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"ABSTRACTSentinel 2 is a satellite launched by a collaboration between The European Commission and the European Space Agency in the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security program. The satellite has a mission to scan the Earth surface simultaneously at an angle of 180 each satellite with a 5 day temporal resolution wilh the same appearance on the equator and has a spatial resolution of 10m, 20m, and 60m. There are multispectral channels including VNIR and SWlR. Four cnannels with 10 m spatia! resolution adapt with SPOT4 or 5 and user comply requirements for land cover classfication. Six channels with 10 m spatial resolution becomes a requirement for other Level 2 processing parameters. Channels with 60m spatial resolution are specified for atmospheric correction and cloud filtering. Based on these specifications, Sentinel 2 can be an alternative for users to obtain image data with spatial, temporal, radiometric, and spectral resolution is better than SPO and Landsat. Sentinental 2 can be downloaded for free nd easy by the general public. The existence of image by Sentinel 2 is expected to be used optimally, especially for remote sensing analysis in marine field."

"Mangrove memiliki peranan penting bagi ekosistem pesisir, salah satunya penyumbang stok karbon (blue carbon). Isu pemanasan global dapat di kurangi dengan fungsi mangrove dalam penyimpanan karbon dan Kota Surabaya memiliki mangrove yang cukup luas di wilayah pesisir nya. Tetapi ancaman degradasi lahan mangrove di Kota Surabaya diakibatkan oleh aktivitas pembangunan, hal tersebut berkaitan dengan penurunan fungsi mangrove sebagai penyimpan karbon. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memetakan tutupan lahan dan persebaran stok karbon serta perubahannnya pada tahun 2015 – 2022 di Pesisir Timur Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan citra Sentinel 2 tahun 2015 & 2022. Dalam mengestimasi persebaran dan nilai stok karbon mangrove, analisa dilakukan dengan pendekatan indeks vegetasi yang melalui uji statistik untuk mendapatkan model persebaran. Penghitungan biomassa mangrove lapangan dilakukan dengan cara Non-Destruktif dan menggunakan persamaan alometrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa IPVI sebagai indeks vegetasi yang lebih akurat dibanding TVI dan mRE-SR, dengan nilai korelasi R2 = 0,8072 dan nilai stok karbon mangrove rata rata mengalami pertambahan dari tahun 2015 – 2022 sebesar 50 – 100 kg/piksel. Pertambahan nilai stok karbon mangrove cenderung pada wilayah yang berubah tutupan lahan menjadi mangrove dan kerapatan yang semakin tinggi, sedangkan penurunan nilai stok karbon terjadi pada wilayah yang terjadi degradasi lahan mangrove dan terserang hama.

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Mangroves have an important role for coastal ecosystems, one of which is a contributor to carbon stocks (blue carbon). The issue of global warming can be reduced by the function of mangroves in carbon storage and the City of Surabaya has quite extensive mangroves in its coastal areas. But the threat of degradation of mangrove land in the city of Surabaya is caused by development activities, this is related to the decline in the function of mangroves as a carbon store. The purpose of this research is to map land cover and the distribution of carbon stocks and their changes in 2015 – 2022 in the East Coast of Surabaya City. This study used Sentinel 2 imagery for 2015 & 2022. In estimating the distribution and value of mangrove carbon stocks, the analysis was carried out using the vegetation index approach through statistical tests to obtain a distribution model. Calculation of field mangrove biomass was carried out in a non-destructive manner and using allometric equations. The results showed that IPVI as a vegetation index is more accurate than TVI and mRE-SR, with a correlation value of R2 = 0.8072 and the average mangrove carbon stock value has increased from 2015 – 2022 by 50 – 100 kg/pixel. The increase in the value of mangrove carbon stocks tends to be in areas where land cover has changed to mangroves and the density is getting higher, while the decrease in the value of carbon stocks occurs in areas where mangrove land degradation has occurred and pest attacks."

