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"This book focuses on a group of new materials labeled "graphene oxides." It provides a comprehensive overview of graphene oxide-based nanomaterials in terms of their synthesis, structures, properties, and extensive applications in catalysis, separation, filtration, energy storage, and conversion. The book also covers emerging research on graphite oxides and the impact of the research on fundamental and applied sciences. "

"This book highlights the latest advances in chemical and physical methods for thin-film deposition and surface engineering, including ion- and plasma-assisted processes, focusing on explaining the synthesis/processing-structure-properties relationship for a variety of thin-film systems. It covers topics such as advances in thin-film synthesis; new thin-film materials: diamond-like films, granular alloys, high-entropy alloys, oxynitrides, and intermetallic compounds; ultra-hard, wear- and oxidation-resistant and multifunctional coatings; superconducting, magnetic, semiconducting, and dielectric films; electrochemical and electroless depositions; thin-film characterization and instrumentation; and industrial applications."

"This book presents an overview of the ways in which the latest experimental and theoretical nanotechnologies are serving the fields of biotechnology, medicine, and biomaterials. They not only enhance the efficiency of common therapeutics and lower their risks, but thanks to their specific properties, they also provide new capabilities. Nano-scale measurement techniques, such as nano-indentation and nano-scratch methods, could potentially be used to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of both natural tissues and synthetic biomaterials in terms of strength and durability."

"This book highlights the theoretical foundations of and experimental techniques in photothermal heating and applications involving nanoscale heat generation using gold nanostructures embedded in various media. The experimental techniques presented involve a combination of nanothermometers doped with rare-earth atoms, plasmonic heaters and near-field microscopy. The theoretical foundations are based on the Maxwells and heat diffusion equations. In particular, the working principle and application of AlGaN:Er3+ film, Er2O3 nanoparticles and β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals for nanothermometry based on Er3+ emission are discussed. The relationship between superheated liquid and bubble formation for optically excited nanostructures and the effects of the surrounding medium and solution properties on light absorption and scattering are presented. The application of Er2O3 and β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals to study the temperature of optically heated gold nanoparticles is also presented. In closing, the book presents a new thermal imaging technique combining near-field microscopy and Er3+ photoluminescence spectroscopy to monitor the photothermal heating and steady-state sub-diffraction local temperature of optically excited gold nanostructures."

"Katalis heterogen telah diketahui memiliki beberapa kelebihan, apabila dibandingkan dengan katalis homogen. Penelitian ini mencoba memanfaatkan katalis heterogen untuk reaksi altematif sintesis vanili dari eugenol minyak gagang cengkeh. Sintesis vanili dari eugenol membutuhkan dua tahap reaksi, yaitu isomerisasi eugenol menjadi isoeugenol, dan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan oksidasi isoeugenol menjadi vanili. Katalis heterogen yang digunakan adalah (1) padatan superbasa, yang digunakan untuk studi katalisis heterogen pada reaksi isomerisasi eugenol dan (2) katalis transfer fase, yang digunakan untuk reaksi oksidasi isoeugenol. Katalis transfer fase yang digunakan adalah 18-crown ether-6. Padatan superbasa dibuat dari γ- dan η-alumina yang diberi perlakuan NaOH dan logam Na. Alumina yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibuat dari bahan baku kaolin dari pulau Belitung dengan proses asam dan hasil yang diperoleh adalah 9% γ -A1203 dan 10,28% η -A1203. Studi katalisis heterogen pada reaksi isomerisasi eugenol menunjukkan bahwa reaksi dapat berlangsung pada suhu rendah. Kondisi reaksi isomerisasi eugenol yang digunakan adalah : suhu 10°C, waktu 9 jam, minyak gagang cengkeh 25 mmol dan katalis padatan superbasa γ -AI2O3/NaOH/Na sebanyak 2 g. Persentase konversi produk trans-isoeugenol adalah 64,42% dan cis-isoeugenol adalah 6,11%. Studi katalis juga dilakukan dengan membandingkan aktivitas dari 3 jenis katalis padatan superbasa : γ -Al203/NaOH/Na, η -A12O3/NaOH/Na dan γ - Al203 (E.Merck)/NaOH/Na. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa γ -Al2O3/NaOH/Na memperlihatkan aktivitas katalisis yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan dua padatan superbasa lainnya. Studi katalisis reaksi oksidasi isoeugenol dengan oksidalor KMnO4 menggunakan katalis transfer fase, 18-crown ether-6, memberikan indikasi bahwa senyawa vanili yang terbentuk masih bercampur dengan senyawa-senyawa lain. Rendemen vanili hasil oksidasi isoeugenol dalam suasana asarn (pH 2) adalah 0,021%, dalam suasana netral (pH 7) adalah 0,028% dan dalam suasana basa (pH 9) adalah 0,015%.

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It has been already known, that heterogeneous catalysts have more advantages compared to homogeneous catalysts. This research tried to utilize heterogeneous catalysts for an alternative reaction on synthesis of vanillin from eugenol of clove stem oil. This synthesis needs two steps reactions, isomerization reaction of eugenol to produce isoeugenol and oxidation reaction of isoeugenol to produce vanillin. Two types catalysts were used : (1) solid superbase, which was used on eugenol isomerization, and (2) phase transfer catalyst, 18-crown ether-6, which was used on isoeugenol oxidation.

Solid superbase catalyst was prepared using - γ and η -alumina, treated with sodium hydroxide and sodium metal. Alumina was extracted from kaolin from Pulau Belitung by acid process, and the yield of aluminas were 9.0% y-A12O3 and 10.28% -Al2O3. η Heterogeneous catalysis study on eugenol isomerization showed that the reaction could proceed at low temperature. The eugenol isomerization reaction conditions were : temperature 10°C, reaction time 9 hours, clove stem oil 25 mmol, and solid catalyst superbase γ -A12O3/NaOH/Na 2 g. The result of products conversion were 64.42% trans-isoeugenol and 6.11% cis-isoeugenol. This study included the comparisson activities study of three solid superbase catalysts : γ -A12O3/NaOH/Na, η -Al2O3/Na0H/Na, and γ -Al2O3 (E.Merck)/NaOH/Na, which showed that γ -Al2O3 /NaOH/Na had better activity than those two latter solid superbase catalysts.

Study on isoeugenol oxidation reaction using KMnO4 as an oxidazing agent and phase transfer catalyst, 18-crown ether-6, gave the indication that vanillin was produced mixed with other compounds. The yields of vanillin in acid medium (pH 2) was 0.021%, in neutral medium (pH 7) was 0.028% and in base medium (pH 9) was 0.015%."