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"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan ayah dan pendidikan ibu terhadap status nutrisi anak usia 6-59 bulan. Status nutrisi anak yang terdiri atas malnutrisi dan tidak malnutrisi dihitung menggunakan aplikasi antropometri WHO berdasarkan pengukuran TB/U, BB/U, dan BB/TB. Analisis regresi logistik menggunakan data IFLS 2014 digunakan untuk dapat menjawab tujuan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan ayah dan ibu signifikan berpengaruh pada status nutrisi anak. Namun, setelah memasukkan variabel kontrol, tingkat pendidikan ayah tidak signifikan berpengaruh terhadap status nutrisi anak usia 6-59 bulan, sedangkan tingkat pendidikan ibu memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap status nutrisi anak usia 6-59 bulan. Kecenderungan mengalami malnutrisi lebih tinggi pada anak dari ibu yang berpendidikan rendah. Diantara semua variabel kontrol yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, variabel yang signifikan berpengaruh terhadap malnutrisi anak yaitu usia 12-23 bulan dan 24-35 bulan, lahir dengan berat rendah, tinggi ayah, tinggi ibu, dan tinggal di perdesaan. Namun, jenis kelamin, status ASI Eksklusif, Imunisasi DPT3, status kerja ibu, dan status ekonomi rumah tangga tidak signifikan berpengaruh pada malnutrisi anak usia 6-59 bulan.

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This study was conducted to determine the effect of fathers education and mothers education on the nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months. The nutritional status of children consisting of malnutrition and not malnutrition was calculated using the WHO anthropometry application based on measurements of TB/U/BB/U, and BB/TB. Logistic regression analysis using 2014 IFLS data was used to answer the research objectives. The results showed that the level of fathers education and mothers education significantly affected the nutritional status of children. However, after entering the control variable, fathers education level did not significantly influence the nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months, while the mothers education level had a significant influence on the nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months. The tendency to experience malnutrition is higher in children of less educated mothers. Among all the control variables that used in this study, there are several variables that significantly influence child malnutrition such as age 12-23 months and 24-35 months, born with low weight, high father, high mother, and living in rural areas. However, gender, exclusive breastfeeding status, DPT3 immunization, maternal employment status, and household economic status did not significantly affect malnutrition of children aged 6-59 months."

"Tesis ini membahas status gizi anak bolita usia 6-59 bulan di Pulau Kalimantan dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Analisis regresi logistik dengan efek random digunakan untuk mempelajari determinan status gizi secara hirarki. Sebanyak 23,4% anak balita usia 6-59 bulan di Pulau Kalimantan mengalami gizi buruk dan gizi kurang. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa provinsi, tingkat pendidikan ibu dan pengeluaran rumah tangga per kapita merupakan determinan sosial ekonomi (distal factors) yang signifikan mempengaruhi status gizi anak usia balita. Faktor lingkungan dan matemal (intermediate factors) yang mempengaruhi status gizi anak usia balita adalah jumlah anggota rumah tangga, jenis kakus, umur ibu dan IMT (lndeks Massa Tubuh) ibu. Umur dan jenis kelamin anak merupakan faktor individual (proximal factors) yang signifikan mempengarubi status gizi anak usia balita. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan terdapat interdependensi keluanm (outcome) status gizi antaranak balita usia 6-59 bulan dari ibu yang sama.

