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"Background: cardiac function in patients with septic shock at the cellular level can be assessed by measuring troponin I and NT Pro BNP levels. Venous oxygen saturation is measured to evaluate oxygen delivery and uptake by organ tissue. Our study may provide greater knowledge and understanding on pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorder in patients with septic shock. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of echocardiography, cardiovascular biomarkers, venous oxygen saturation and renal function as predictors of mortality rate in patients with septic shock.Methods: this is a prospective cohort study in patients with infections, hypotension (MAP < 65 mmHg) and serum lactate level of > 2 mmol/L. On the first and fifth days, septic patients underwent echocardiography and blood tests. Statistical analysis used in our study included t-test or Mann-Whitney test for numeric data and chi-square test for nominal data of two-variable groups; while for multivariate analysis, we used Cox Regression model.Results: on 10 days of observation, we found 64 (58%) patients died and 47 (42%) patients survived. The mean age of patients was 48 (SD 18) years. Patients with abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) had 1.6 times greater risk of mortality than those with normal LVEF (RR 1.6; p = 0.034). Patients with abnormal troponin I level showed higher risk of mortality as many as 1.6 times (RR: 1.6; p = 0.004). Patients with impaired renal function had 1.5 times risk of mortality (RR 1.5; p = 0.024). Patients with abnormal troponin I level and/or impaired renal function showed increased mortality risk; however, those with normal troponin I level and impaired renal function also showed increased mortality risk. Multivariate analysis revealed that left ventricular ejection fraction and troponin I level may serve as predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock. (HR 1.99; 95% CI: 1.099 - 3.956 ; p = 0.047 and HR: 1.83 ; 95%CI: 1.049 - 3,215 ; p = 0.043). Conclusion: left ventricular ejection fraction and biomarkers such as troponin I level are predictors of mortality in septic shock patients.

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Latar belakang: fungsi jantung pada pasien dengan syok septik pada tingkat sel dapat dinilai dengan mengukur tingkat troponin I dan NT Pro BNP. Saturasi oksigen vena diukur untuk mengevaluasi pengiriman dan pengambilan oksigen oleh jaringan organ. Studi kami dapat memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman yang lebih besar tentang patofisiologi gangguan kardiovaskular pada pasien dengan syok septik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi peran ekokardiografi, biomarker kardiovaskular, saturasi oksigen vena dan fungsi ginjal sebagai prediktor tingkat kematian pada pasien dengan syok septik.

Metode: ini adalah studi kohort prospektif pada pasien dengan infeksi, hipotensi (MAP <65 mmHg) dan tingkat serum laktat >2 mmol/L. Pada hari pertama dan kelima, pasien septik menjalani pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dan darah. Analisis statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian kami meliputi uji-t atau uji Mann-Whitney untuk data numerik dan uji chi-square untuk data nominal kelompok dua variabel; sedangkan untuk analisis multivariat, kami menggunakan model Cox Regression.

Hasil: pada 10 hari pengamatan, kami menemukan 64 (58%) pasien meninggal dan 47 (42%) pasien selamat. Usia rata-rata pasien adalah 48 (SB 18) tahun. Pasien dengan fraksi ejeksi ventrikel kiri abnormal (LVEF) memiliki risiko kematian 1,6 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan LVEF normal (RR 1,6; p = 0,034). Pasien dengan level troponin I yang abnormal menunjukkan risiko kematian yang lebih tinggi sebanyak 1,6 kali (RR: 1,6; p = 0,004). Pasien dengan gangguan fungsi ginjal memiliki risiko kematian 1,5 kali (RR 1,5; p = 0,024). Pasien dengan tingkat troponin I yang abnormal dan / atau gangguan fungsi ginjal menunjukkan peningkatan risiko kematian; Namun, mereka yang memiliki kadar troponin I normal dan gangguan fungsi ginjal juga menunjukkan peningkatan risiko kematian. Analisis multivariat mengungkapkan bahwa fraksi ejeksi ventrikel kiri dan level troponin I dapat berfungsi sebagai prediktor mortalitas pada pasien dengan syok septik. (HR 1,99; 95% CI: 1,099 ̶ 3,956; p = 0,047 dan HR: 1,83; 95% CI: 1,049 ̶ 3,215; p = 0,043).

