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"ABSTRACTThis study aims to examine transnational belonging among Bangladeshi migrants in South Korea. The results showed that Bangladeshi migrants in South Korea have strong transnational belonging to their homeland. The highest degrees of transnational belonging were found to be a motherhoodlike relationship with their homeland, in the category of autographical belonging; talking in their native language and eating traditional food in the area of cultural originality belonging; watching Bangladeshi television in cultural entertainment belonging; taking care of families who stay in the homeland in economic livelihood belonging; saving money for future wellbeing in economic financial belonging; feeling proud of being a Bangladeshi citizen in legal psychological belonging; and feeling secure as a Bangladeshi citizen in legal safety and security belonging. Transnational belonging to the homeland varies more by present occupation, visa status, and reason for migration, while labor migrants who hold E9 visas and migrants who migrated for economic reasons showed stronger transnational economic livelihood belonging and economic finance belonging. This study suggests subsequent studies to compare transnational belonging of various migrant groups through sampling based on sociodemographic factors."

"ABSTRACTSouth Korea has transformed itself into a dominantly migrant-receiving country over the last three decades. Korea makes an important case in studying-migration transition due to the high speed of migration growth and diversifying patterns of migration. This paper identifies the patterns of migration growth in Korea and analyzes various contributing factors from both migrant sending and receiving countries perspectives. It was found that labor migrants, un-skilled in particular, are the largest contributor to the growth and family migrants, notably female marriage migrants, have been increasingly important. On top of that, ethnic Korean migrants are significant in both the labor market and family migration routes. The factor analysis shows that labor market conditions, in terms of higher income and wider job opportunity, in the destination are the strongest driver, but the actual migration flows are not fully explained by economic disparities. Rather, migration flows to Korea, either economic migration or non-economic migration, are influenced by a complex interplay of push, pull, and network factors on the state, family and individual level. However, in all cases the state's policy considerations and settings have played, and will continue to play, a pivotal role in determining the scale and patterns of migration transition in Korea."

"ABSTRACTThis article examines the migration and economic adjusment processes of Korean immigrants, concentrating on their involvement in the garment industry in Korea and Latin America countries. Koreans, who were originally sent as agricultural immigrants to Latin American countries in the 1960s, unexpectedly carved out a niche in the garment industry. This garment-related entrepreneurial opportunity became one of the precipitating factors for the later Korean influx into South America. Simultaneously, access to the U.S clothing market led Koreans engaged in the garment business in korea to Central American countries. This article focuses on Korean immigrants in Latin America who arrived already having clothing-related skills and experience in Korea. It examines how these Koreans' previous occupational experience in Korea influenced both initial immigration decisions and choice of destination and whether and how patterns of economic adjusment differed from those of Koreans who came to Latin America without relevant experience or skills. Korean immigrants with prior clothing-related skills and experience have contributed to the further development of Korean-owned garment businesses in Latin America countries. In terms of global Korean diasporic formations, the garment business has played a unique role in the growth and expansion of Korean immigrant communities across the Americas."

"The annual population growth of Yogyakarta is much lower than those of other provinces is Java. The region experienced a net loss of population through migration. This study aims at developing the knowledge on the nature and incidence of population mobility from the rural to the urban areas, and investigating the extent and nature of the links established and maintained between the area of origin and destination. The main reason for migrating out of villages is an economic one. Although greater part of returning migrants stated that their condition improved after moving out, the income they received is still low. The link between migrants and their relatives back home is very intensive. They maintain contact by visiting, sending letters, money and goods, and exchange views and ideas on developmental issues."

"This article examines the dynamics of Javanese labour immigration to British North Borneo (present-day Sabah) during the colonial period, under the tutelage of the british North Borneo Charterred Company. It seeks to expound the types of labour recruitment schemes available for Javanese emigrants, the variation in the labour contracts, the immigration and repatriation procedures and the issues inherent within the system. By utilising mostly raw primary documents derived from various archives, the article argues that the Javanese labourers were considered to be the backbone of British North Borneo labour force and a major contributing factor in the success of many capitalistic endeavours in the state. Javanese labour immigration took centre stage during the period of study with workers labouring under written civil contracts with penal sanction."