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The focus of this study is to asses the nutritional status and to determine potential risk factors of malnutrition in children 6-59 months of age in Kalimanlan. The hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to study relationship between potential determinants of malnutrition, 23,4% of children (6-59 months) in Kalimantan were underweight. The results of analysis show that province, mother's education and per capita family expenditure were the socioeconomic determinants (distal factors) of nutritional status. The environment and maternal factors (intermediate factors} that was associated with children's nutritional status were household size, kind of latrine, mother's age and mother's BMl (Body Mass Index). Children's age and sex were the individual factors (proximal factors) that was significantly related to underweight. There was also outcome interdependency of nutritional status runong children 6M59 months of age with the same mother."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan status Keluarga Sadar Gizi (Kadarzi) dan faktor lainnya dengan nilai z-score BB/U, TB/U dan BB/TB balita usia 6-59 bulan. Data sekunder yang digunakan berasal dari data survei Penilaian Status Gizi (PSG) dan Kadarzi 2012 di Kota Probolinggo. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan melibatkan 337 sampel keluarga. Hubungan antara status Kadarzi dan faktor lainnya dengan nilai z-score BB/U, TB/U dan BB/TB balita dianalisis menggunakan uji T-Test Independen, uji Anova dan uji Korelasi. Uji multivariat yang digunakan adalah uji Regresi Berganda. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa sebanyak 32,6% keluarga balita di Kota Probolinggo telah berperilaku Kadarzi. Persentase gizi kurang, pendek dan kurus pada balita masih di atas angka nasional. Nilai z-score BB/U, TB/U dan BB/TB balita adalah -1,06±1,34 SD, -1,45±1,94 SD, dan -0,36±1,56 SD. Uji statistik yang dilakukan menemukan hubungan antara konsumsi garam beryodium, pemberian vitamin A, usia balita, pendidikan ayah dan pendidikan ibu dengan nilai z-score BB/U balita (p<0,005). Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara pemberian vitamin A dan pengetahuan gizi ibu dengan nilai z-score TB/U balita (p<0,005). Terdapat hubungan antara usia balita dengan nilai z-score BB/TB balita (p<0,005). Uji Regresi Berganda menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan ibu adalah faktor yang paling berhubungan terhadap rata-rata nilai z-score BB/U balita. Konsumsi makanan beraneka ragam adalah faktor yang paling berhubungan terhadap rata-rata nilai z-score BB/TB balita di Kota Probolinggo. Pesan Kadarzi beserta indikatornya masih perlu disosialisasikan untuk mengurangi terjadinya masalah gizi di Kota Probolinggo. Masih perlu dilakukan peningkatan mutu pendidikan serta pengetahuan gizi ibu untuk mengurangi terjadinya masalah gizi di Kota Probolinggo.

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This research is aimed to know the relationship between nutritional family awareness, called Kadarzi, and other factors with WAZ, HAZ and WHZ of children 6-59 months. The secondary data was used from survey PSG and Kadarzi 2012 in Probolinggo. This research uses the cross sectional study with 337 samples. The relationship betwees Kadarzi and other factor with WAZ, HAZ and WHZ were analized with Independent T-Test, Annova Test and Correlation Test. Linear Regression Test was used to multivariate analysis.

The result shown that 32,6% family in Probolinggo are Kadarzi. The percentage of underweight, stunting and wasting are above national rates. The mean of WAZ, HAZ and WHZ children are - 1,06±1,34 SD, -1,45±1,94 SD, and -0,36±1,56 SD. The statistical test shows that iodized salt consumption, vitamin A supplementation, children age, father's education and mother's education were associated with the mean of WAZ of children (p<0,005).

There are significantly association between vitamin A supplementation and mother's nutritional knowledge with the mean of HAZ of children (p<0,005). The children age was associated with the mean of WHZ of children (p<0,005). Linier Regression Test shows that mother's education is the most related factor for the mean of WAZ and food diversity consumption is the most related factor for the mean of WHZ of underfive children in Probolinggo. The inform about Kadarzi and its indicators are needed to decrease undernutrition problems in Probolinggo. Besides, up grading mother's education and nutritional knowledge are needed to decrease undernutrition in Probolinggo."

"Tidak bisa dipungkiri kemampuan kognitif merupakan modal dasar bagi anak-anak dalam berproduktivitas dan melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari. Pandangan pembentukan dan perkembangan kognitif anak sering hanya dilihat dari sudut pandang institusi pendidikan dan sebagai satu-satunya tempat dalam membentuk kognitif anak. Padahal, dalam perkembangan kognitif anak, institusi keluarga yaitu orang tua memiliki peran vital sebagai orang pertama yang dikenali dan dipercayai oleh anaknya sehingga analisis apakah orang tua berpengaruh dalam pembentukan dan perkembangan kognitif anak perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari apakah ada pengaruh waktu orang tua (ayah dan ibu) dalam bermain dan berinteraksi dengan anaknya terhadap perkembangan kognitif anak. Penelitian ini menemukan hasil bahwa waktu ayah ataupun ibu bermain dan berinteraksi dengan anaknya sama-sama mempunyai pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap perkembangan kognitif anak di usia dini. Akan tetapi, ketika anak sudah beranjak remaja, waktu ayah ataupun ibu bermain dan berinteraksi dengan anaknya sudah tidak mempunyai pengaruh lagi. Dengan demikian, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa investasi rumah tangga yaitu waktu ayah dan waktu ibu vital pada anak berusia dini dan kecil dalam perkembangan kognitifnya.