Kesimpulan: fraksi ejeksi ventrikel kiri dan biomarker seperti level troponin I merupakan prediktor mortalitas pada pasien syok septik"

"ABSTRAKSepsis adalah disfungsi organ yang mengancam jiwa akibat gangguan regulasi pejamu sebagai respons terhadap infeksi. Renjatan sepsis adalah subset sepsis dengan abnormalitas sirkulasi, selular, dan metabolisme yang berkaitan dengan risiko kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peran ekokardiografi, biomarker kardiovaskular, fungsi ginjal dan saturasi oksigen vena sebagai prediktor kematian pasien renjatan sepsis. Pada pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dinilai fungsi diastolik E/e rsquo;, Fraksi Ejeksi Bilik Kiri, Indeks Kardiak, TAPSE, sedangkan biomarker kardiovaskular dinilai Troponin I dan NT Pro BNP, dengan disain penelitian kohort prospektif. Tempat penelitian di Rumah Sakit Umum Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten. Selama periode 2 tahun penelitian ada 111 pasien masuk dalam kriteria renjatan sepsis yaitu adanya infeksi, hipotensi MAP < 65 mmHg dan Laktat darah > 2 mmol/L. Pada hari pertama dan kelima dilakukan pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dan laboratorium darah pada semua pasien renjatan sepsis. Pada pengamatan selama 10 hari diperoleh pasien yang meninggal 64 58 dan yang hidup 47 42 . Rerata umur pasien 48 18 tahun. Analisis bivariat ditemukan Fraksi Ejeksi Bilik Kiri abnormal memiliki risiko kematian 1,6 kali dibanding normal RR 1,6; p = 0,034 . Biomarker Troponin I abnormal menunjukkan risiko kematian 1,6 kali dibanding normal RR 1,6; p = 0,004 . Pasien dengan gangguan fungsi ginjal memiliki risiko kematian 1,5 kali RR 1,5; p = 0,024 . Pasien dengan Troponin I abnormal dengan atau tanpa gangguan fungsi ginjal menunjukkan peningkatan risiko kematian, demikian pula pada pasien dengan Troponin I normal yang disertai gangguan fungsi ginjal. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan prediktor kematian pasien renjatan sepsis adalah kadar Troponin I dan Fraksi Ejeksi Bilik Kiri RR 1,83; IK95 1,049 ? 3,215; p = 0,043 dan RR 1,99; IK95 1,009 ? 3,956; p = 0,047 Simpulan: Troponin I dan Fraksi Ejeksi Bilik Kiri merupakan prediktor kematian pasien renjatan sepsis. Kata kunci :Ekokardiografi, Kematian, NT Pro BNP, Renjatan Sepsis, Troponin I.

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ABSTRACTSepsis is a life threatening organ dysfunction caused by host regulation disorder in response to infections. Septic shock is a subset of sepsis with circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities associated with the risk of mortality. The aim of this study is to assess the role of echocardiography, cardiovascular biomarker, renal function and oxygen vein saturation as predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock. In this study, echocardiography examination including diastolic function E e 39 , Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction LVEF , Cardiac Index CI , and TAPSE, whereas cardiovascular biomarker Troponin I and NT Pro BNP were assessed. Research design of this study is cohort perspective. The study took place in Tangerang Regional General Hospital, Banten Province. During two years of research, there were 111 patients included in septic shock category, which indicated by the presence of infections, hypotension MAP 65 mmHg and serum lactate 2 mmol L. On the first and the fifth day, examinations on echocardiography and laboratory blood test were conducted on each patient of septic shock. During ten days of observation, 64 patients died 54 and 47 patients were survived 42 . The mean age of the patients was 48 18 years old. Bivariate analysis showed abnormal LVEF had 1.6 times higher mortality risk than normal RR 1.6 p 0.034 . Abnormal Troponin I biomarker showed 1.6 higher mortality risk, compared to normal RR 1.6 p 0.004 . The patients with kidney function disorder had 1.5 times higher mortality risk RR 1.5 p 0.024 . Patients with abnormal Troponin I with or without kidney function disorder showed increase in mortality risk. Normal Troponin I with kidney function disorder also increase in mortality risk. Multivariate analysis showed Troponin I and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction as predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock RR 1.83 CI95 1.049 3.215 p 0.043 dan RR 1.99 CI95 1.009 3.956 p 0.047 In conclusion, Troponin I biomaker and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction are predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock. Keyword Echocardiography, Death, NT Pro BNP, Septic Shock, Troponin I "

