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"Ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan telah menjadi permasalahan utama dalam studi pembangunan sejak tahun 1970-an. Meskipun ada berbagai faktor yang secara teoritis terkait dengan insiden kemiskinan dan ketimpangan pendapatan, pilihan mengenai jenis dan struktur pengeluaran pemerintah sering dikutip sebagai salah satu faktor penentu penting. Namun, bukti ilmiah atas permasalahan ini masih belum bisa disimpulkan, dan penelitian atas kasus di Indonesia masih sangat sedikit. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk berkontribusi dengan memanfaatkan data panel 33 propinsi dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan 2017 untuk menguji pengaruh berbagai jenis pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan fixed effect, random effect, dan Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SURE) sistem, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa bantuan sosial, subsidi dan pengeluaran hibah memiliki efek yang tidak signifikan dalam mengurangi ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Namun, bukti empiris menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran infrastruktur memiliki korelasi negatif dengan ketimpangan pendapatan di daerah perkotaan (ketika menggunakan random effect model), dan daerah pedesaan (ketika menggunakan fixed effect model), keduanya signifikan secara statistik pada tingkat 5%. Selain itu, pengeluaran infrastruktur juga berkorelasi negatif dan signifikan dengan kemiskinan di Indonesia, dan dampaknya lebih signifikan di daerah pedesaan daripada perkotaan.

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The issues of income inequality and poverty have become key issues in development studies since the 1970s. Although there are various factors theoretically associated with the incidence of poverty and income inequality, choices regarding the types and structure of government expenditure are often quoted as one of the crucial determinants. However, the evidence is still inconclusive, and the research about these issues in the case of Indonesia is still minimum. This paper tries to contribute to the discussion by analysing a panel data set of 33 provinces from 2005 to 2017 to examine the effect of different types of government expenditure on income inequality and poverty in Indonesia. Using the fixed effect, random effect, and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SURE) system, this paper finds that social aid, subsidy and grant expenditure have an insignificant effect on reducing income inequality and poverty in Indonesia. However, the empirical evidence suggests that infrastructure spending has a negative correlation with income inequality in urban areas (when using the random effect model), and rural areas (when using the fixed effect model), both are statistically significant at the 5% level. In addition, infrastructure expenditure is also negatively and significantly correlated with poverty in Indonesia, and the impact is more significant in rural than urban areas."

"Masalah ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat yang semakin besar terjadi pada era desentralisasi. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dana perimbangan (DBH, DAU, DAK) terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di 33 provinsi tahun 2006-2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa DBH, DAU, dan rasio belanja APBD terhadap PDRB meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di daerah secara signifikan. Sedangkan DAK menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di daerah secara signifikan. Sementara itu tingkat partisipasi sekolah di level universitas dan konstribusi sektor pertambangan terhadap PDRB meningkatkan ketimpangan, namun tidak signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat. Sedangkan tingkat partisipasi sekolah di level SMU menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat namun tidak signifikan.

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The problem of income inequality occurred greater in the era of decentralization. This study aimed to determine the effect of equalization funds (DBH, DAU, DAK) against income inequality in 33 provinces in 2006-2013. The results showed that DBH, DAU, and the ratio of budget expenditures to the GRDP increased income inequality in the region significantly. DAK decreased income inequality in the region significantly. The rate of enrollment at the university level and the mining sector's contribution to the GRDP increased income inequalities, but not significant. While enrollment in the high school level decreased income inequality but not significant."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menyelidiki pengaruh perubahan kebijakan fiskal selamapelaksanaan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap ketimpangan di Indonesia. Denganmenggunakan data panel dari 27 provinsi selama periode 2001-2012, penelitianini menjelaskan dampak dari peraturan baru tentang desentralisasi fiskal terhadapketimpangan pengeluaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan koefisien Gini, Theil L,dan Theil T sebagai ukuran ketimpangan, sedangkan variabel independen meliputiindeks desentralisasi fiskal (FDA dan FDB), PDRB per kapita (pcGRDP) danPDRB per kapita kuadrat (pcGRDP kuadrat). Variabel independen PDRB perkapita dan PDRB per kapita kuadrat berfungsi sebagai variabel kontrol.Hasil regresi panel menunjukkan bahwa selama pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 25 tahun 1999 (2001-2004), desentralisasi fiskal berdampaknegatif pada ketimpangan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa desentralisasi fiskalmengakibatkan peningkatan ketimpangan pengeluaran. Semakin besardesentralisasi fiskal menyebabkan semakin besarnya ketimpangan pengeluaran.Perubahan undang-undang desentralisasi fiskal tahun 2004 menunjukkan bahwaketimpangan dapat dikurangi. Meskipun pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal padaketimpangan masih negatif setelah tahun 2004, besar dampaknya jauh lebih kecil.

