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"Kanker telah diketahui sebagai faktor risiko kuat penyebab tromboemboli, baik emboli paru maupun trombosis vena dalam. Emboli paru sendiri seringkali tidak bergejala padahal angka mortalitas bisa mencapai 80%. Tipe histopatologi adenokarsinoma merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang meningkatkan kejadian emboli paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proporsi kejadian emboli paru dan trombosis vena pada kelompok kemungkinan tinggi menurut skor Revisi Geneva dan memperoleh besar kemungkinan kejadian emboli paru (EP) serta hubungannya dengan tipe histopatologi kanker padat. Penelitian menggunakan potong lintang dan didapatkan 124 subjek diikutkan dalam penelitian ini yang terdiri atas kelompok adenokarsinoma dan non adenokarsinoma masing-masing sebesar 62 subjek. Berdasarkan skor Revisi Geneva, sebanyak 11 (8,8%) subjek termasuk ke dalam kelompok kemungkinan rendah, 96 (77,4%) subjek termasuk ke dalam kelompok kemungkinan menengah dan 17 (13,8%) subjek ke dalam kelompok kemungkinan tinggi. Kejadian tromboemboli vena pada kelompok kemungkinan tinggi mencapai 94,1% dengan 58,8% mengalami emboli paru dan trombosis vena dalam secara bersamaan, 11,8% hanya mengalami emboli paru saja dan 23,6% mengalami thrombosis vena dalam saja. Tipe histopatologi adenokarsinoma memiliki risiko 2,58 kali lebih tinggi untuk masuk kedalam kelompok kemungkinan kejadian tinggi emboli paru menurut skor Revisi Geneva bila dibandingkan pada subjek dengan tipe histopatologi non adenokarsinoma. Sebagai kesimpulan, kanker padat dengan tipe histopatologi adenokarsinoma meningkatkan kemungkinan kejadian emboli paru bila dibandingkan dengan tipe non adenokarsinoma.

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Cancer is widely known as a strong risk factor of thromboembolism, which consist of two kind are pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. We mainly focused on pulmonary embolism in this research. Pulmonary embolism is often asymptomatic which the mortality rate can reach 80%. Adenocarcinoma histopathological type has been proved as one of the risk factors that increase the occurance of pulmonary embolism. This research determine the proportion of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis events in high clinical probability group based on Revised Geneva score and the correlation with solid tumor histopathological type. This research used cross sectional method with 124 subjects participated in this research which consisted of 62 patients for each of adenocarcinoma and non-adeocarcinoma group. Mean of patient age was 52 years old and the sum of female participant was larger than male. Based on Revised Geneva score, 11 (8,8%) participants were in low risk clinical probability group, 96 (77,4%) participant were in middle risk clinical probability group and the rest of 17 (13,8%) participants were in high risk clinical probability group. The total event of vena thromboembolism in high risk clinical probability group reached 94,1% whereas 58,8% got both pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis simultaneously, 11,8% with pulmonary embolism alone and 23,6% with vein deep vein thrombosis alone. Subjects with histopathological type of AC were 2.58 times greater to be a high-probability group of the Revised Geneva Score compared with NAC. As the conclusion, Solid cancer with histopathological type of AC increases the likelihood of PE incidence when compared with NAC."

