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"ABSTRAKThe article describes the context of the ICRCs operations in Iraq, where the Iran Iraq War in the 1980s, the Gulf War in 1990 1 and the effects of sanctions preceded the 2003 conflict and the spread of sectarian violence. The many serious attacks, including the bombing of the ICRC delegation in Baghdad in 2003 and continuing threats to the ICRC delegates, led to a low visibility presence and required a new modus operandi in which a real presence on the ground was backed up by remote control mechanisms for assistance activities in the most insecure areas. Projects to cover essential needs by ensuring water supplies and sewage disposal and supporting health facilities exemplify this new ICRC operational framework. Whereas remote control and support operations enabled programmes of increasing scope and size to be implemented, they could not replace a direct physical presence on the ground, and acceptancebuilding had to be reinforced through networking and communicational aspects. Theauthors argue, however, that there is still room for independent, neutral and impartial humanitarian action in Iraq despite inherent security risks."

"ABSTRAKFor almost 60 years, the International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC has been doing its best to provide humanitarian assistance to those groups in Iraq that need it most. This article describes the humanitarian operations of the ICRC in Iraq from 1950 to the present day, in particular the support it has given to different minorities inthe country and its humanitarian responses to the various armed conflicts. It shows that the legal framework that provides the basis for the ICRCs humanitarian activities also limits its ability to take action in situations beyond the scope of its mandate. In armed conflicts the ICRC faces the risk of being used by governments for their own ends. The challenge for the ICRC is to strike a balance between meeting itstreaty based obligations and exercising its right of humanitarian initiative, and to avoid selecting the recipients of its aid on the sole basis of opportunities made available by governments."

"Sebagai pejabat umum yang berwenang untuk membuat akta otentik, seorang Notaris telah diberikan rambu-rambu melalui perangkat peraturan perundangundangan serta kode etik profesi. Dunia kenotariatan di Indonesia memasuki era baru sejak terbitnya Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris. Oleh karenanya Notaris dalam menjalankan tugas dan jabatannya akan mengalami banyak cobaan dan rintangan yang semakin berat. Tesis ini membahas tentang kewajiban jabatan Notaris khususnya Pasal 16 ayat (1) huruf a yaitu tentang kewajibannya untuk bertindak jujur, saksama, mandiri, tidak berpihak serta menjaga kepentingan pihak yang terkait. Tesis ini akan menjelaskan mengenai arti kejujuran, kesaksamaan, kemandirian dan ketidak berpihakan yang harus dilakukan oleh seorang Notaris. Notaris juga manusia yang mempunyai keterbatasan, kelemahan, seperti berbuat khilaf, keliru, maka tidak mustahil suatu ketika terjadi penyimpangan atau pelanggaran kewajiban tersebut yang menimbulkan keadaan tidak tertib, tidak stabil yang perlu dipulihkan kembali. Apabila terjadi penyimpangan maka yang dirugikan bukan hanya lembaga Notariat itu sendiri melainkan juga masyarakat yang sebagai pihak yang membutuhkan jasa Notaris. Oleh karena itu akan dibahas pula bagaimana sanksi yang akan diterima oleh Notaris yang terbukti tidak jujur, tidak saksama, tidak mandiri, berpihak serta tidak menjaga pihak yang terkait.

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As a public official who has the authority to make the authentic deeds, a Notary has given signs through the legislation and professional codes of ethics. Notary ini Indonesia entered a new era since the publication of Act Number 30 Year 2004 concerning Notary. Therefore Notary in performing their duties and his position wil have many trials and obstacles that increasingly severe. This thesis discusses the duties and positions of Notary in particular Article 16 paragraph (1) letter a which is about the obligation to act in an honest, thorough, independent, impartial, and safeguard the interest of related parties. This thesis will explain the meaning of honesty, thoroughness, independence and impartiality that must be done by a Notary. Notaries are also people who have limitations, weaknesses, such as mistakes or errorneous, it is not impossible when there is a deviation or breach of duty which caused a disorderly situation, unstable that need to be restored. In the event of irregularities, so that harmed not only the Notary institution itself but also public as the party that requires a notary services. Therefore it would also discussed how the sanctions to be received by the Notary who proved to be dishonest, not thorough, dependent and not keeping related parties."