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ABSTRACTThis study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.;This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.;This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller., This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.]"

"The objective of this study is to examine the effects of education expenditure towards income inequality in Indonesia. The measure of income inequality used is Gini coefficient. The study is conducted using panel data of 33 provinces in Indonesia during 2007 to 2016. By using panel random effects model, the result conveys that education expenditure and Gini coefficient is positively related. In other words, an increase in education expenditure does not always lead to income inequality reduction. By looking at the short-run and long-run effects, this study finds that income inequality falls with rising education expenditure in the short-run but increases in the long-run. It implies that income inequality reduction effect through increasing education expenditure in Indonesia is not sustainable in the long-term. In addition, the study also finds that poverty rate and economic growth increases income inequality implying that the benefits of the rising economy only go to the middle to upper-class society rather than the poor.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pengeluaran pendidikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Ukuran ketimpangan pendapatan yang digunakan adalah koefisien Gini. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dari 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2007 hingga 2016. Dengan menggunakan model panel random effects, terbukti bahwa pengeluaran pendidikan dan koefisien Gini berhubungan positif. Dapat diartikan bahwa peningkatan alokasi pengeluaran pendidikan tidak mengarah pada pengurangan ketimpangan pendapatan. Dengan melihat dari sisi efek jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, studi ini menemukan bahwa ketimpangan pendapatan menurun dengan meningkatnya pengeluaran pendidikan dalam jangka pendek tetapi meningkat dalam jangka panjang. Dengan demikian, efek penurunan ketimpangan pendapatan melalui peningkatan pengeluaran pendidikan di Indonesia tidak berkelanjutan dalam jangka panjang. Terlebih lagi, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan, yang menyiratkan bahwa manfaat dari kenaikan ekonomi hanya diterima oleh masyarakat kelas menengah ke atas melainkan masyrakat miskin."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh belanja pemerintah terhadapketimpangan distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan denganmenggunakan metode regresi data panel yang meliputi 32 propinsi dalam periodepenelitian 2007−2013. Variabel ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan diwakili olehangka rasio gini, sedangkan variabel belanja pemerintah sebagai variabel utamapenelitian diwakili oleh belanja pemerintah menurut empat fungsi, yaitu fungsipendidikan, kesehatan, perumahan dan permukiman, serta perlindungan sosial.Selain itu, penelitian ini memasukkan pula variabel kontrol yang terdiri atas lajupertumbuhan penduduk, PDRB per kapita, tingkat ketergantungan penduduk, rataratalama sekolah, dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka. Hasil analisis regresidengan menggunakan metode random effect menunjukkan bahwa belanjapemerintah fungsi pendidikan, perumahan dan permukiman, serta perlindungansosial berkorelasi signifikan terhadap ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan,sedangkan untuk fungsi kesehatan tidak berkorelasi. Belanja fungsi perumahandan permukiman merupakan satu-satunya variabel yang berpengaruh signifikandalam menurunkan ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan, sedangkan belanjapendidikan dan perlindungan sosial justru menyebabkan distribusi pendapatansemakin timpang. Meskipun belanja kesehatan tidak berkorelasi signifikan, tetapibelanja fungsi ini dapat menurunkan ketimpangan. Diharapkan Pemerintah Pusat,Propinsi, dan Kabupaten/Kota dapat memperbaiki kualitas belanja APBN danAPBD dengan mengurangi belanja administrasi dan birokrasi sehingga setiaprupiah yang dikeluarkan dari APBN dan APBD dapat mengurangi jumlahpenduduk miskin dan mempersempit ketimpangan distribusi pendapata