"Emboli paru merupakan kondisi dimana gumpalan darah di dalam vena besar pada ekstremitas bawah masuk ke arteri pulmonal sehingga mengganggu aliran darah ke paru-paru. Metode ventilasi-perfusi SPECT/CT yang dikombinasikan dengan agen perunut seperti Technetium-99m (99mTc) dapat digunakan untuk mendiagnosis penyakit emboli paru. Karbon aktif dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben radioaktif 99mTc, namun sifat aerodinamisnya yang buruk menjadi tantangan untuk digunakan secara inhalasi. Kombinasi dengan serbuk pembawa inhalasi diharapkan dapat meningkatkan sifat aerodinamis karbon aktif bertanda 99mTc. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan serbuk inhalasi karbon aktif bertanda 99mTc sehingga dapat diberikan secara inhalasi untuk diagnosis emboli paru. Serbuk pembawa inhalasi dibuat dengan memformulasikan manitol dengan 5–10% b/b leusin; 1,25–2,5% b/b amonium bikarbonat, atau kombinasi keduanya. Serbuk pembawa dibuat dengan metode semprot kering, kemudian dikarakterisasi morfologi, rendemen, kandungan lembab, densitas, ukuran partikel geometris, dan aerodinamis. Setelah itu, serbuk pembawa dengan karakteristik terbaik dicampurkan dengan serbuk karbon aktif bertanda Rhenium (placebo untuk 99mTc karbon) dengan perbandingan 1:1 dan 1:2, kemudian dikarakterisasi kembali. Serbuk pembawa manitol dengan 10% leusin dan 5% amonium bikarbonat (SP5) menunjukkan karakteristik terbaik dengan nilai MMAD, EF, FPF sebesar 6,95 ± 1,29 μm; 62,4 ± 7,92 %; 44,82 ± 9,31 % berturut-turut. Serbuk inhalasi karbon aktif bertanda Rhenium yang dicampur dengan serbuk pembawa 1:2 (F2) menunjukkan peningkatan sifat aerodinamis dan ukuran partikel, dengan nilai MMAD, EF, FPF sebesar 6,62 μm; 76,4%; dan 45,55% berturut-turut. Kombinasi karbon aktif bertanda Rhenium yang dicampur dengan serbuk pembawa 1:2 dianggap sesuai untuk serbuk inhalasi dan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk diagnosis emboli paru.

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Pulmonary embolism is a condition where blood clots in the major veins of the lower extremities enter the pulmonary artery, disrupting blood flow to the lungs. Ventilation-perfusion SPECT/CT method, combined with a tracer agent such as Technetium-99m (99m) can be used to diagnose pulmonary embolism. Activated carbon can be used as a radioactive adsorbent for 99mTc, but its poor aerodynamic properties pose a challenge for inhalation use. Combining it with carrier-based DPI is expected to improve the aerodynamic properties of 99mTc-labelled activated carbon. Therefore, this study aims to develop dry powder inhaler (DPI) of 99mTc-labelled activated carbon for the inhalation-based diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Carrier-based DPI powders were prepared by formulating mannitol with 5–10% (w/w) leucine, 1,25–2,5% (w/w) ammonium bicarbonate, or a combination of both. The carrier-based DPI powders were produced using the spray-drying method and then characterized for morphology, yield, moisture content, density, geometric and aerodynamic particle size. Subsequently, the carrier-based DPI powder with the best characteristics was mixed with Rhenium-labelled activated carbon powder (placebo for 99m (Tc carbon) at ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, and characterized again. This study showed mannitol carrier-based DPI powder with 10% leucine and 5% ammonium bicarbonate (SP5) exhibited the best characteristics with MMAD, EF, FPF values of 6,95 ± 1,29 μm; 62,4 ± 7,92 %; 44,82 ± 9,31 % respectively. Rhenium-labelled activated carbon inhalable powder mixed with carrier-based DPI powder at a ratio of 1:2 (F2) showed improved aerodynamic properties and particle size, with MMAD, EF, FPF values of 6,62 μm; 76,4%; dan 45,55% respectively. Thus, the combination of Rhenium-labelled activated carbon mixed with carrier-based DPI powder at a ratio of 1:2 is considered suitable for inhalable powder and can be further developed for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism."

