plastik polipropilen sebagai donor hidrrogen radikal dan hasil pirolisisnya sebagai bagian dari hidrokarbon. Penelitian ini terdapat rangkaian proses slow thermal co-pyrolysis, catalytic co-pyrolysis dan hidrodeokigenasi. Slow thermal co-pyrolysis menggunakan umpan plastik polipropilena dengan laju pemanasan 10 , kemudian dalam proses catalytic co-pyrolysis menggunakan variasi massa katalis sebesar 3, 5, dan 7% dari massa umpan poliprolipena dan RBDPO. Penggunaan katalis Ni/ZrO2SO4 yang memiliki tingkat keasaman tertentu meningkatkan hasil yield bio oil dan kandungan oksigenat yang rendah. Selain itu katalis Ni/ZrO2SO4 (asam brosnted dan lewis) menyebabkan mid-chain scission PP sehinggaa distribusi panjang rantai karbon mengarah pada fraksi diesel. Efek dari penggunaan feed PP yang memberikan donor radikal hidrogen meningkatkan hasil yield bio oil dari 6% menjadi 68% menunjukkan efek sinergis antara RBDPO dan plastik polipropilena.

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Energy is an important aspect of life support and until now its utilization continues to be developed. One of the alternative fuels is biofuel obtained from bio-oil with an increase in quality according to standards. On the other hand, plastic waste which is dominated by polypropylene is increasing day by day. In this study, the raw material used is RBDPO (refined, bleached, deodorised palm oil) which represents crude palm oil along with polypropylene plastic as hydrogen radical donors and the pyrolysis products as part of the hydrocarbons. This research contains a series of processes of slow thermal co-pyrolysis, catalytic co-pyrolysis and hydrodeoxygenation. Slow thermal co-pyrolysis using polypropylene plastic feed with a heating rate of 10℃/min, then in the catalytic co-pyrolysis process using a catalyst mass variation of 3, 5, and 7% of the mass of polypropylene and RBDPO feeds. The use of Ni/ZrO2SO4 catalyst with a certain level of acidity increases the yield of bio oil and has a low oxygenate content. In addition, Ni/ZrO2SO4 catalyst (Brosnted and Lewis acids) causes mid-chain scission of PP, so that the distribution of carbon chain length leads to the diesel fraction. The effect of using PP feed which provides hydrogen radical donors increases the yield of bio oil from 6% to 68%, indicating a synergistic effect between RBDPO and polypropylene plastic."

"ABSTRAKPenggunaan polipropilen sebagai bahan dasar pada industry otomotif sudah sangat banyak. Di Indonesia, limbah plastik tersebut tidak dapat terurai. Untuk itu, kombinasi plastik an-organik dengan material yang organik dapat mengurangi permasalahan ini. Pada skripsi ini, bulu ayam dipilih sebagai penguat karena ketersediaannya yang melimpah. Kombinasi antara polipropilen dan serat bulu ayam dibantu dengan unsur tambahan, yaitu coupling agent karena mereka tidak kompatibel. Beberapa jenis coupling agent yang digunakan pada skripsi ini, yaitu: PP-g-MA, pati dan Ap-g-PHMA. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi dengan PP-g-MA memiliki sifat mekanik dan termal yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kombinasi dengan pati dan/atau Ap-g-PHMA.

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ABSTRACTPolypropylene has been used in large amount as raw materials in automotive. In Indonesia, those plastic waste would not be degraded by nature. Therefore, combination between those an-organic materials with other organic material would solve this problem. In this project, chicken feather was used as the reinforcement due to its resources. Combination between polypropylene and chicken feather fibre is supported by additives, which is coupling agent, because they are not compatible. Coupling agents that were used in this project are: PP-g-MA, starch and Ap-g-PHMA. The results show that PP-g-MA exhibit better mechanical and thermal properties compare to starch and/or Ap-g-PHMA."

"Peningkatan perhatian global mengenai masalah lingkungan dan sustainability terkait dengan pelestarian sumber daya alam tak terbarukan telah mendorong upaya untuk mengembangkan bahan dan produk ramah lingkungan baru berdasarkan sumber daya alam yang terbarukan. Serat sorgum memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan penguat komposit karena memiliki sifat mekanis yang baik, ramah lingkungan, murah. Pada studi ini komposit polipropilen-sorgum dibuat dengan rheomix pada temperatur 160Oc, kecepatan 50 rpm dengan variasi komposisi serat 5%, 10%, 15% serta variasi waktu pencampuran 5 menit, 7.5 menit, dan 10 menit. Sifat mekanis komposit polipropilen-sorgum dipengaruhi mechanical interlockpada interfaceserat dengan matriks polipropilen. Modifikasi alkalinasi-termal dengan NaOH 5% dan waktu kukus bertekanan selama 3 menit dilakukan untuk mengubah hidrofobisitas serat sorgum dan memperbaiki ikatan antara matriks polipropilen dengan serat sorgum. Diperoleh bahwa modulus young komposit polipropilen-sorgum menaik dengan penambahan serat dan penambahan waktu pencampuran, Ultimate Tensile Strength komposit polipropilen-sorgum menurun setelah melewati batas optimum komposisi serat dan menaik dengan penambahan waktu pencampuran. Sifat elastisitas komposit polipropilen-sorgum berkurang seiring penambahan komposisi serat dan penambahan waktu pencampuran. Hubungan antara variasi komposisi serat dan waktu pencampuran dianalisa untuk mengevaluasi pengaruhnya pada performa penguatan komposit polipropilen oleh serat sorgum. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan variabel komposisiserat dan waktu pencampuran yang optimum untuk memperoleh sifat mekanis terbaik.

