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"AbstrakThe chief purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation and growth of oil palm plantation enterprises in postcolonial Indonesia. Most of the oil palm plantation enterprises in Indonesia are incorporated businesses organized as limited companies (perseroan terbatas, PT). Amendments of the corporate charters of limited companies concerning their formation, increase in capital, executive appointments, and so on must be reported to the government. Each amendment is announced by an Appendix of the State Gazette (Tambahan Berita Negara Republik Indonesia, TBN RI), which is annually printed, bound, and stored by the State Printing Office (Percetakan Negara Republik Indonesia, PNRI). Using data from these official documents for the period until 1999, this article presents an outline of the development of oil palm plantation enterprises mainly in the 1980s and 1990s. It contains the profiles of top class business groups such as Asian Agri, Astra Agro, Salim (Indoagri), and Sinar Mas, as well as some second class groups among the nearly 500 corporate enterprises that were engaged in the oil palm plantation business."

"Skripsi ini membahas bagaimana persebaran dan hubungan pemukiman etnis Cina di Kawasan Medan pada akhir abad ke-19 sampai awal abad ke-20. Pada pemukiman dilihat bagaimana persamaan dan perbedaan karakteristik setiap situs pemukiman etnis Cina. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah merekonstruksi kebudayaan masa lalu etnis Cina di Medan. Selain itu, penelitian ini bertujuan khusus untuk mengetahui karakteristik setiap situs pemukiman etnis Cina.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode arkeologi pemukiman tingkat makro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persebaran situs-situs pemukiman etnis Cina menunjukkan pola linier di mana berkembang dari utara menuju pusat Kota Medan. Sementara itu, hubungan antarsitus berkaitan dengan faktor migrasi dan ekonomi.

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This undergraduate thesis is talk about distribution and relationship chinese settlement in Medan from the end of 19th century until early 20th century. This research is look at the similarities and differences between each site. General purpose is to reconstruction the culture of chinese in the past. Besides, the special purpose is to understand the characteristics of each site. Method that had been used is the archaeology of settlement in macro scale. The result is the distribution of chinese settlement in Medan shows that the pattern is linear. Meanwhile, the relationships between each site cause of migration and economy."

"Jaringan korupsi, seperti kejahatan terorganisir lainnya, memiliki struktur dan dinamika yang kompleks, khususnya di sektor perkebunan sawit di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi korupsi sebagai sistem kompleks melalui perspektif state-corporate crime, dengan menganalisis relasi antara aktor negara, korporasi, dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya dengan menggunakan Social Network Analysis (SNA). Data penelitian berasal dari dokumen Berita Acara Pemeriksaan dan Putusan Pengadilan pada lima kasus korupsi yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap (inkracht) dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur jaringan korupsi dapat berupa centralized atau decentralized, dengan peran aktor meliputi organizer, intermediary, influencer, communicator, dan connector. Peran aktor dalam jaringan bervariasi, mulai dari keterlibatan terbuka hingga terselubung, yang secara langsung atau tidak langsung memfasilitasi pengalihan sumber daya. Dinamika jaringan mencerminkan karakteristik non-linearitas, sifat emergen, dan adaptivitas yang memperkuat ketahanan jaringan terhadap intervensi eksternal, termasuk penegakan hukum. Temuan penelitian mendukung teori white-collar crime dan teori kompleksitas, dengan menyoroti peran negara sebagai fasilitator melalui relasi kompleks dengan korporasi serta sebagai inisiator melalui kebijakan yang menguntungkan pihak tertentu. Untuk merespons kompleksitas jaringan korupsi, diperlukan pendekatan disruptif, isolasi aktor sentral, serta dekonstruksi dan rekonstruksi birokrasi dan penegakan hukum berbasis demokrasi partisipatoris.

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Corruption networks, like other organized crime, have complex structures and dynamics, particularly in the oil palm plantation sector in Indonesia. This study explores corruption as a complex system through the perspective of state-corporate crime by analyzing the relationship between state actors, corporations, and other stakeholders using Social Network Analysis (SNA). The research data comes from the investigation report and Court Decisions on five corruption cases with permanent legal force (inkracht), using a case study approach and qualitative methods. The study results show that the corruption network's structure can be centralized or decentralized, with the roles of actors including organizers, intermediaries, influencers, communicators, and connectors. The roles of actors in networks vary, ranging from overt to covert engagements, which directly or indirectly facilitate the diversion of resources. Network dynamics reflect the characteristics of non-linearity, emergent nature, and adaptability that strengthen the network's resilience to external interventions, including law enforcement. The findings support white-collar crime and complexity theory by highlighting the state's role as a facilitator through complex corporate relationships and as an initiator through policies that benefit certain parties. To respond to the complexity of corruption networks, disruptive approaches, isolation of central actors, deconstruction and reconstruction of bureaucracy and law enforcement based on participatory democracy are needed."