"Latar Belakang. Prediksi mortalitas pada kelompok lanjut usia yang semakin meningkat jumlahnya akan memberikan banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan. Cystatin C ditunjukkan memiliki kemampuan sebagai prediktor mortalitas pada beberapa studi. Studi-studi mengenai kemampuan prediksi cystatin c masih sangatlah beragam dan belum ada telaah sistematis untuk menilai kemampuannya dalam memprediksi mortalitas jangka panjang pada kelompok lansia.Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kemampuan cystatin c sebagai prediktor mortalitas semua sebab dan mortalitas kardiovaskular jangka panjang pada kelompok lanjut usia.Metode. Studi ini merupakan telaah sistematis dan meta-analisis dari studi kohort prospektif observasional. Pencarian studi dilakukan di PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, EBSCOHost, dan Proquest serta pencarian menual. Kriteria inklusi berupa lansia minimal berusia 65 tahun dengan data cystatin c serum tercantum, kematian semua sebab sebagai luaran. Waktu follow up minimal 5 tahun. Seleksi studi dilakukan berdasarkan alur dari PRISMA. Penilaian kualitas studi dan risiko bias dinilai menggunakan Newcastle Ottawa Scale untuk studi kohort. Hasil studi ditampilkan dalam bentuk deskriptif serta Forest plot.Hasil. Dari 609 studi hasil pencarian, didapatkan 12 studi yang memenuhi kriteria: 5 studi menilai kematian semua sebab, 3 studi menilai kematian kardiovaskular saja, dan 4 studi menilai keduanya. Sebanyak 6 studi dengan kualitas baik dan 6 studi kualitas sedang setelah dilakukan penilaian. Hasil meta-analisis menunjukkan kadar Cystatin C yang tinggi meningkatkan risiko mortalitas jangka panjang akibat semua sebab [HR: 1,74 (95% CI: 1,48 – 2,04); p < 0,00001)] dan mortalitas jangka panjang kardiovaskular [(HR: 2,01 (95% CI: 1,63 – 2,47); p < 0,00001)] pada lansia. Kemampuan prognostik cystatin c tergolong moderat [AUC 0,70 (95% CI: 0,68-0,72); p = 0,02)].

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Background. Prediction of mortality in growing aged-population will offer several benefits for health sector. Cystatin C, which has long been known as biomarker to more accurately evaluate glomerular filtration rate in elderly, has also been shown to predict mortality from several studies. Studies regarding its predictive ability were vastly varied and there has not been systematic review to examine its ability in predicting long-term mortality in elderly population.

Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate Cystatin C performance as predictor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among elderly population.

Methods. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies was performed. Literature searching was done in major databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Proquest. Manual searching was also performed. Inclusion criteria were studies involving elderly age 65 or older, cystatin c serum levels available, all-cause mortality as outcome, and 5-years minimum of follow-up. Study selection was performed according to PRISMA algorithm. Newcastle Ottawa Scale for cohort study was used to assess primary studies’ quality and risk of bias. Study results were presented in descriptive tables and Forest plot.