"Tujuan penelitian pada tesis ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mendorong terjadinya migrasi risen tenaga kerja masuk ke wilayah Bodetabek, termasuk menganalisis hubungan antar variabel serta pola dan kecenderungannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan model Regresi Multinomial Logistik (Polytomus Logit Regression), dengan variabel terikat daerah asal migran yang bermigrasi ke Bodetabek yaitu yang berasal dari: internal Bodetabek; DKI Jakarta; Jabanten (Jawa Barat dan Banten); Pulau Jawa (DIY, Jateng dan Jatim) serta Luar Pulau Jawa (seluruh daerah - Jawa). Sedangkan variabel indevenden yang digunakan adalah variabel individu (yaitu: umur, Janis kelamin, stutus kawin, tingkat pendidikan dan status kerja), dan variabel kontekstual (yaitu: pertumbuhan ekonomi, peran sektor industri, upah dan tingkat pengangguran) dari daerah asal dan daerah tujuan migrant. Data yang digunakan adalah data Supas (Survei Antar Sensus) dan Sakrenas (Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional) Tahun 2005, serta data publikasi lainnya dari Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS). Dari hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa jumlah migran risen tenaga kerja yang masuk ke Bodetabek terbesar adalah berasal dari DKI Jakarta yaitu sebesar 420.899 orang (42%) dari total migran yang masuk ke Bodetabek yaitu sejumlah 1.009.565 orang (Data supas 2005, BPS, diolah). Urutan kedua adalah migran asal Jawa 191.290 orang (19%) dan yang terendah adalah migran asal Luar Jawa hanya (11%). Berdasarkan variabel individu, ditemukan bahwa migran risen tenaga kerja dari berbagai daerah, jumlah terbesar yang masuk ke Bodetabek memiliki karakteristik sebagai berikut: migran berumur muda (20-34 tahun) sebesar (59%); berjenis kelamin laki-laki (51%); berpendidikan SMU (46%); berstatus kawin (65%) dan bekerja di sektor informal (57%). Secara umum karakteristik migran tersebut mempunyai pola yang sama baik berdasarkan daerah asal maupun daerah tujuan. Analisis inferensial menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan ekonomi dan peran sektor industri mempunyai hubungan yang negatif. Artinya variabel pertumbuhan ekonomi atau peran sektor indutri yang tinggi di daerah asal migran menjadi faktor penghambat terjadinya migran pindah ke Bodetabek. Sedangkan variabel upah dan variabel tingkat pengangguran tidak sesuai dengan hipotesis (teori), artinya peningkatan tingkat upah di daerah asal migran (dari berbagai daerah) tidak menjadi pengahambat terjadinya migran untuk pindah ke Bodetabek. Demikian juga variabel tingkat pengangguran mempunyai nilai koefisien parameter negatif untuk semua daerah asal migran. Artinya bahwa walaupun terjadi peningkatan rasio tingkat pengangguran daerah asal relatif terhadap Bodetabek, namun kecenderungannya migran untuk pindah ke Bodetabek masih lebih besar."

"Tesis ini dimotivasi oleh adanya tenaga kerja Indonesia yang menjadi tenaga kerja di luar negeri akibat dari pcrekonomian terbuka. TKI yang bekexja di luar negeri mendapatkan upah yang kemudian akan diririmkan ke daerah asalnya, upah ini yang kemudian disebut sebagai remitansi yang diharapkan bisa membantu keluarganya dalam memutuskan konsumsi di masa yang akan chatang. Remitansi ini juga diperhitimgkan sebagai devisa negara yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan daerah yang kemudian secara tidak langsung dapat meningkatkan penumbuhan nasional.Studi ini dilakukan di Indonesia, dimana sampel merupal-can tenaga kerja Indonesia (TKI) yang ada di 14 kantong balai penempatan TKI yaitu di propinsi: Sumatera Utara, Riau, Sumatera Selatan, DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, DI Jogjakarta Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Timur, Kalirnantan Selatan, NTB, NTT, Sulawesi Selatan. Sampel diambil pada tahun 2001 - 2006. Menggunakan model data panel, random effect dngan persamaan regresi linier. Variabel terikat yang digunakan adalah pertumbuhan propinsi dan konsumsi propinsi, sedangkan variabel bebasnya adalahjumlah TKI dan remitansi. Pada studi pertumbuhan propinsi didapat hasil bahwa propinsi Riau, Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Timur, dan NTB memberikan hasil signiiikan yang berarti bahwa remitansi memberikan pengaruh pada pertumbuhan propinsi tersebut. Tetapi banya propinsi Riau yang mcmpcrlihatkan bahwa remitansi memberikan pengaruh terhadap peningkatan pertumbuhan, sedangkan di propinsi lainnya remitansi justru mempercepat propinsi tersebut menuju pada titik konvergensi pertumbuhan. Pada hasil penelitian konsumsi, hanya remitansi di propinsi Riau, Jawa Timur, NTB, NTT saja yang memberikan pengaruh pada perubahan konsumsi. Propinsi Riau sekali lagi memberikan pengaruh yang positif sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa jumlah remitansi memberikan pengaruh pada peningkatan konsumsi."

"ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pola people follow jobs atau pola jobs follow people yang terjadi di Indonesia Barat dan Indonesia Timur. Pola tersebut digambarkan melalui hubungan timbal balik antara migrasi masuk dengan jumlah orang bekerja di masing-masing kota kabupaten di kedua region tersebut dengan metode estimasi Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS). Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pola people follow jobs lebih dominan terjadi dibandingkan pola jobs follow people baik di Indonesia Barat dan Indonesia Timur.

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ABSTRACT

This research aim to understand the pattern of whether people follow jobs or jobs follow people which occur in Western and Eastern part of Indonesia. The pattern is described by causal relationship between in migration and number of employed people in each city or district in those regions using Two Stage Least Squares estimation method. The result of this paper shows that effect of people follow jobs is more dominant compared to jobs follow people effect in both regions.

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