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It is undeniable that cognitive abilities are the basic capital for children in productivity and doing daily activities. The view of the formation and cognitive development of children is often only seen from the perspective of educational institutions and as the only place in shaping children's cognitive. In fact, in the cognitive development of children, family institutions, namely parents, have a vital role as the first person to be recognized and trusted by their children, so an analysis of whether parents are influential in the formation and cognitive development of children needs to be done. This study aims to study whether there is an influence of parents' time (father and mother) in playing and interacting with their children on children's cognitive development. This research found that father and mother playing and interacting with their children both had a significant positive effect on children's cognitive development at an early age. However, when the child is a teenager, when the father or mother play and interact with their children have no influence anymore. Thus, this shows that household investment, namely father's time and mother's time is vital in early and small children in their cognitive development."

"ABSTRAKMalnutrisi akut merupakan risiko tinggi kematian pada anak usia dibawah limatahun. Vietnam memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menentukan ambangbatas optimal ukuran Lingkar-Lengan-Atas (LILA) guna meningkatkan akurasiindikator LILA pada screening anak kurus usia 6-59 bulan. Survei telah dilakukandi 16 kecamatan pada empat provinsi Midlands Utara dan daerah pegunungan.Data dari 4764 subjek anak menunjukkan bahwa ambang batas LILA optimaladalah 13,5 cm. Hal ini memungkinkan masuknya 65% anak-anak dengan skor-Zberat-untuk-tinggi (WHZ) kurang dari -3SD. LILA kurang dari 13,5 cm perludipertimbangkan untuk menentukan anak kurus selain ukuran berat-untuk-tinggi(WHZ) kurang dari -3SD.

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ABSTRACTAcute malnutrition remains extreme risk of mortality among children under five. Vietnamneeds further study to establish the optimal Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC) cutoffto improve the accuracy of MUAC indicator in screening wasting children aged 6-59months. A survey was conducted at all 16 sub-districts across four provinces in Northernmidlands and mountainous area. The data of 4764 children showed that the optimalMUAC cut-off 13.5 cm would allow inclusion of 65% of children with a Weight-for-Height z-score (WHZ) less than -3SD. MUAC less than 13.5 cm should be considered tomeasure in parallel an in addition to WHZ less than -3SD"

"Berat badan kurang didefinisikan sebagai berat badan yang rendah akibat konsumsi zat gizi yang tidak mencukupi kebutuhan dalam waktu tertentu. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status gizi anak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional, dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 356 sampel. Analisis yang digunakan univariat dan bivariat. Variabel bebas yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah penyakit infeksi, kebersihan lingkungan, pemberian ASI eksklusif, umur ibu, pemantauan pertumbuhan, penggunaan pelayanan kesehatan, jumlah anggota keluarga dan kebiasaan merokok dalam keluarga. Variabel terikat yang diteliti adalah berat badan kurang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis status gizi pada anak diperoleh anak yang memiliki status gizi berat badan kurang yaitu 25,5 persen (93 orang). Hasil uji statistik dengan uji chi-square diperoleh analisis variabel penyakit infeksi (p-value= 1,000), sanitasi lingkungan (p-value = 0,157), pemberian ASI eksklusif (p-value = 0,491), umur ibu (p-value= 1,000), jumlah balita di dalam satu keluarga (p-value= 0,396), jumlah anggota keluarga (p-value= 0,330), pemantauan pertumbuhan (p-value= 0,815), pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan (p-value= 0,723) dan kebiasaan merokok dalam keluarga diperoleh (p- value= 0,491) kesimpulan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna dengan berat badan kurang. Disarankan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dalam upaya pencegahan masalah gizi anak, untuk memantau pertumbuhan anak secara teratur serta meningkatkan program penyuluhan dan edukasi perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat dan pentingnya makanan yang beragam dan bergizi seimbang.

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Underweight can be defined as low body weight due to consumption of nutrients that are not sufficient for a certain time. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors related to the nutritional status of children. This research is a quantitative research using a cross sectional research design, with a total sample of 356 samples. The analysis used univariate and bivariate. The independent variables studied in this study were infectious diseases, environmental hygiene, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal age, growth monitoring, use of health services, number of family members and smoking habits in the family. The dependent variable studied was underweight. Based on the results of the analysis of the nutritional status of children, it was found that children who had nutritional status were underweight, namely 25.5 percent (93 people). The results of statistical tests with chi-square test obtained analysis of infectious disease variables (p-value = 1,000), environmental sanitation (p-value = 0,157), exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.491), maternal age (p-value = 1,000 ), number of children under five in one family (p-value = 0,396), number of family members (p-value = 0,330), growth monitoring (p-value = 0,815), utilization of health facilities (p-value = 0,723) and smoking habits in the family obtained (p-value = 0,491) the conclusion that there is no significant relationship with underweight. It is recommended to increase awareness in efforts to prevent child nutrition problems, to monitor children's growth regularly through weighing and the use of health services and to increase counseling and education programs on clean and healthy living behavior and the importance of a diverse and balanced diet. "