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to analyse the impact of government expenditureon income inequality in Indonesia. This research uses econometric approach withpanel data with 32 provinces as cross section data and in 2007−2013 period astime series. To quantify the impact of government expenditure on incomeinequality, this research estimate the income inequality, measured by the ginicoefficient is a function of government expenditure program on sector education,health, housing, social protection, and a set of control variables that is commonlyused in the literature to explain income inequality (population growth,dependency ratio, regional GDP per capita, schooling, and unemployment rate).The result shows that only government expenditure for housing which has positifimpact or reducing income inequality. The other independent variables have noimpact, and even for education and social protection expenditure make conditionof income inequality getting worse. It is guessed that government spending qualitywhich is bad is the main reason why some independent variables have nocorrelation with income inequality."

"Berdasarkan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan sensus penduduk sejak 2010, penelitian ini menguji pengaruh keragaman etnis terhadap ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia. Ini dicapai dengan menggunakan estimasi OLS menggunakan ethnic fractionalization index (efi) dan ethnic polarization index (epoi) sebagai proksi keanekaragaman etnis. Tanpa variabel kontrol, ethnic fractionalization index adalah positif dan signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia. Tidak seperti ethnic fractionalization index, ethnic polarization index dan ketimpangan pengeluaran memiliki hubungan berbentuk U terbalik. Namun, pengaruh keragaman etnis kurang signifikan ketika variabel kontrol ditambahkan ke estimasi. Selain itu, efek keanekaragaman etnis kehilangan signifikansinya ketika memasukkan dummy wilayah ke dalam estimasi. Kami menemukan bahwa semua dummy wilayah secara signifikan mempengaruhi ketimpangan dan mengurangi efek keragaman etnis. Akhirnya, dimasukkannya interaksi antara proxy keragaman etnis dan dummy wilayah mengungkapkan hasil yang tidak terduga. Meskipun tidak signifikan, baik interaksi ethnic fractionalization index atau ethnic polarization index dengan dummy wilayah menunjukkan hubungan negatif.

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Based on the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and population census from 2010, this study examines the effect of ethnic diversity on expenditure inequality in Indonesia. This is achieved using the OLS estimation using ethnic fractionalization index (efi) and ethnic polarization index (epoi) as the proxy of ethnic diversity. Without the control variable, the ethnic fractionalization index is positive and significant in affecting expenditure inequality in Indonesia. Unlike the ethnic fractionalization index, the ethnic polarization index and expenditure inequality have an inverted U-shaped relationship. However, the effect of ethnic diversity is less significant when control variables are added to the estimation. Additionally, the effect of ethnic diversity loses its significance when incorporating regional dummies into the estimation. We found that all regional dummies significantly affect inequality and diminish the ethnic diversity effect. Finally, the inclusion of the interaction term between ethnic diversity proxy and regional dummies reveals an unexpected result. Though not significant, both interactions of the ethnic fractionalization index or the ethnic polarization index with regional dummies show a negative relationship."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan internet terhadap pendapatan per kapita pada kelompok kabupaten/kota dengan mengelompokkan kelas pendapatan 40% pendapatan rendah, 40% pendapatan sedang, dan 20% pendapatan tertinggi serta pengaruh penggunaan internet terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 34 provinsi dengan 507 kabupaten, pada rentang waktu tahun 2018 – 2020, data diperoleh dari Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) dan Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional (SAKERNAS), Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), dan dari instansi Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan Kementerian keuangan. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah fixed effect model. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penggunaan internet pada kelompok pendapatan rendah berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pendapatan per kapita, pada kelompok pendapatan menengah berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pendapatan per kapita, sedangkan penggunaan internet pada kelompok pendapatan tinggi tidak berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan per kapita. Penggunaan internet berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of internet use on income inequality and per capita income in the districts/cities by classifying income groups as 40% low income, 40% middle income, and 20% high income. This study was conducted in 507 districts of 34 provinces for the period of 2018 – 2020. Data were obtained from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional; SUSENAS), the National Labor Force Survey (Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional; SAKERNAS), the Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik; BPS), and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, the Ministry of Finance, whereas the data analysis applied the fixed effects model. Based on the results of the study, it is known that internet use has a positive and significant effect on income per capita in the low-income and middle- income groups. And high-income groups has no effect on income per capita. Meanwhile, the effect of internet use has a negative significant relationship to income inequality."