"Latar Belakang: Sindrom pascatrombosis (PTS) diestimasikan terjadi pada 20-50% pasien dengan jarak beberapa bulan hingga 1-2 tahun pasca trombosis vena dalam DVT. Insidensi PTS akan lebih tinggi pada DVT yang ditatalaksana konservatif. Tatalaksana DVT pada COVID-19 selama ini hanya konservatif. Sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian mengenai evaluasi terjadinya sindrom pascatrombosis pada pasien DVT dengan COVID- 19.Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah desain desain kohort retrospektif. Penelitian dilakukan di Divisi Bedah Vaskular dan Endovaskular, Departemen Medik Ilmu Bedah, Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. Waktu penelitian akan berlangsung selama 6 bulan, yaitu dari bulan Desember 2022 sampai dengan Mei 2023. Dilakukan uji bivariat dan multivariat pada data yang didapat.Hasil: Didapatkan insidensi terjadinya PTS pada pasien DVT dan COVID-19 adalah 59.3%. Variabel yang meningkatkan risiko terjadinya PTS dan secara statistik bermakna menurut uji bivariat adalah riwayat DVT ipsilateral (p = 0.000), lokasi trombus Iliaka Femoral Popliteal (p = 0.000), dan derajat COVID-19 sedang berat (p = 0.000). Dari uji multivariat didapatkan y = -2.965 + 2.545X1(riwayat DVT ipsilateral) + 2.110X2 (lokasi trombus Iliaka Femoral Popliteal) + 2.679X3 (Derajat COVID-19 sedang berat).Kesimpulan: Insidensi terjadinya PTS pada pasien DVT dengan COVID-19 yang dilakukan terapi konservatif lebih meningkat. Faktor risiko yang memengaruhi terjadinya sindrom pascatrombosis secara uji statistik bivariat bermakna menurut uji bivariat adalah adanya riwayat DVT ipsilateral, lokasi trombus Iliaka Femoral Popliteal, dan derajat COVID-19 sedang berat. Dari uji multivariat didapatkan derajat COVID-19 sedang berat sebagai faktor risiko terbesar PTS sebesar 14.5X, riwayat DVT ipsilateral sebagai faktor risiko terbesar PTS sebesar 12.7X dan lokasi trombus Iliaka Femoral Popliteal sebagai faktor risiko sebesar 8.2x.

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Background: Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is estimated to occur in 20-50% patients several months to 1-2 years after DVT. The incidence of PTS will be higher in DVT which is managed conservatively. So far, the management of DVT in COVID-19 has only been conservative. To date, there have been no studies regarding the evaluation of the occurrence of postthrombotic syndrome in DVT patients with COVID-19.

Methods: The design used for this research was a retrospective cohort design. The study was conducted at the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Medical Surgery, dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. The research time will last for 6 months, from December 2022 to May 2023. Bivariate and multivariate tests were carried out.

Results: The incidence of PTS in DVT and COVID-19 patients was 59.3%. Variables that increasing the risk of PTS and were statistically significant according to bivariate tests were history of ipsilateral DVT (p = 0.000), Popliteal Iliac Femoral thrombus location (p = 0.000), and moderate to severe COVID-19 severity (p = 0.000). From the multivariate test, y = -0.596 + 2.545X1 (ipsilateral DVT history) + 2.110X2 (popliteal Iliac Femoral thrombus location) + (-2.679)X3 (moderate to severe COVID-19 severity).