"ABSTRAK Pemetaan lahan dengan memanfaatkan teknologi penginderaan jauh sudah lamaberkembang. Di Indonesia yang beriklim tropis, awan menjadi masalah klasikdalam pemindaian permukaan bumi dengan menggunakan satelit penginderaanjauh bersensor optik. Satelit dengan sensor Radar mempunyai kemampuan untukmenembus awan sehingga dapat memindai objek yang berada di bawah awan.Penggunaan teknik klasifikasi berbasis piksel pada citra Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) masih mempunyai permasalahan akibat efek salt-and-pepper yangmemberikan hasil yang kurang sempurna pada produk klasifikasi citra. Padapenelitian ini teknik klasifikasi berorientasi objek menggunakan metodeStatistical Region Merging ( SRM ) untuk proses segmentasi objek serta metodeSupport Vector Machine (SVM) untuk proses klasifikasi penutup lahan dari setiapsegmen objek yang ada. Pada tahap klasifikasi diujicobakan beberapa fitur antaralain fitur dekomposisi Freeman-Durden, fitur Entropy, Alpha Angle danAnisotrophy serta fitur Normalized Difference Polarization Index (NDPI).Implementasi teknik klasifikasi berorientasi objek pada penelitian ini memberikanhasil yang lebih baik daripada teknik klasifikasi berbasis piksel. Perbandinganakurasi keseluruhan mencapai 80,48 % untuk hasil klasifikasi berorientasi objekdan 53,94 % untuk hasil klasifikasi berorientasi piksel dengan kondisi citra tanpafilter dan menggunakan 7 fitur dalam klasifikasi.

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ABSTRACT Remote sensing technology for land mapping has been developing for long time.Indonesia has tropical climate where cloud covers can be classical problem foroptical sensor remote sensing satellite for surface observation of earth. Radarsensor satellite has ability to penetrate clouds so satellite can scan earth’s surfacewhich covered by clouds. The use of piksel-based classification technique onSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image still has problem due to salt-and-peppereffect that gives less perfect result to classification image products. In thisresearch, object-oriented classification technique uses Statistical Region Merging( SRM ) method for object segmentation process and uses Support VectorMachine (SVM) as classifier in classification process for all segmented objects. Inclassification process stage, saveral features were applied such as Freeman-Durden decomposition, Entropy, Alpha Angle, Anisotrophy, and NormalizedDifference Polarization Index (NDPI) features. Implementation of obect-orientedclassification technique in this research gives better result than obect-orientedclassification technique which overall accuracy reach 80,48 % for obect-orientedclassification result and 53,94 % for piksel-based classification result in conditionunfiltered image data and using seven fetures in classification process."

"Padi merupakan komoditas pangan dengan produksi terbesar di Indonesia. Produksi padi pada tahun 2019 mencapai 49,8 juta ton. Pada tingkat global, padi di konsumsi oleh setengah dari populasi di seluruh dunia. Penelitian mengenai fenologi padi bermanfaat sebagai referensi produksi yang akan datang dan pengembangan lingkungan berkelanjutan. Penelitian mengenai fenologi telah berkembang dari faktor sampai dengan metode termasuk dengan pengindraan jauh. Pengindraan jauh merupakan instrument efektif dalam pemantauan sumberdaya alam. Penelitian ini menggunakan indeks vegetasi dari citra satelit Sentinel 2 untuk mendapatkan fenologi padi berbasis indeks vegetasi NDVI dan indeks air NDWI, yang selanjutnya dapat melakukan pendugaan waktu tanam dan waktu panen padi dengan analisis spasial dan temporal pada wilayah dengan topografi yang beragam dan menggunakan citra satelit resolusi tinggi. Fenologi padi berbasis indeks menunjukkan bahwa nilai NDVI membentuk kurva parabolic sedangkan NDWI membentuk linear berdasarkan umur dan fase tanam padi. Fenologi berbasis NDVI memiliki nilai r² yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan NDWI. Namun, secara parsial, indeks NDVI dan NDWI dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pendugaan waktu tanam dan panen dengan nilai ambang batas dengan hasil akurasi keseluruhan 78% dan koefisien kappa 0,5. Pada musim tanam kering bulan April sampai dengan September, secara keseluruhan terdapat pergantian tanam secara berututan pada satu daerah aliran irigasi, pergantian tanam secara acak dalam satu daerah aliran irigasi, dan tanam secara serempak dalam satu bulan pada satu daerah aliran irigasi yang mengindikasikan terjadinya penyesuaian terhadap ketersediaan pengairan dari aliran irigasi khususnya pada tanam yang dilakukan pada saat bulan kering. Pendugaan waktu panen padi menunjukkan terdapat wilayah padi diluar dari rentang umur 90-120 hari setelah tanam.