"This study investigates the relationship between ICT adoption ratio and income inequality. While the majority studies explain the impact of ICT on income inequality via labour market, this study offers a different perspective on this relationship. Fast growing ICT, in terms of ICT-based company and ICT users influence almost every human aspect nowadays. This might also influence the income structure in society, not only the employment income, but also the household income, because some studies show that there are certain types of incomes that can be acquired by means of ICT. However, these types of incomes are not covered in employment income, such as property income, consumer surplus, etc. Thus, this study seeks to show the impact of ICT on income inequality via household income channel. In addition, Indonesia has the largest internet economy in the world, valued at roughly 27 billion US dollars. Moreover, internet adoption in Indonesia increased remarkably from approximately 30% in 2012 to become 45% in 2016. These facts demonstrate the considerable impact of ICT on the lives and income of people in Indonesia. By using panel data regression, this paper shows an inverted U-shape relationship between ICT adoption and income inequality. Low ICT adoption will increase income inequality until a certain turning point, whereby higher ICT adoption will reduce income inequality in society. The first difference of the Gini coefficient with respect to the ICT adoption shows that the turning point relating to average adoption ratio of mobile phone, computer, and internet is 25%; while there is an average adoption ratio of 17% for computer and internet. Therefore, it is important for government as the policy maker to make sure that ICT adoption ratio is more than the turning point so ICT can give positive impact on income equality.

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Studi ini menginvestigasi hubungan antara rasio adopsi TIK dan ketimpangan pendapatan. Ketika mayoritas studi menjelaskan pengaruh TIK terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan melalui pasar tenaga kerja, studi ini menawarkan sebuah perspektif yang berbeda atas hubungan ini. Perkembangan TIK yang sangat cepat, dalam hal perusahaan berbasis TIK dan pengguna TIK, mempengaruhi hampir semua aspek kehidupan. Hal ini juga mungkin mempengaruhi struktur pendapatan di masyarakat, tidak hanya pendapatan pegawai, tetapi juga pendapatan rumah tangga, karena beberapa studi menunjukkan terdapat beberapa tipe pendapatan yang dapat diperoleh dengan keberadaan TIK. Akan tetapi, pendapatan tipe ini tidak termasuk dalam pendapatan pegawai, seperti pendapatan properti, surplus konsumen, dan sebagainya. Oleh karena itu, studi ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan pengaruh TIK terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan melalui saluran pendapatan rumah tangga. Sebagai tambahan, Indonesia memiliki ekonomi internet terbesar di dunia dengan nilai sekitar 27 triliun dollar Amerika. Selanjutnya, tingkat adopsi internet di Indonesia meningkat signifikan dari sekitar tiga puluh persen pada 2012 menjadi 45 persen pada tahun 2016. Kenyataan ini menyiratkan pengaruh yang kuat dari adopsi TIK terhadap kehidupan dan pendapatan masyarakat Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan regresi data panel, tulisan ini menunjukkan sebuah hubungan berupa inverted-U antara adopsi TIK dengan ketimpangan pendapatan. Adopsi TIK pada tingkat rendah akan meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan sampai pada satu titik balik, dimana peningkatan adopsi TIK akan menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat. Turunan pertama dari koefisian Gini terhadap tingkat adopsi TIK menunjukkan titik balik rata-rata tingkat adopsi mobile phone, computer, dan internet berada pada level 25%; tetapi berada pada tingkat 17% untuk rata-rata tingkat adopsi komputer dan internet. Oleh karena itu, penting bagi pemerintah untuk memastikan bahwa tingkat adopsi TIK di masyarakat telah melewati titik balik tersebut sehingga adopsi TIK dapat memberi pengaruh positif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan."