Conclusion: The incidence of PTS in DVT patients with COVID-19 who are undergoing conservative therapy is increasing. The risk factors that influence the occurrence of postthrombotic syndrome in statistically significant bivariate tests are history of ipsilateral DVT, the location of the Iliac Femoral Popliteal thrombus, and the moderate to severe COVID-19 severity. From the multivariate test, moderate to severe COVID-19 severity was found as the biggest risk factor for PTS by 14.5-fold, history of ipsilateral DVT as risk factor for PTS by 12.7-fold and the location of the Iliac Femoral Popliteal thrombus as a risk factor for 8.2-fold."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Penegakan diagnosis DVT akut ekstremitas bawah dengan sarana diagnostik yang ada termasuk venous duplex ultrasonography VDUS masih terkendala biaya, waktu dan tenaga operator. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai efektivitas skor Wells, kadar D-Dimer atau skor kombinasi keduanya dibandingkan dengan VDUS dalam mendeteksi kasus-kasus DVT akut ekstremitas bawah.Metode. Dilakukan studi diagnostik dengan desain cross-sectional yang dilakukan di Divisi Bedah Vaskular dan Endovaskular Departemen Ilmu Bedah FKUI-RSCM pada semua pasien dewasa dengan dugaan DVT akut ekstremitas bawah yang dikonsultasikan ke Divisi Bedah Vaskular RSCM yang dikonfirmasi dengan pemeriksaan VDUS pada periode Januari 2014 ndash; Desember 2015 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Sumber data diambil dari rekam medik data sekunder . Analisis data berupa uji diagnostik dan diuji dengan SPSS version 17.0 for WindowsHasil. Studi melibatkan 85 orang. Didapatkan kejadian DVT akut ekstremitas bawah sebesar 65,88 . Sensitivitas dan nilai duga negatif tertinggi 100.00 didapatkan pada skor kombinasi II dan IV. Sedangkan spesifisitas tertinggi 89,66 dan nilai duga positif tertinggi 92,68 diperoleh pada skor kombinasi III. Skor dengan nilai diagnostik berimbang sensitivitas 87,50 ; spesifisitas 72,41 dijumpai pada skor Wells 3 level I.Simpulan. Skor Wells dan VDUS memiliki efektivitas sebanding dalam deteksi kasus-kasus kecurigaan DVT akut ekstremitas bawah.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction. The diagnosis of acute lower extremity DVT with available resources including VDUS was still costly, time consuming and power consumng. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effectivity of Wells score, D Dimer and combination of both compared with VDUS in detecting lower extremity DVT. Methods. This was a cross sectional diagnostic study that was carried out at Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Division of Surgery Department of FKUI RSCM between by enrolling all adult patients with suspected acute DVT of lower extremity that was consulted to Vascular Surgery Division and confirmed with VDUS study between January 2014 and December 2015 that meet inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data source was taken from medical record. Data analysis in the form of diagnostic study was performed with SPSS version 17.0 for WindowsResult. The study enrolled 85 subjects, of which 65,88 was found to have acute lower extremity DVT. The highest sensitivity and negative predictive value 100,00 was discovered in combination score II and IV. The combination score III had the highest specificity 89,66 and positive predictive value 92,68 . Whereas the most balanced diagnostic study score was the Wells score 3 Level I with sensitivity 87,50 and specificity 72,41 . Conclusion. Wells score and VDUS were equally effective in detection of lower extremity acute DVT cases. "

"Efektifitas EVLA terhadap diameter vena saphena magna yang besar masih banyak diperdebatkan, karena diameter vena saphena magna yang besar memiliki angka oklusi yang lebih rendah pasca EVLA dan diperkirakan mempengaruhi nilai r-VCSS. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang pasien insufiensi vena kronik pada vena saphena magna yang lakukan EVLA di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dan rumah sakit jejaring dari Juli 2023 – Desember 2023. 37 tungkai dari 34 pasien yang dilakukan EVLA 1470 nm dengan tip radial. Dilakukan pengukuran diameter vena saphena magna dengan usg doppler pada 4 segmen (3 femoral, 1 kruris) dan dibagi berdasarkan nilai potong, dan juga dilakukan penilaian r-VCSS pre EVLA. 1 minggu pasca EVLA dilakukan penilaian oklusi dari vena saphena magna dengan usg doppler dan nilai r-VCSS. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS versi 25.0 secara bivariat dan multivariat. 5 tungkai (13,5%) mengalami gagal oklusi 1 minggu pasca EVLA. Semua kegagalan oklusi pada segmen 1/3 proksimal femoral (diameter >10 mm) (P<0,05). Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara angka oklusi dengan nilai r-VCSS, baik pre dan post EVLA (P=0,490 dan P=0,102). Perbedaan diameter sesuai nilai potong tidak mempengaruhi nilai r-VCSS post tindakan. Diameter vena pre-EVLA mempengaruhi keberhasilan oklusi pasca-EVLA. Angka oklusi vena saphena magna tidak mempengaruhi nilai r-VCSS pasca EVLA.

