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"ABSTRAKThe internationalization of higher education over the last two decades has transformed the education sector into a globalized, interconnected knowledge based society. Higher education institutions and national governments have been compelled to pay more attention to academic relations and knowledge exchange opportunities with partners in other countries, particularly in the same region. The current study aims to investigate the role of higher education internationalization in Southeast Asian nations ASEAN for the development of a more harmonized region. Previous research has revealed that less developed countries in the ASEAN region are far behind in the race to globalization and transformation of the education industry. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the policies and strategies enacted by the ASEAN administration and determine what it lacks to achieve this goal. An exploratory comparative approach has been used to identify and investigate recent internationalization trends in ASEAN member countries. The internationalization of higher education is a compelling and logical approach to increasing harmonization at the intra regional and interregional levels."

"Negara didunia saat ini sedang menjalankan pembangunan di segala bidang guna mecapai kesejahteraan rakyatnya. Salah satu upaya dalam mencapai tujuan negara tersebut adalah dengan mengadakan hubungan perdagangan secara Internasional, yaitu membuka hubungan perdagangan dengan negara lain. Perkembangan saat ini, banyak negara-negara membuat perjanjian perdagangan regional, karena bersifat lebih mudah dan aplikatif tidak melibatkan terlalu banyak negara serta kepentingan seperti yang terjadi dalam WTO. WTO telah membuat pengecualian yang membolehkan bagi negara anggota WTO untuk membentuk organisasi-organisasi ekonomi (perdagangan) secara regional bilateral dan tidak harus memberikan perlakuan yang sama kepada negara anggota lainnya. Manfaat yang diharapkan dari integrasi perekonomian adalah terbukanya peluang pasar internasional yang lebih luas. Harmonisasi Standar adalah unsur penunjang pembangunan yang memainkan peran penting terhadap keuntungan ekonomi, karena Harmonisasi Standar berperan penting dalam memastikan keamanan dan kesesuaian tujuan produk yang akan dipasarkan.

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Countries in the world is currently running a development in all fields to achieved a welfare for the people. One effort in achieving this goal is to conduct the country for international trade relations, which opened trade relations with other countries. Current progress, many countries make regional trade agreements, because it is much easier and applicable not involve too many countries and interests as occured in the WTO. WTO has made exceptions to allow for WTO member countries to establish economic organizations (trade) for the regional bilateral and not have to give equal treatment to other member countries. Expected benefits of economic integration is the opening of international market opportunities more widely. Harmonization of standards development is the support element that plays an important role for economic gain, because the Harmonization of Standards play an important role in ensuring the safety and suitability purpose of the product to be marketed."

"Regionalisme merupakan konsep yang berevolusi seiring dengan perkembangan studi dan dinamika Hubungan Internasional. Regionalisme acapkali diasosiasikan dengan integrasi dan kerja sama regional sehingga dalam perkembangannya, muncul istilah “konektivitas” sebagai turunan dari regionalisme. Melihat perkembangan ini, ASEAN memutuskan untuk mengadopsi konektivitas sebagai kerangka integrasi dan kerja sama regional. Uniknya, Konektivitas ASEAN didasari oleh mekanisme kerja sama sukarela yang difasilitasi oleh prinsip “ASEAN Way” dengan menghindari keterikatan politik yang kuat. Tulisan ini kemudian merupakan sebuah tinjauan pustaka yang memiliki tujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pembahasan Rancangan Konektivitas ASEAN sebagai instrumen integrasi dan kerja sama regional Asia Tenggara. Dengan menelaah 30 literatur akademik melalui metode taksonomi, penulis kemudian mengklasifikasikan literatur-literatur terpilih ke dalam dua tema utama, antara lain: (1) Konseptualisasi Konektivitas ASEAN; dan (2) Perkembangan Rancangan dan Implementasi Konektivitas ASEAN. Alhasil, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa Konektivitas ASEAN merupakan upaya kolektif yang perlu dijalankan melalui koordinasi tiga arah antara badan regional ASEAN, negara-negara anggota ASEAN, dan pihak eksternal yang terlibat. Upaya perwujudan Rancangan Konektivitas ASEAN pun dijumpai berbagai hambatan, yaitu keterbatasan kapasitas finansial dan teknologi, kesenjangan pembangunan antara negara-negara ASEAN, komitmen politik yang rendah, perbedaan persepsi dan potensi persaingan antarnegara, dan inefisiensi koordinasi badan regional pemantau Konektivitas ASEAN.