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Rice is a food commodity with the largest production in Indonesia. Rice production in Indonesia in 2019 reached 49,8 million tons. At the global scale, rice is consumed by half of the world’s population. Research on rice phenology in useful as a reference for future production and sustainable environmental development. Research on phenology has evolved from factors until methods including remote sensing. Remote sensing is an effective instrument in monitoring natura resources. This study uses the vegetation index NDVI and water index NDWI from Sentinel 2 satellite images, which can estimate the planting and harvesting time of rice with spatial and temporal analysis in areas with diverse topography and using high resolution satellite images. The index based rice phenology shows that the NDVI value forms a parabolic curve while NDWI forms linearly based on the age and phase of rice planting. NDVI based phenology has a higher r² value than NDWI based phenology. However, partially the NDVI and NDWI indices can be used to estimate planting and harvesting time with a threshold value with overall accuracy of 78% and a kappa coefficient of 0,5. In the dry growing season from April to September, there are successive planting changes in one irrigation basin, random planting in one irrigation basin, and simultaneous planting in one month in one irrigation basin indicating and adjustment for the availability of water form the irrigation, especially for planting during the dry month. Estimation of rice harvesting time shows there are areas of rice outside the age range of 90 – 120 days after transplanting.

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"Zona estuari merupakan zona transisi antara lingkungan sungai dengan lingkungan laut. Hal tersebut menjadikan wilayah estuari dihuni oleh berbagai biota yang dalam penelitian ini difokuskan pada estuari Cimandiri, dimana estuari Cimandiri yang menjadi wilayah tangkap larva ikan Sidat (Anguilla spp.) karena banyak ditemukannya larva ikan sidat pada wilayah ini. Pemetaan zona estuari pernah dilakukan pada penelitian sebelumnya di Estuari Cimandiri namun belum ada yang menggunakan citra Sentinel-2a, maka pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemetaan zona estuari menggunakan citra Sentinel-2a. Pemetaan zona estuari dilakukan berdasar nilai salinitas yang berkisar antara 0,5-30‰. Selain memetakan zona estuari, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menganalisis kaitan hasil tangkapan larva ikan Sidat (Anguilla spp.) dengan tingkat salinitas pada bulan basah dan bulan kering. Pembuatan peta zona estuari dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan Algoritma Cilamaya pada citra Sentinel-2a untuk mendapatkan sebaran nilai salinitas permukaan. Batas zona estuari pada bulan kering terhitung sejak tahun 2017 hingga 2019 memiliki batas paling jauh 1,5 km dari bibir muara sungai Cimandiri yaitu pada tahun 2019. Sementara batas zona estuari paling dekat dengan adalah pada tahun 2017 dengan jarak 0,9 km dari bibir muara Cimandiri. Lokasi penangkapan larva ikan Sidat berada pada wilayah dengan nilai salinitas permukaan 5 - 15‰. Pada bulan basah dimana jumlah curah hujan tinggi, nilai salinitas dan hasil tangkapan akan menurun. Namun sebaliknya pada bulan kering dimana curah hujan rendah, nilai salinitas dan hasil tangkap larva ikan Sidat akan meningkat

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Estuary zone is a transition zone between the river environment and the marine environment. This makes the estuary inhabited by a variety of biota, which in this study is focused on the Cimandiri estuary, where the Cimandiri estuary which is a catching area for eel larvae (Anguilla spp.) due to the abundance of eel fish larvae in this region. Estuary zone mapping has been done in previous research in Cimandiri Estuary but has not use the Sentinel-2a imagery, so in this study estuarine zone mapping using Sentinel-2a imagery. Estuary zone mapping is done based on salinity values ranging between 0.5-30‰. In addition to map the estuary zone, this study also aims to analyze the relationship between eel larvae (Anguilla spp.) catching with salinity levels in the wet and dry months. Estuary zone mapping is done by applying the Cilamaya Algorithm to the Sentinel-2a imagery to get the distribution of surface salinity values. Estuary zone boundaries in the dry months from 2017 to 2019 have the farthest limit of 1.5 km from the mouth of the Cimandiri river mouth in 2019. While the estuarine zone boundaries closest to are in 2017 with a distance of 0.9 km from the mouth of the estuary Cimandiri. Eel larvae catching location is in an area with a surface salinity value of 5-15 ‰. In wet months where the amount of rainfall is high, the value of salinity and catch will decrease. But on the contrary in the dry months where rainfall is low, the salinity value and catch of Sidat fish larvae will increase."