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The effectiveness of EVLA on large saphenous vein diameter is still widely debated, because large saphenous vein diameter has a lower occlusion rate after EVLA and can affect the r-VCSS value. The design of this study was a cross-sectional of patients with chronic venous insufficiency in the great saphenous vein who underwent EVLA at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and a network teaching hospitals from July 2023 – December 2023. 37 extremity from 34 patients underwent 1470 nm EVLA with a radial tip. The diameter of the great saphenous vein was measured using Doppler ultrasound in 4 segments (3 femoral, 1 cruris) and divided based on the cutoff value, and pre-EVLA r-VCSS was also assessed. 1 week after EVLA, the occlusion of the great saphenous vein was assessed using Doppler ultrasound and r-VCSS values. Data analysis used SPSS version 25.0 bivariate and multivariate. cases (13.5%) failed occlusion 1 week post EVLA. All occlusion failure occurred at the 1/3 proximal of the femoral segment (diameter >10 mm) (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between occlusion rates with r-VCSS, pre and post EVLA (P=0.490 and P=0.102). The difference in diameter according to the cut value does not affect the r-VCSS after the procedure. Pre-EVLA vein diameter influences the success of post-EVLA occlusion. The degree of occlusion of the great saphenous vein does not affect the r-VCSS after EVLA."

"Trombo-emboli vena (TEV) umum dijumpai pada pasien rawat inap dan dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu komplikasi tidak hanya bagi pasien post bedah tetapi juga pada pasien dengan kondisi medis lainnya. Kebanyakan pasien rawat inap yang mengalami TEV ataupun emboli paru tidak menjalani prosedur bedah sebelumnya. Beberapa studi besar acak, tersamar ganda dan dengan plasebo seperti MEDENOX, PREVENT dan ARTEMIS telah memastikan manfaat dan keamanan dari tromboprofilaksis terhadap TEV terhadap pasien rawat inap dengan kondisi medis akut. Panduan tahun 2008 dari The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) merekomendasikan penilaian risiko bagi setiap pasien dengan kondisi medis tertentu pada saat masuk rumah sakit dan profilaksis VTE, baik dengan regimen antikoagulan ataupun pencegahan secara mekanik, sebaiknya diterapkan bagi mereka yang tergolong berisiko tinggi. Studi-studi lainnya menunjukkan bahwa banyak kasus VTE pada pasien medis terjadi setelah keluar dari perawatan rumah sakit, namun hingga kini belum ada publikasi perihal uji klinis maupun rekomendasi untuk mengevaluasi profilaksis VTE bagi pasien medis rawat jalan. Pada artikel ini, kami mencoba mengulas beberapa literatur untuk kepentingan penilaian risiko dan profilaksis VTE bagi pasien medis rawat inap.

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AbstractVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is commonly found in hospitalized patients, considered as complication not only in surgical patients but also in medical patients. The vast majority of hospitalized patients with VTE or pulmonary embolism have not undergone any recent surgery. Several large randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials including MEDENOX, PREVENT and ARTEMIS have confirmed the efficacy and safety of VTE thromboprophylaxis for acutely ill medical inpatients. The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Guidelines 2008 recommend a risk assessment at the time hospital admission for every medical patients and VTE prophylaxis using either anticoagulant medications or mechanical prevention should be applied for those who have high risk condition. Other studies showed that many cases of VTE in medical patients occur after hospital discharge, but still no clinical trials and current recommendation evaluating VTE prophylaxis for medical outpatients have been published yet. In this article, we attempt to review the literatures on importance of risk assessment and VTE prophylaxis for hospitalized medical patients."

"Pendahuluan: Kateterisasi vena sentral (KVS) adalah sebuah faktor risiko utama untuk terjadinya stenosis vena sentral (SVS). Kontak berulang dari kateter ke dinding pembuluh darah menyebabkan inflamasi, mikrotrombi, hiperplasia intima, fibrosis dan akhirnya stenosis. Artikel ini melaporkan korelasi antara durasi dan frekuensi KVS dengan terjadinya SVS. Metode: Studi kasus kontrol dilakukan di Rumah Sakit CiptoMangunkusumo. Data diambil dari rekam medis tahun 2013 sampai 2015. Hasil: Lima puluh empat dari 717 pasien yang menjalani KVS untuk hemodialisa menderita SVS. 32 pasien dengan SVS menjadi kasus dan 128 tanpa SVS sebagai kontrol. Durasi KVS >6 minggu tidak meningkatkan resiko SVS (p=0,207), rasio odds SVS ditemukan 30 kali pada pasien yang menjalani KVS >2 kali dibandingkan <2 kali (p<0,001). Konklusi: Frekuensi KVS > 2 kali meningkatkan risiko SVS. Durasi >6 minggu tidak meningkatkan risiko SVS.