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Regionalism is a concept that has evolved along with the development of the study and dynamics of International Relations. Regionalism is commonly associated with regional integration and cooperation. Therefore, the term “connectivity” appears as a derivative of regionalism. Against this background, ASEAN has adopted connectivity as a framework for regional integration and cooperation. Uniquely, the ASEAN Connectivity has implemented a voluntary cooperation mechanism facilitated by the “ASEAN Way” principle to avoid strong political ties among the institution. Accordingly, this paper constitutes a literature review which aims to explore the discussion of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity as the instrument of Southeast Asia regional integration and cooperation. By examining 30 pieces of academic literature through the taxonomic method, the selected writings will be classified into two main themes: (1) The Conceptualization of the ASEAN Connectivity; and (2) The Development of the Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity and its Implementation. As a result, this paper finds that ASEAN Connectivity is a collective effort that needs to be carried out through the three-way coordination between the ASEAN regional bodies, the ASEAN Member States, and external parties involved. However, the efforts to realize the Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity have encountered various obstacles, specifically limited financial and technological capacity, development gaps between ASEAN Member States, low political commitment, differences in perceptions and the potential of competition between member states, and inefficiency in regional bodies monitoring the ASEAN Connectivity."

"[ABSTRAKKasus penerimaan terbatas ASEAN dalam norma pengaturan senjata kecil dan senjata ringan menunjukkan peristiwa kontra-tren dari tren penerimaan norma internasional dalam masalah tersebut. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis kondisi-kondisi yang mendasari penerimaan terbatas ASEAN terhadap norma pengaturan senjata kecil dengan berusaha menelusuri proses mikro yang terjadi pada konteks struktur domestik ASEAN sebagai refleksi terhadap dinamika pengaturannya pada tingkat kawasan. Dengan menggunakan metode multi-value Qualitative Comparative Analysis (mvQCA), penelitian ini menemukan bahwa strategic culture dan struktur politik domestik berpengaruh secara signifikan dalam memungkinkan terjadinya saluran normatif bagi resonansi norma pengaturan senjata kecil. Sementara itu, karena adanya perbedaan kompetensi normatif di antara negara-negara ASEAN dan adanya cognitive prior ASEAN yang memiliki kecenderungan untuk menjadi organisasi regional bercorak ?sovereignty-oriented?, ASEAN membatasi penerimaan norma ini dengan melakukan lokalisasi norma pengaturan senjata kecil di kawasan.

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ABSTRACT

;ASEAN cases of limited acceptance in small arms control norm represents a counter-trend event of the widely accepted international norms in the matter. This study aimed to analyze the conditions underlying the limited acceptance of ASEAN towards small arms control norms by seeking to explore the micro processes that occur in the context of the domestic structure of ASEAN as a reflection of the dynamics at the regional level. By using the multi-value method Qualitative Comparative Analysis (mvQCA), the study found that strategic culture and domestic political structures affect significantly for the channel which allows the setting of norms resonance for small arms control norms. Meanwhile, because of differences in normative competence among ASEAN countries and the ASEAN?s cognitive priors which leans toward a tendency to become a regional 'sovereignty-oriented' organization, ASEAN limits the acceptance of this norm by setting norms localization of small arms control norms in the region, ASEAN cases of limited acceptance in small arms control norm represents a counter-trend event of the widely accepted international norms in the matter. This study aimed to analyze the conditions underlying the limited acceptance of ASEAN towards small arms control norms by seeking to explore the micro processes that occur in the context of the domestic structure of ASEAN as a reflection of the dynamics at the regional level. By using the multi-value method Qualitative Comparative Analysis (mvQCA), the study found that strategic culture and domestic political structures affect significantly for the channel which allows the setting of norms resonance for small arms control norms. Meanwhile, because of differences in normative competence among ASEAN countries and the ASEAN’s cognitive priors which leans toward a tendency to become a regional 'sovereignty-oriented' organization, ASEAN limits the acceptance of this norm by setting norms localization of small arms control norms in the region]"

"Tesis ini menjabarkan mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kerjasama sub-kawasan di ASEAN dari tahun 1989 hingga 2015. Penelitian ini menjabarkan mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan empat kerjasama sub-kawasan di ASEAN yaitu Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS GT), Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT GT), Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Phillippines East Asian Growth Area (BIMP EAGA), dan Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). Analisis dilakukan menggunakan empat faktor kerjasama sub-kawasan yang dikembangkan oleh Tongzon (2002) yaitu geographical proximity, komplementaritas ekonomi, komitmen politik dan partisipasi sektor swasta, dan katalis. Dalam analisis ditemukan bahwa untuk dapat menjadi kerjasama sub-kawasan termaju di ASEAN dibutuhkan geographical proximity yang memadai, komplementaritas ekonomi, adanya komitmen politik dan partisipasi sektor swasta, dan kehadiran katalis.

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This thesis analyzed about the influence factors of ASEAN sub-regional cooperation growth in ASEAN from year 1989-2015. This research analyze about factors which affecting sub-regional cooperation growth in ASEAN, namely Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS GT), Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT GT), Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Phillippines East Asian Growth Area (BIMP EAGA), and Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). This research employed four sub-regional cooperation factors from Tongzon (2002) consist of geographical proximity, economic complementarity, politics commitment and privat sector participation, and the presence of catalyst. Through this research, the writer found that to be an advanced sub-regional cooperation in ASEAN, it needs supporting factors consist of geographical proximity, economic complementarity, politics commitment and privat sector participation, and the presence of catalyst."