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Increasing global concern to environmental issues and sustainability related to preservation of non-renewable natural resources has encouraged research to development environmentally friendly materials and products based on renewable natural resources. Sorghum fiber has the potential to be a composite reinforcement because it has good mechanical properties, is environmentally friendly, inexpensive. In this study polypropylene-sorghum composites were made with Rheomix at a temperature of 160Oc, speed of 50 rpm with variations in fiber fraction of 5%, 10%, 15% and variations in mixing time of 5 minutes, 7.5 minutes, and 10 minutes. The mechanical properties of polypropylene-sorghum composites are determined by mechanical interlocks on fiber interfaces with the polypropylene matrix. Alkalination-thermal modification with 5% NaOH and pressurized steam for 3 minutes was carried out to change the hydrophobicity of sorghum fibers and improve the bond between the polypropylene matrix and sorghum fiber.

It was found that the young modulus of polypropylene-sorghum composite increased with the addition of fiber and the addition of mixing time, the Ultimate Tensile Strength polypropylene-sorghum composite decreased after crossing the optimum fiber fraction boundary and increasing with the addition of mixing time. The elasticity of polypropylene-sorghum composites decreases with the addition of fiber fraction and the addition of mixing time. The relationship between variations in fiber fraction and mixing time was analyzed to evaluate their effect on the performance of composite reinforcement of polypropylene by sorghum fibers. The aim of the study was to obtain the optimal fiber fraction and mixing time to obtain the best mechanical properties."

"Pertumbuhan plastik tahun ke tahun sangatlah signifikan, namun masalah limbah plastik menjadi salah satu isu yang mengiringi perkembangan dari plastik. Salah kelola limbah plastik di Indonesia menjadi faktor utama mengapa pertumbuhan limbah plastik dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat. Oleh karena itu, daur ulang plastik menjadi salah satu cara yang efektif untuk mengelola limbah plastik ini. Penelitian ini berfokus pada komposisi dari material virgin dan recycled serta penambahan heat stabilizer untuk meningkatkan performa dari limbah plastik yang berasal dari industri otomotif. Beberapa pengujian dilakukan seperti pengujian termal, mekanik, reologi, dan morfologi untuk melihat karakteristik dari limbah plastik dan optimalisasinya dengan variabel komposisi dan penambahan heat stabilizer. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadinya penuruan sifat mekanik, reologi, dan termal dari limbah plastik dibandingkan dengan material virginnya. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya degradasi termooksidatif yang dialami oleh limbah plastik pada saat diolah kembali dengan menggunakan mesin esktrusi. Penambahan material virginnya mampu untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dari material paduan, namun penambahannya tidak terlalu signifikan. Penambahan heat stabilizer mampu untuk meningkatkan ketahanan limbah plastik terhadap degradasi termooksidatif yang dibuktikan dengan pengujian oxidative induction time (OIT) dan pengujian tarik setelah proses heat aging. Komposisi optimum dari paduan material virgin dan recycled adalah 100% material virgin dengan penambahan heat stabilizer sebesar 0.3%.

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The growth of plastic from year to year is very significant, but the problem of plastic waste is one of the issues that accompany the development of plastic. Mismanagement of plastic waste in Indonesia is the main factor why the growth of plastic waste is increasing from year to year. Therefore, plastic recycling is an effective way to manage this plastic waste. This research focuses on the composition of virgin and recycled materials and the addition of heat stabilizers to improve the performance of plastic waste from the automotive industry. Several tests were carried out such as thermal, mechanical, rheological, and morphological tests to see the characteristics of plastic waste and its optimization with variable composition and the addition of heat stabilizers. The results of this study indicate that there is a decrease in the mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of plastic waste compared to virgin material. This is due to the thermooxidative degradation experienced by plastic waste when it is reprocessed using an extrusion machine. The addition of virgin material is able to improve the mechanical properties of the alloy material, but the addition is not too significant. The addition of a heat stabilizer is able to increase the resistance of plastic waste to thermooxidative degradation as evidenced by oxidative induction time (OIT) testing and tensile testing after the heat aging process. The optimum composition of the blend of virgin and recycled materials is 100% virgin material with the addition of a 0.3% heat stabilizer."