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Introduction: Central vein catheterization (CVC) is a major risk factor for central vein stenosis (CVS). Repetitive contacts of the CVC to the blood vessel wall results in inflammation, microthrombi, hyperplasia of the intima, fibrosis and thus development of CVS. This article reports the correlation of duration and frequency of CVC in patients with CVS.

Methods: A matched case control study was conducted in CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital. Samples were gathered from the medical record from 2013 to 2015.

Results: Fifty four out of 717 patients underwent CVC for HD had CVS. 32 patients with CVS included in the study with 128 non-CVS patients included as control. Duration of CVC >6 weeks does not increase the risk of CVS (p= 0.207), whilst the odds ratio of CVS on the frequency of CVC >2 times is 30 times compared to those underwent <2 times (p= <0.001).

Conclusion: The frequency of CVC >2 times increased the risk of CVS. Longer duration of CVC for HD did not increase CVS rate."

"Latar belakang: Insufisiensi vena kronis IVK derajat berat atau C5-C6 membutuhkan penatalaksanaan yang lebih kompleks dan membawa dampak morbiditas yang lebih berat akibat lamanya waktu pengobatan dan angka kekambuhan yang tinggi. Tata laksana definitif IVK C5-C6 telah mengalami pergeseran dari terapi non operatif terapi kompresi dan medikamentosa menjadi terapi operatif dengan teknik non invasif seperti ablasi endovena. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi terhadap jenis terapi yang diberikan baik terapi definitif maupun terapi perawatan luka dengan keluaran berupa angka rekurensi dan lama rawat.Metode penelitian: Studi potong lintang analitik dilakukan dengan mengambil total sampel 54 pasien IVK C5-C6 yang datang ke RSCM pada periode Januari 2014-Desember 2015. Pasien IVK yang disertai dengan insufisiensi arteri, insufisiensi vena dalam, dan kelainan kulit akibat penyakit kulit primer, keganasan, trauma dieksklusi. Analisis statistik diolah dengan SPSS 21 for windows, untuk menilai keluaran dari terapi definitif berupa angka kekambuhan dan lama rawat.Hasil penelitian: Angka kekambuhan pasien IVK C5-C6 dengan terapi operatif lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan terapi non operatif yakni 7,1 berbanding 30,8 dalam follow up selama 2 tahun dengan nilai p 0,02 dan OR 0,17 95 IK 0,03-0,91. Lama perawatan rerata pasien IVK C5-C6 pada kelompok terapi operatif selama 10,6 hari dan kelompok non operatif selama 14,8 hari.Kesimpulan: Angka kekambuhan pasien IVK C5-C6 yang memperoleh terapi definitif operatif lebih rendah dari yang hanya memperoleh terapi non operatif dalam evaluasi selama 1-2 tahun