"ABSTRAK Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengklarifikasi pengaruh perubahan ketimpangan pendidikan terhadap perbedaan kecepatan penurunan fertilitas yang terjadi antarprovinsi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode efek tetap. Perubahan sosial ekonomi seperti peningkatan capaian pendidikan, perubahan pada pendapatan per kapita, penurunan kematian bayi, dan perubahan penggunaan kontrasepsi dijadikan sebagai variabel kontrol. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa, dengan mengasumsikan variabel lainnya tetap, provinsi yang berhasil mengurangi ketimpangan pendidikan perempuan cenderung untuk mengalami transisi fertilitas yang lebih cepat. Penemuan ini mengimplikasikan bahwa pemerataan pendidikan merupakan salah satu faktor penting untuk mengatasi masalah kependudukan di Indonesia saat ini.

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ABSTRAK This study empirically investigates the relationship between changes in educational inequality and the pace of fertility decline across provinces in Indonesia using fixed effect method. Other socio-economic changes such as increasing educational attainment, changes in per capita income, declining infant mortality, and changes in contraceptive use were used as control variables. Results reveal that, all other things being equal, provinces which are able to reduce educational inequality of women tend to have a faster fertility transition. This finding implies that education equality is one of the main factor to overcome population problem in Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini meneliti dampak dari pengeluaran pendidikan pemerintah terhadap kesenjangan pengeluaran rumah tangga di Indonesia. Hal tersebut dilatarbelakangi adanya keterbatasan kemampuan keuangan pemerintah. Alokasi yang tepat khususnya pada sektor pendidikan diharapkan dapat mendorong pengurangan kemiskinan dan kesenjangan sosial. Berdasarkan penelitian menggunakan data level provinsi di Indonesia dengan periode 2003 sampai dengan 2011 dan menggunakan fixed effect model, peneliti menemukan bahwa kenaikan anggaran pendidikan samapai dengan 20% mampu untuk mengurangi Koefisien Gini sebesar 1,601. Oleh karena itu kebijakan ini mampu untuk mengurangi kesenjangan pengeluaran antar rumah tangga di Indonesia. Temuan lainnya, dampak desentralisasi pengelolaan dana pendidikan secara statistik tidak signifikan. Hal ini berarti bahwa baik dana pendidikan dikelola oleh pemerintah pusat maupun pemerintah daerah, dampak pengeluaran pendidikan pemerintah terhadap kesenajang pengeluaran ruamh tangga relatif sama.

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This study investigates the impact of government education spending on expenditure inequality in Indonesia. Since the government of Indonesia has limited resources to finance public sector, right budget allocation on public sector, particularly education is expected to encourage reducing poverty and inequalities. By investigating data across provinces in 2003-2011 using fixed effect model, this study finds that increase in the proportion of the education spending up to 20% of the government budget are able to reduce gini coefficient by 1.601. Therefore, this policy are able to reduce expenditure inequality among households in Indonesia. Another finding is that the impact of dezentralization of the education spending on expenditure inequality is statistically insignificant. It means that wether the manager of education funds is central governmnet or local government, the impact of education spending on expenditure inequality among households is relatively the same."