Results. Initial searching revealed 609 hits with 12 studies eligible for the review: five studies evaluated all-cause mortality, three studies evaluated cardiovascular mortality, and four studies evaluated both. Meta-analysis showed that high cystatin c levels increasing risk of long-term all-cause mortality [(HR: 1.74 (95% CI: 1.48 – 2.04); p < 0.0001)] and cardiovascular mortality [HR: 2.01 (95% CI: 1,63 – 2,47); p < 0,0001)]. The prognostic ability of cystatin c was considerably moderate [AUC 0.70 (95% CI: 0.68-0,72); p = 0.02].

Conclusion. Cystatin C was able to predict long-term mortality in elderly population."

"Latar belakang : Setiap tahapan gangguan metabolisme glukosa pada disglikemia berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko kejadian kardiovaskular. Pada disglikemia perlu diketahui prediktor serta stratifikasi risiko individu mengalami kejadian kardiovaskular sehingga dapat dilakukan pencegahan primer. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model prediktor kejadian kardiovaskular pada disglikemia.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kohort retrospektif pada “Studi Kohort Faktor Risiko Penyakit Tidak Menular Bogor” tahun 2011-2018. Pada awal penelitian dilakukan pencatatan usia, jenis kelamin, tekanan darah, indeks massa tubuh, lingkar perut, glukosa darah, kolesterol, kebiasaan merokok, riwayat penyakit kardiovaskular dalam keluarga dan aktivitas fisik. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengamatan kejadian kardiovaskular yaitu penyakit jantung koroner, stroke atau all cause cardiovascular mortality dalam enam tahun. Hubungan variabel yang secara independen yang mempengaruhi kejadian kardiovaskular dianalisis dengan cox proportional hazards regression, lalu dilakukan pembuatan model prediksi, penilaian diskriminasi dengan menggunakan kurva ROC dan kalibrasi dengan Hosmer -Lemeshow.Hasil : Sebanyak 1.085 subjek masuk dalam penelitian ini dengan 73,5% subjek adalah perempuan. Insidens kejadian kardiovaskular dalam enam tahun adalah 9,7%. Faktor prediktor kejadian kardiovaskular pada disglikemia dalam enam tahun pada penelitian yaitu usia 45-65 tahun (HR=2,737; IK 95% 1,565-4,787) dan hipertensi (HR=2,580;IK 95% 1,619-4,112). Total skor pada model prediktor adalah dua dengan probabilitas kejadian kardiovaskular dalam enam tahun 17,2%. Hasil analisis kurva ROC didapatkan nilai Area Under the Curve (AUC) model prediktor sebesar 0,689 dengan p < 0,001 (IK 95% 0,641-0,737).

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Background: Each stage of impaired glucose metabolism in dysglycemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. In dysglycemia, it is necessary to acknowledge the predictors and the risk stratification in individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease so that primary prevention can be done. This study aims to develop a predictive model of cardiovascular events in dysglycemia.

Method: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted in the “The Bogor Cohort Study of Noncommunicable Diseases Risk Factors" from 2011 to 2018. Data associated with age, gender, blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, blood glucose, cholesterol, smoking habits, family history of cardiovascular disease, and physical activity were obtained. Cardiovascular events in six years were observed include coronary heart disease, stroke, or all-cause cardiovascular mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine independent predictors of cardiovascular events. Model discrimination was evaluated by the ROC curve, while the Hosmer-Lemeshow test evaluated the calibration.

Results: A total of 1085 subjects included in this study, with 73.5% are female. The incidence of cardiovascular events in six years is 9.7%. Predictors of cardiovascular events in dysglycemia are age 45-65 (HR=2.737;95% CI 1.565-4.787) and hypertension (HR=2.580;95% CI 1.619-4.112). The predictor model's total score is two, with a six-year probability of cardiovascular events being 17.2%. The ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC value for the predictor model was 0.689 with p < 0.001 (95% CI 0.641-0.737).

Conclusion: Age 45-65 and hypertension were predictors of cardiovascular events in six years in dysglycemia patients. The scoring system has adequate performance, with a total score of two and the probability of cardiovascular events in six years 17.2%."