"Keragaman dan Komposisi Asam Lemak Bakteri Lipolitik Isolat Asal Tanah dan Sedimen Perairan Wilayah Hutan dan Perkebunan Sawit. Bakteri spesifik dalam hutan dan perkebunan kelapa sawit adalah bakteri lipolitik. Enzim-enzim dari bakteri lipolitik telah diaplikasikan di agro-akuakultur, makanan, deterjen, farmasi, industri susu, dan biodiesel-biokerosin. Penelitian bertujuan memberikan informasi keragaman bakteri lipolitik asal tanah dan sedimen perairan di areal hutan dan perkebunan kelapa sawit, dan komposisi asam lemaknya. Sampel tanah berasal dari tanah lapisan atas hutan dataran rendah dan perkebunan kelapa sawit dan sedimen air tawar di dekat situs tersebut. Hutan tersebut terletak di Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas dan perkebunan kelapa sawit sekitarnya di Kabupaten Sarolangun, Jambi, Indonesia. Sebanyak 22 isolat terpilih dari tiga puluh dua isolat bakteri lipolitik yang tumbuh pada media selektif lipolitik, terdiri dari 11 isolat dari tanah lapisan atas dan 11 isolat dari sedimen air di hutan dan daerah perkebunan. Isolat-isolat bakteri diidentifikasi berdasarkan analisis gen 16S rRNA. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan isolat-isolat tersebut terdiri atas lima genera yaitu Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, Serratia, Acinetobacter, dan Kurthia. Pada pohon filogenetik yang dibangun menggunakan metode maximum likelihood isolat-isolat tersebut terdistribusi ke dalam tiga grup, yaitu grup Burkholderia-Cupriavidus, grup Serratia-Acinetobacter, dan grup Kurthia. Hasil analisis kromatografi gas (GC-FID) menunjukkan bahwa enzim lipolitik yang dihasilkan bakteri-bakteri tersebut terdiri atas berbagai asam lemak. Beberapa isolat bakteri menghasilkan asam lemak esensial, seperti asam lemak: linoleat, linolenat, arakidonat, eikosapentanoat (EPA), dan dokosaheksanoat (DHA).

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The specific bacteria in forests and on oil palm plantations are lipolytic bacteria. Their enzymes have been applied in the agro-aquaculture, food, detergent, pharmaceutical, dairy, and biodiesel-biokerosene industries. This study describes the diversity of cultivable lipolytic bacteria from soil and aquatic sediment in a forest and on an oil palm plantation and their fatty acid products. Soil samples used in this research were obtained from topsoil in a lowland forest and on an oil palm plantation and from sediments in fresh water near these sites. The forest is located in Bukit Duabelas National Park, and the oil palm plantation is near the forest in Sarolangun District, Jambi Province, Indonesia. Twenty-two isolates of lypolitic bacteria were selected from 32 isolates grown in lipolytic selective medium. The 22 consisted of 11 isolates from topsoil and 11 from aquatic sediment from the forest and plantation area. These isolates were identified by 16S rRNA-sequence data analysis. Taxonomically, they belonged to five genera: Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, Serratia, Acinetobacter, and Kurthia. The maximum likelihood tree showed that they are phylogenetically distributed in three clusters. They were clustered into three groups: the Burkholderia-Cupriavidus group, the Serratia-Acinetobacter group, and the Kurthia group. Their lipolytic enzymes formed various fatty acids after analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Some isolates formed essential fatty acids, such as linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini mengangkat persoalan petani swadaya kelapa sawit dalam menghadapi standar keberlanjutan yang berlaku atas produk kelapa sawit mereka, berupa Tanda Buah Segar TBS . Fokus studi ini adalah menampilkan pengalaman petani di dua desa di Kalimantan Tengah dalam mencari cara dan langkah-langkah yang tepat untuk memenuhi standar RSPO Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil , terutama ketika menggunakan hukum sebagai salah satu instrumen untuk memenuhi standar pasar. Untuk memeriksa pengalaman-pengalaman tersebut maka studi ini menggunakan metode sosio-legal untuk mengeksplorasi aspek sosial dalam penggunaan hukum, sekaligus memperlihatkan kenyataan sosial dalam dari hukum. Sehingga penelitian lapangan akan memeriksa hukum investasi dan perkebunan dalam konteks dua desa ketika digunakan untuk memenuhi standar pasar terhadap keberlanjutan.