"The study that located at southern of Lembeh Strait, Bitung, North Sulawesi, include five locations, those are Kandang ayam, Tanjung Merah, Dermaga Penyu and Pin-pin...."

"[ABSTRAKJika dilakukan observasi, bentuk permukaan bumi setiap saat selalu berubah-ubahatau mengalami deformasi. Hal ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor alam, manusiaataupun gabungan dari keduanya. Beberapa perubahan bentuk ini dapatmenyebabkan bencana kalau tidak kerugian. Sehingga perlu adanya suatu metodeuntuk melakukan pengukuran dan pemetaan deformasi permukaan tanah.Pada penulisan ini dilakukan study-case pemetaan deformasi yang terjadi padaarea Bandung dan sekitarnya. Fokus dari percobaan adalah mengamati lajudeformasi pertahun pada area tersebut. Teknik PSInSAR dengan kerangka kerjaStaMPS digunakan untuk mengolah data citra PALSAR satelit ALOS menjadipeta laju deformasi.Pemetaan dengan citra radar dipilih karena kemampuan akuisisi citranya yangdapat digunakan pada hampir semua kondisi. Sinyal sensor SAR dapat menembusawan sehingga dapat mengatasi kesulitan dalam menganalisis kawasan yangdiselimuti awan, seperti Bandung. Sensor ini juga dapat bekerja siang-malam,karena sensor bekerja secara aktif dalam memancarkan dan menangkap sinyalnya.Ketelitian hingga ukuran mm per tahun dapat diperoleh dengan menggunakanteknik SAR persistent scatterrer interferometry. Selain itu dengan melakukananalisis ampitudo dan fase pada beberapa interferogram menggunakan kerangkakerja StaMPS, pengukuran juga dapat dilakukan walaupun pada area yangberkoherensi rendah. Misalnya sebagian besar area terselimuti oleh vegetasiataupun keadaan atmosfir yang menyelimuti, seperti kawasan Bandung dansekitarnya.Dari hasil pemetaan dapat diamati bahwa terjadi penurunan permukaan tanah padahampir seluruh kawasan perkotaan Bandung. Penyusutan dengan nilai tertinggiterjadi pada daerah Cimahi dan Bojong sebesar 13.5 cm per tahun. Didugapenurunan muka tanah pada area perkotaan Bandung diakibatkan oleh pemakaianair tanah yang berlebih terutama pada kawasan industri.