"ABSTRAKProgram Ners Spesialis Keperawatan Medikal Bedah kekhususan Kardiovaskular merupakan serangkaian kegiatan pendidikan yang berfungsi untuk menerapkan teori keperawatan dalam upaya untuk memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien dengan gangguan sistem kardiovaskular. Peran sebagai pemberi asuhan keperawatan dilakukan oleh residen dengan mengelola sebanyak 31 pasien dengan menggunakan teori adaptasi Roy. Peran sebagai peneliti dilakukan dengan menerapkan Evidence Based Nursing EBN yaitu menerapkan pengkajian resiko perdarahan dengan metode HAS-BLED untuk mengetahui resiko perdarahan lebih dini. Peran sebagai innovator diwujudkan dengan membuat karya innovasi berupa format pengkajian discharge planning. Hasilnya adalah: 1. Model konsep adaptasi Roy efektif diterapkan sebagai upaya untuk memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien gangguan sistem kardiovaskular, 2. Pengkajian HAS-BLED efektif untuk menilai risiko perdarahan, dan 3. Format discharge planning dengan pendekatan 5 model discharge planning terbukti cukup efektif digunakan sebagai sarana pendokumentasian discharge planning di RSJPDHK Jakarta

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ABSTRACTMedical surgical nursing clinical practise especially in cardiovascular is a educational programme to applied nursing theory model in nursing care with cardiovascular disease. Nurses performed their roles as a care provider by managed 31 patients with the nursing theory model approach used is Roy rsquo s adaptation theory. The role as a researcher was excuted by applying evidence based nursing practice with the topic HAS BLED Form to assess bleeding risk earlier. The role as a innovator, the practician trying to created Discharge Planning Form. The results of the practice analysis are 1. Roy rsquo s Adaptation model is effective to apply in nursing care with cardiovascular diseases. 2. HAS BLED is effective to scoring bleeding risk assessment, and 3. Discharge planning Form with five models approach is acceptable in Nasional Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita. "

"

Praktik ilmu keperawatan didasarkan hasil riset dan inovasi terbaru. Kualitas asuhan keperawatan ditentukan dari level pendidikan perawat. Perawat spesialis keperawatan medikal peminatan sistem kardiovaskuler berperan pemberi asuhan, edukator, peneliti, dan inovator. Praktik residensi Ners spesialis dilaksanakan selama 2 semester yang bertujuan melakukan peran ners spesialis dengan pendekatan konservasi. Asuhan keperawatan pada gangguan sistem kardiovaskuler menggunakan pendekatan model konsep konservasi Myra Estrin Levine. Asuhan keperawatan pada 30 kasus resume dan 1 kasus utama pada ADHF. Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT) diterapkan pada pasien paska bedah jantung untuk pemulihkan fungsi paru paska bedah jantung. Proyek inovasi rehabilitasi jantung fase I pada pasien sindrom koroner akut untuk pemulihan toleransi aktivitas. Hasil analisis praktik bahwa model konsep konservasi efektif diterapkan pada gangguan sistem kardiovaskuler untuk mempertahankan konservasi holistik, ACBT mampu memulihkan fungsi paru pasien paska bedah jantung, dan penerapan rehabilitasi jantung fase I mampu toleran terhadap aktivitas, dan standard prosedur operasional dapat dipahami, mudah dilaksanakan oleh pasien dan perawat.

The nursing science practice is based on research results and the most current innovations. The quality of nursing care is determined by the nurses education level. Nurses of medical surgical nursing specialist, whose specialty are for cardiovascular system disorder, have some roles which are as a care provider, educator, researcher, and innovator. The clinical residency practice is conducted for 2 semesters and aims to implement the roles of specialist nurse by applying a conservation model approach. The nursing care on cardiovascular system disorders is using Myra Levine Conservation model approach to 30 patients with various cardiovasculer disorders, which the primary case is ADHF. The active cycle of breathing technique is applied to postoperative cardiac surgery patients for pulmonary function recovery after a cardiac surgery. The phase I of cardiac rehabilitation is applied to acute coronary syndrome patients for activity tolerance recovery. The analysis practice result shows  that the conservation model might be applied effectively to the nursing care for cardiovasculer disorders in order to maintain a holism conservation. The active cycle of breathing technique is able to aid pulmonary function recovery post cardiac surgery and the phase I of cardiac rehabilitation is able to aid for activities tolerance, and the standard operating procedures is able to be easily understood and implemented by the patients and nurses."