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Background: Severe degree C5-C6 of chronic venous insufficiency CVI require complex management and bring severe morbidity due to long duration of treatment and high recurrence rate. This leads to high treatment costs and interfered quality of patients life. Management of CVI C5-C6 in developed countries has changed from non operative therapy to operative therapy with non-invasive technique, i.e. endovascular treatment. In Indonesia CVI patient characteristics differ from developed countries, where the majority of patients come at advanced stage or C5-C6. This study aims to evaluate the management of CVI C5-C6, both definitive therapy and also wound care techniques, to afford an appropriate treatment in accordance with the characteristics of the patients in Indonesia. Method: a cross sectional analytic study carried out by taking the total sample of 54 patients who came with CVI C5-C6 to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in the period of January 2014-December 2015. Those accompanied by arterial insufficiency, deep venous insufficiency, and skin disorders due to primary skin disease, malignancy, trauma were excluded. Statistical analysis is processed with SPSS 21 for windows, to assess the outcome of the definitive therapy in the form of recurrence rates and length of stay. Results: Recurrence rate of CVI C5-C6 patients with operative therapy is lower than non-operative therapy which is 7.1 versus 30,8 in 2-year follow-up with p-value of 0.02 and OR 0.17 95 CI 0, 03-.91. The mean treatment duration CVI C5-C6 patients in the operative therapy group is 10.6 days and non-operative group is 14.8 days Conclusions: recurrence rate of CVI C5-C6 patients who obtain definitive operative therapy was lower than non-operative therapy group in the evaluation for 1-2 years."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Antikoagulan warfarin dipakai seumur hidup pada pasien pascabedah katup jantung mekanik karena memiliki risiko tromboemboli. Dosis warfarin berlebih nilai international normalized ratio/INR di atas rentang target optimum menimbulkan efek samping perdarahan, sedangkan dosis warfarin kurang nilai INR di bawah rentang target optimum menimbulkan tromboemboli. Nilai INR optimum berbagai ras dan suku berbeda-beda. Di RS JPDHK belum pernah dilakukan studi mengenai penggunaan warfarin dan target INR optimum, padahal jumlah pasien pascabedah katup jantung mekanik semakin meningkat dari 411 pasien pada tahun 2011 menjadi 685 pasien pada tahun 2016. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui frekuensi efek samping perdarahan dan tromboemboli pada pasien tersebut, nilai INR optimum dan kemungkinan adanya interaksi warfarin dengan obat lain.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif yang diambil dari rekam medik RS JPDHK. Data frekuensi perdarahan dan tromboemboli diambil dari semua pasien yang mendapatkan terapi warfarin pascabedah katup jantung mekanik tahun 2011. Nilai INR, dosis warfarin dan kemungkinan interaksi warfarin dievaluasi pada 30 pasien perdarahan, 30 pasien tromboemboli dan 30 pasien yang tidak mengalami komplikasi melalui data rekam medik pasien bedah katup jantung mekanik sebelum tahun 2017.Hasil: Jumlah pasien yang menjalani bedah katup jantung mekanik tahun 2011 adalah 43 dan didapatkan frekuensi perdarahan mayor 11 pasien 25,6 , perdarahan minor 5 pasien 11,6 serta tromboemboli 10 pasien 23,3 . Terdapat perbedaan bermakna p.

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ABSTRACTBackground Anticoagulant warfarin is used for a lifetime in patients after mechanical valve replacement procedure because of tromboembolic risks. Warfarin should be used carefully since it has a narrow therapeutic window. Warfarin overdose INR above the target range is associated with bleeding, while underdose INR below the target range may lead to among thromboembolic complications. The optimum INR value may be different races and ethnicity. The INR value recomended by the American Heart Association AHA American College of Cardiology ACC 2017 is 2.5 3.0. In National Cardiac Center ldquo Harapan Kita rdquo Hospital no study has been carried out on the use of warfarin and the optimum INR value. Mean while, the number of patients with prosthetic mechanical valves is increasing from 450 patients in 2011 to 685 patients in 2016. This study aimed to find out the frequency of bleeding and thromboembolic complications in these patients, the optimum INR value and the possibility of interaction between warfarin and other drugs. Method In this retrospective study, the data of frequency of bleeding and thromboembolic was obtained from the medical records of patients given warfarin after mechanical heart valve replacement in 2011. The data of INR value, warfarin dose, and the possibility of interaction between warfarin and other drugs used concomittantly were evaluated in 30 patients with bleeding, 30 patients with thromboembolic and 30 patients without complication, who had mechanical heart valve replacement procedure prior to 2017.Results Out of 43 patients with mechanical heart valve replacement in 2011, the frequency of major bleeding was 11 patients 25,6 , minor bleeding was 5 patients 11,6 , and thromboembolic was 10 patients 23,3 . The INR mean level in bleeding patients group 6,32, CI95 5.2 7.7 was significantly different p"

"ABSTRACTChronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is currently underdiagnosis and consequently undertreatment in the clinical practice. A deficient in diagnostic modality and treatment availability especially in developing countries makes the CTEPH diagnosis unlikely to confirm. However, high index of clinical suspicion of CTEPH will lead to proper diagnosis and correct treatment with significant reduction in morbidity and mortality. Left untreated, the mean survival time is 6.8 years and the three year mortality rate may be as high as 90%. The pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of CTEPH are necessary to be shared among internists and primary care physicians, in order to improve the overall outcome of the patients."