"ABSTRAKToddler period, especially the first two years of life is considered as golden age for children because of their rapid growth and development. Therefore, the occurrence of nutritional disorders in the period can be permanent and irreversible. This study tried to assess correlation between early initiation of breastfeeding and vitamin A with nutritional status. The total of samples analyzed in this study was 1,592 toddlers aged 6-59 months that were drawn from 2015 Indonesia Nutritional Status Monitoring Survey in Bengkulu. Data including age, sex, early initiation of breastfeeding, birth length, birth weight, vitamin A supplementation were collected by using questionnaire. Weight and height of children were obtained through anthropometric measurements. More than half of the toddlers (54.6%) did not get early initiation of breastfeeding. Based on multivariate analysis results, most dominant variables related to weight/age, height/age and weight/height indicators were early initiation of breastfeeding and Vitamin A supplementation. Toddlers who did not get early initiation of breastfeeding are at risk of 1.555 times stunting compared to toddlers who got early initiation of breastfeeding. The most dominant variable related to height/age is vitamin A supplementation. Children who do not get vitamin A supplementation are at risk of stunting 2.402 times compared to children who get vitamin A supplementation."

"Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) adalah indikator alternatif penilaian status gizi pada anak-anak yang dapat mengidentifikasi semua anak yang kurang gizi, baik itu stunting, wasting, underweight, wasting dan underweight, stunting dan underweight, atau kombinasi ketiganya. Masalah gagal tumbuh pada balita berdasarkan CIAF di Kecamatan Bojongsari, Kota Depok pada tahun 2023 sebesar 29,8%. Angka tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan pengukuran konvensional dengan indikator tunggal dari stunting, wasting dan underweight di Kota Depok berdasarkan SKI 2023 secara berurutan yaitu 14,3%, 5,8% dan 12,8%. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui determinan status gizi anak usia 6-59 bulan berdasarkan CIAF di Kecamatan Bojongsari, Kota Depok, Provinsi Jawa Barat tahun 2023. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross-sectional menggunakan data sekunder dan analisis data menggunakan uji chisquare dan regresi logistik ganda. Terdapat 317 anak usia 6-59 bulan dalam penelitian ini. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan dengan status gizi anak berdasarkan CIAF adalah asupan energi, asupan protein, asupan lemak dan asupan karbohidrat. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa asupan energi menjadi faktor risiko pada status gizi anak berdasarkan CIAF pada anak usia 6-59 bulan di Kecamatan Bojongsari, Kota Depok, Provinsi Jawa Barat tahun 2023 setelah dikontrol variabel asupan protein dan asupan lemak (p=0,006; OR = 3,493, 95% CI = 1,428-8,543).

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Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is an alternative indicator for assessing nutritional status in children which can identify all children who are malnourished, whether they are stunting, wasting, underweight, wasting and underweight, stunting and underweight, or a combination of all three. The problem of failure to thrive in children aged 6-59 months based on CIAF in Bojongsari District, Depok City in 2023 is 29,8%. This figure is higher than conventional measurements with single indicators of stunting, wasting, and underweight in Depok City based on the 2023 SKI respectively, namely 14.3%, 5.8%, and 12.8%.. The research aims to determine the determinants of the nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months based on CIAF in Bojongsari District, Depok City, West Java Province in 2023. This quantitative research with cross-sectional study design used secondary data, and data analysis was conducted using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. There were 317 children aged 6-59 months in this study. Bivariate analysis showed that variables related to children’s nutritional status based on CIAF were energy intake, protein intake, fat intake and carbohydrate intake. Multivariate analysis shows that energy intake is the risk factor in children’s nutritional status based on CIAF in children aged 6-59 months in Bojongsari District, Depok City, West Java Province in 2023 after controlling for the variables protein intake and fat intake (p=0.006; OR = 3.493, 95% CI = 1.428-8.543)."