"Keperawatan medikal bedah merupakan bidang praktik khusus dalam keperawatan profesional yang fokus dalam perawatan respon pasien terhadap masalah kesehatan aktual maupun potensial. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) didefinisikan sebagai clinical leader dalam praktik keperawatan yang memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan tingkat lanjut seperti keahlian klinis dalam bidang tertentu, praktik berbasis bukti, kolaborasi, konsultasi, edukator, mentoring, dan manajemen. Peran CNS meliputi direct patient care, nursing practice, dan organization atau system. Peran perawat direct patient care diterapkan pada 31 pasien kasus kardiovaskuler baik medikal maupun bedah dengan pendekatan Model Adaptasi Roy. Hasil analisis praktik menunjukkan bahwa Model Adaptasi Roy dapat diterapkan dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan pasien dengan gangguan sistem kardiovaskuler. Penerapan peran perawat nursing practice, yaitu perawat menerapkan praktik yang berbasis bukti (evidence) adalah efektivitas cold therapy sebelum latihan napas dalam (deep breathing) dan batuk efektif (coughing) terhadap nyeri akut pada pasien post cardiac surgery. Penerapan peran perawat organisation atau system, yaitu perawat membuat pengembangan profesional melalui inovasi terbaru untuk perkembangan asuhan keperawatan dengan menyusun SPO rehabilitasi jantung fase 1 pada pasien sindrom koroner akut (SKA).

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Medical surgical nursing is a special area of nursing profesional practice that focuses on the care of patient s response to actual and potential health problems. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is defined as a clinical leader in nursing practice that has advance knowledge and skill such as clinical expertise in a particular area, evidence-based practice, collaboration, consulting, eduvator, menoting, and management. The role of CNS included direct patient care, nursing practice, and organization or system. The role as a direct patient care was applied to 31 cardiovascular patients both medical and surgical with the Roy s Adaptation Model approach. The result of practice analysis showed that Roy s Adaptation Model could be applied in providing nursing care in cardiovascular disease. The application of nursing practice nursing role, that nurse applied evidence-based practice that was effectiveness of cold therapy before deep breathing and coughing for acute pain post cardiac surgery patient. Aplication of the role of nurse organization or system, that nurses made professional development through the innovation for the development of nursing care. It was 1st phase cardiac rehabilitation in patient with acute coronary syndrome by formed standard operational procedure (SOP)."

"This concise and accessible systems-based text provides an integrated overview which considers both the basic sciences and clinical applications of the cardiovascular system. A general introduction to the cardiovascular system is followed by anatomy and histology, blood and body fluids, biochemistry and excitation-contraction coupling, form and function, integration and regulation, and pathology and therapeutics. The Cardiovascular System at a Glance is a perfect introduction and revision aid to understanding the heart and circulation and now also features: an extended section of self-assessment clinical cases to aid revision and illustrate clinical relevance; up-to-date information on pharmacology of the cardiovascular system; expanded material on history and examination and increased detlail on ECG of arrhythmias; and highly visual colour presentation."."The third edition of The Cardiovascular System at a Glance is an ideal resource for medical students, whilst students of other health professions and specialist cardiology nurses will also find it invaluable. Examination candidates who need an authoritative yet concise guide to the cardiovascular system will find it extremely useful"

"Presents information on every drug class used to treat cardiovascular disease. This title features dosages, interactions, indications and contraindications, side effects, and more at your fingertips, equipping you to make effective clinical decisions on behalf of your patients"