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ABSTRACT This thesis is to disclose the problem of oil palm smallholder farmers in facing the global sustainability standards to crude palm oil. The focus of this study is describing the experiences of farmers in two villages in searching for precise ways and steps to fulfil the Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil standards, especially in dealing with laws as the instrument to achive the requirements of the standard. To analyse those experiences, this study uses the the socio legal method to explore the social aspects of experiencing with legal instruments and at the same time portraying the reality of laws on the ground. The study will challenge whether plantation laws and investment laws are implemented as such when farmers are facing the requirements to achieve the sustainability standards. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepentingan dan kinerja sertifikasi Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), kendala yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit dalam melakukan sertifikasi serta upayaupaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam memperbaiki kinerja layanan sertifikasi ISPO. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian campuran (mix method) dengan menggunakan metode sequensial explanatory. Teknik pengumpulan data kuantitatif melalui kuesioner tertutup dengan skala likert dan kuesioner terbuka, sedangkan penelitian kualitatif menggunakan wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) dan terstruktur. Selain itu, peneliti juga melakukan studi pustaka, dan observasi. Untuk penelitian kuantitatif, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan lima dimensi pengukuran kepuasan pelayanan pelanggan yakni dimensi berwujud (tangible), keandalan (reliability), kecepatan (responsiveness), kepastian (assurance) dan keempatian (emphty). Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi ISPO pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO, serta personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO. Jumlah unit analisis pada perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO adalah tiga puluh Sembilan (39) orang yang mewakili perusahaan, dan lima puluh empat (54) orang personalia yang bertanggungjawab dalam sertifikasi dari perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis Important Performance Analysis (IPA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kepuasan perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menerima sertifikat ISPO terhadap kinerja pelayanan sertifikasi ISPO menunjukkan puas, dengan nilai tingkat kesesuaian antara kepentingan dan kinerja lima dimensi pelayanan sebesar 80,72%. Kendala yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit yang belum melakukan upaya sertifikasi ISPO antara lain masalah legalitas kebun (Hak Guna Usaha/HGU dan perizinan), sumber daya manusia dan teknis operasional. Upayaupaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kinerja pelayanan sertifikasi ISPO antara lain melakukan perbaikan aspek organisasi dan sumber daya manusia, mencari solusi atas hal-hal yang selama ini menjadi kendala dalam sertifikasi antara lain mempercepat proses pengurusan HGU dan redesain kawasan, serta mempertegas regulasi dalam keorganisasian ISPO.

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This study aims to determine the level of important and performance certification of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), the constraints faced by oil palm plantation companies in conducting certification and efforts that can be done to improve the performance of ISPO certification services. This research is mix study, using sequential explanatory method. Quantitative data collection techniques through a closed questionnaire with Likert scale and open questionnaire, where as qualitative research using structure depth interview. In addition, the researchers also conducted literature study and observation.

For the quantitative study, researchers used the five dimensions of satisfaction measurement services the tangible dimension (tangible), reliability (reliability), speed (responsiveness), certainty (assurance) and emphaty (emphty). The unit of analysis in this study is that the personnel responsible for ISPO certification on oil palm plantation companies that have received the certificate of ISPO, and personnel who are responsible for the certification of oil palm plantation companies that have not made the effort ISPO certification. The number of units of analysis on oil palm plantation companies that have received the certificate of ISPO are 39 people who represent the company, and 54 personnel who are responsible for the certification of oil palm plantation companies that have not made the effort ISPO certification. Data were analyzed using analysis of Important Performance Analysis (IPA).

The results showed that the level of satisfaction of palm oil plantation companies that have received ISPO certificate against certification service performance ISPO show satisfied, with the value of the degree of correspondence between the important and the performance of the five dimensions of service amounted to 80.72%. Constraints faced by palm oil plantation companies who have made efforts ISPO certification, among others, the legality of the garden (HGU and licensing), human resources and technical operational. Efforts can be made to improve service performance ISPO certification among others make improvements and organizational aspects of human resources, find solutions for things that become obstacles in the certification include speeding up the process to obtain the concession and redesigning the area, as well as reinforce the regulation in ISPO organization."

"[ABSTRACTA number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective. The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level., A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.]"