"Cakupan vitamin A di Provinsi Papua pada tahun 2019 hanya mencapai 31,7% dan merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan angka cakupan paling rendah di Indonesia. Angka cakupan tersebut juga jauh di bawah standar UNICEF, yakni 80%. Rendahnya cakupan vitamin A bisa disebabkan beberapa faktor yang bervariasi pada tiap kabupaten/kota Provinsi Papua. Analisis spasial dilakukan untuk melihat sebaran serta korelasi antara faktor determinan dengan angka cakupan vitamin A. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang penggunakan pendekatan analisis spasial dan korelasi. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari Badan Pusat Statistika dan Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Papua tahun 2019.  Hasil analisis spasial cakupan vitamin A menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah 16 kabupaten/kota tergolong baik, 12 kabupaten tergolong sedang, dan 1 kabupaten tergolong buruk. Sedangkan analisis korelasi menunjukkan adanya hubungan cakupan vitamin A dengan topografi wilayah dan tingkat pendidikan, serta tidak berhubungan dengan rasio tenaga kesehatan, fasilitas kesehatan, dan jumlah penduduk yang bekerja. Perlu adanya perhatian khusus terhadap sarana transportasi bagi wilayah dataran tinggi dan penyesuaian edukasi kesehatan bagi penduduk dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk menggali faktor lain terkait cakupan vitamin A di Provinsi Papua.

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Vitamin A coverage in Papua Province in 2019 only reached 31.7% and is one of the provinces with the lowest coverage rates in Indonesia. The coverage figure is also far below the UNICEF standard, which is 80%. The low coverage of vitamin A can be caused by several factors that vary in each district/city of Papua Province. Spatial analysis was carried out to see the distribution and correlation between the determinants and the coverage rate of vitamin A. This research is a quantitative study that uses a spatial analysis approach and correlation. The data used is secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Papua Provincial Health Office in 2019. The results of the spatial analysis of vitamin A coverage show that a total of 16 districts/cities are classified as good, 12 districts are classified as moderate, and 1 district is classified as poor. Meanwhile, correlation analysis shows that there is a relationship between vitamin A coverage and regional topography and education level, and it is not related to the ratio of health workers, health facilities, and the number of working people. There needs to be special attention to transportation facilities for highland areas and adjustment of health education for people with low levels of education. Further research is needed to explore other factors related to vitamin A coverage in Papua Province."

"Secara umum studi cross sectional ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status gizi dan praktik pemberian makan yang diterima oleh anak usia 0-59 bulan yang tinggal di panti asuhan di Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga panti asuhan yang dikhususkan untuk menampung anak usia balita. Sebanyak 144 anak usia balita di panti dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil studi, sebesar 21.9% anak termasuk dalam kategori gizi kurang, 35.2% pendek, dan 6,5% kurus. Hampir 90% anak yang kebutuhan protein dan vitamin A nya terpenuhi, namun lebih dari 90% anak yang kebutuhan zinc nya tidak terpenuhi. Pada kenyataannya, kandungan gizi pada makanan yang disajikan oleh panti pun tidak memenuhi kebutuhan anak untuk zinc. Penelitian ini menemukan beberapa praktik pemberian makan yang tidak tepat seperti, tipe makanan dan respond pengasuh yang tidak tepat, juga praktik pemberian makan saat anak sakit dan dalam masa pemulihan. 71,5% anak menderita ISPA dan 22,2% menderita diare, sementara 18.8% anak menderita ISPA dan diare. Penelitian ini menemukan beberapa praktik yang tidak tepat seperti dalam hal penanganan makanan, penggunaan botol makanan (bottle feeding), tidak praktik cuci tangan yang tidak dilakukan oleh anak maupun pengasuh ketika menyajikan makanan atau menyuapi anak, serta beberapa hal lain yang dapat memungkinkan terjadinya kontaminasi silang ataupun memudahkan terjadinya penyebaran penyakit menular.

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In general, this cross sectional study aims to explore nutritional status and feeding practice received by orphanage children aged 0-59 months in Jakarta. This study was conducted in three orphanages that are specifically accomodate under five children. Totally, 144 under five children in the orphanages were included in this study. This study found, 21.9% of children were underweight, 35.2% were stunting, and 6.5% were wasting. Almost 90% children had adequate protein and vitamin A, but more than 90% of them had zinc inadequacy. In fact, nutrient content in the food served by orphanage was also not fulfilled child's requirement for zinc.

This study found inappropriate feeding practice received by children, i.e in appropriate food type, inappropriate respond from caregiver during feeding and improper feeding during illness and recovery. 71.5% of children were suffered from ARI, 22.2% suffered from diarrhea and 18.8% children suffered from ARI and diarrhea. This study found some inappropriate practice of food handling such as the use of bottle feeding, hand-washing which was not practiced by children or caregivers when serve food or feeding children, as well as some other things that could allow cross-contamination, or facilitate the spread of infectious diseases."