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ABSTRACTIf the observation is made, it is observable that earth surface is always changing orconstantly undergo a deformation. This can be caused by natural factors, human,or a combination of both. Some of these deformation can lead to disaster if notlosses. Because of that, it important to have method to measure and ultimatelymap the ground surface deformation.In this study-case, the map of deformation that occurs in Bandung and itsurrounding areas was made. The focus of the experiment was to observe thedeformation rate per year in these areas. PSInSAR technique with StaMPSframework was used to processed PALSAR images of ALOS satellite.Mapping with radar images was chosen because of radar imaging system have thecapabilities to operate at almost any condition. SAR sensor signal can penetrateclouds this can be used to overcome the difficulties in analyzing the cloudy areas,such as Bandung. This sensor can also work day and night, because it is activesensor, it emit and recieve it's own signal.Using the SAR persistent scatterrer interferometry technique, measurementaccuracy up to mm per year can be obtained. In addition, by analyzing amplitudeand phase of multiple interferograms using StaMPS framework, the measurementeven with low coherence image can be done. For example, most of the area-ofinterestis covered by vegetation or randomly high atmosphere retardation atsurrounds area, such as Bandung and it?s surrounding areas.Form the deformation map, can be observed that there was a subsidence in almostall urban areas in Bandung. The highest value of ground shrinkage occurred inCimahi and Bojong with 13.5 cm per year. Suspected, land subsidence of urbanareas in Bandung was caused by excessive use of ground water, especially in theindustrial area.;If the observation is made, it is observable that earth surface is always changing orconstantly undergo a deformation. This can be caused by natural factors, human,or a combination of both. Some of these deformation can lead to disaster if notlosses. Because of that, it important to have method to measure and ultimatelymap the ground surface deformation.In this study-case, the map of deformation that occurs in Bandung and itsurrounding areas was made. The focus of the experiment was to observe thedeformation rate per year in these areas. PSInSAR technique with StaMPSframework was used to processed PALSAR images of ALOS satellite.Mapping with radar images was chosen because of radar imaging system have thecapabilities to operate at almost any condition. SAR sensor signal can penetrateclouds this can be used to overcome the difficulties in analyzing the cloudy areas,such as Bandung. This sensor can also work day and night, because it is activesensor, it emit and recieve it's own signal.Using the SAR persistent scatterrer interferometry technique, measurementaccuracy up to mm per year can be obtained. In addition, by analyzing amplitudeand phase of multiple interferograms using StaMPS framework, the measurementeven with low coherence image can be done. For example, most of the area-ofinterestis covered by vegetation or randomly high atmosphere retardation atsurrounds area, such as Bandung and it?s surrounding areas.Form the deformation map, can be observed that there was a subsidence in almostall urban areas in Bandung. The highest value of ground shrinkage occurred inCimahi and Bojong with 13.5 cm per year. Suspected, land subsidence of urbanareas in Bandung was caused by excessive use of ground water, especially in theindustrial area., If the observation is made, it is observable that earth surface is always changing orconstantly undergo a deformation. This can be caused by natural factors, human,or a combination of both. Some of these deformation can lead to disaster if notlosses. Because of that, it important to have method to measure and ultimatelymap the ground surface deformation.In this study-case, the map of deformation that occurs in Bandung and itsurrounding areas was made. The focus of the experiment was to observe thedeformation rate per year in these areas. PSInSAR technique with StaMPSframework was used to processed PALSAR images of ALOS satellite.Mapping with radar images was chosen because of radar imaging system have thecapabilities to operate at almost any condition. SAR sensor signal can penetrateclouds this can be used to overcome the difficulties in analyzing the cloudy areas,such as Bandung. This sensor can also work day and night, because it is activesensor, it emit and recieve it's own signal.Using the SAR persistent scatterrer interferometry technique, measurementaccuracy up to mm per year can be obtained. In addition, by analyzing amplitudeand phase of multiple interferograms using StaMPS framework, the measurementeven with low coherence image can be done. For example, most of the area-ofinterestis covered by vegetation or randomly high atmosphere retardation atsurrounds area, such as Bandung and it’s surrounding areas.Form the deformation map, can be observed that there was a subsidence in almostall urban areas in Bandung. The highest value of ground shrinkage occurred inCimahi and Bojong with 13.5 cm per year. Suspected, land subsidence of urbanareas in Bandung was caused by excessive use of ground water, especially in theindustrial area.]"

"Metoda klasifikasi Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan (JST) telah banyak diterapkan dalam bidang penginderaan jauh. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan percobaan klasifikasi awan dengan menerapkan metoda JST Kohonen pada data citra multispektral satelit NOAA AVHRR. JST Kohonen adalah metoda klasifikasi tak terselia yang berbasis pada sistem pembelajaran kompetitif Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). Prosedur percobaan terdiri dari tiga tahap, yakni tahap pembelajaran, tahap pelabelan dan tahap klasifikasi.Pada mulanya, klasifikasi awan dilakukan menggunakan lima kanal data citra sebagai vektor masukan, yakni kanal cahaya-tampak, infra-merah dekat, infra-merah tengah, dan dua kanal infra-merah termal. Hasil klasifikasi lalu dibandingkan dengan hasil klasifikasi visual untuk menentukan tingkat keberhasilannya. Kemudian, proses klasifikasi dilanjutkan untuk mengevaluasi kanal-kanal yang dominan dalam klasifikasi awan dengan cara mereduksi jurnlah kanal yang digunakan dalam klasifikasi.Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa klasifikasi awan menggunakan JST Kohonen memberikan tingkat keberhasilan yang cukup tinggi sebesar 81% untuk katagori 10 kelas atau 95% untuk 4 katagori utama 4 kelas awan, dengan kanal-kanal yang dominan yaitu kanal satu (cahaya-tampak) dan kanal empat (infra-merah termal)."