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"ABSTRAKStudi ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penarik investasi asing langsung dari negara anggota ASEAN (disingkat ASEAN-9) dengan periode antara 1990 dan 2017 dengan menggunakan Pooled Least Square sebagai model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran pasar, keterbukaan perdagangan, infrastruktur, penelitian & pengembangan, serta menjadi faktor penarik positif atas investasi asing langsung. Namun, sumber daya manusia dan suku bunga riil menunjukkan efek tanda negative atas investasi langsung. Hal lain yang dibahas dalam studi ini ialah terkait dengan tren FDI setelah krisis keuangan global pada tahun 2008 yang menunjukkan trend positif untuk periode setelah tahun 2008. Hal ini menandakan bahwa krisis keuangan global tahun 2008 tidak mempengaruhi aliran masuk FDI. Berdasarkan hasil, PDB, infrastruktur, dan keterbukaan perdagangan menjadi faktor penting untuk menarik investor asing. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah dapat meningkatkan melalui kebijakan, seperti pelonggaran prosedur perdagangan, atau meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas infrastruktur mereka. Sedangkan efek modal manusia pada FDI ialah negatif. Kualitas sumber daya manusia masih perlu ditingkatkan karena dapat mendukung negara dengan teknologi rendah menjadi negara tujuan FDI berteknologi tinggi.

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ABSTRACTThe goal of this study is to identify the determinants of foreign direct investment in Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Phillipines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, which are termed the ASEAN-9 countries in this study. The study uses a combination of data for the period between 1990 and 2017. The model of this study is Pooled Least Square because of the limitations of the data. The results show that market size, trade openness, infrastructure, research & development, and inflation have a positive effect on inward FDI into ASEAN-9 countries at a 1 percent significance level, except for inflation. Then, it can be said that those variables remain important to attract foreign investors into ASEAN-9 countries. On the other hand, human capital and real interest rates show a negative sign, as most of the studies suggest that human capital has a positive effect on inward FDI. Moreover, this study also investigates the trends for FDI after the global finance crisis in 2008. The results show that the annual trend for FDI after 2008 is positive, which means there is no big impact from the global financial crisis of 2008 on FDI inflows into ASEAN-9. Based on the results, the ASEAN countries should focus on increasing their GDP, infrastructure, and trade openness. This means that the governments should create more policies which support international trade between ASEAN and the other countries by easing trade procedures, diversifying export products, and improving the quantity and quality of their infrastructure. Even though the effect of human capital on inward FDI showed a negative relationship, ASEAN countries still need to improve the quality of their human resources because higher quality human resources can take countries from being low-technology FDI destinations to becoming higher- technology FDI destination countries. Furthermore, even though the effect of inflation on FDI was positive, it is possible to assert that even where there is an increase in the inflation rate, ASEAN countries can still become attractive destination countries for foreign investors."

"Penelitian tesis ini dilakukan di 5 negara Asean, yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipina, Singapura dan Thailand mengenai pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam periode waktu 1990-2007. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Variabel-variabel penelitian yang dianalisis adalah variabel trade openness, investasi, populasi dan inflasi dengan menggunakan metode regresi analisis data panel. Hasil penelitian antara lain berupa nilai-nilai koefisien untuk setiap variabel, kemudian nilai koefisien tersebut dianalisis untuk mendapatkan jawaban dari permasalahan penelitian. Adapun hasil pengolahan data serta analisis data akan diuraikan bahwa trade openness dan investasi signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara Asean 5 secara positif. Sementara variable inflasi signifikan secara negatif mempengaruhi pertumbuhan economi Asean 5.

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The research for this thesis took place in 5 countries of Asean, there are Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand. It is about economic growth in time period 1990-2007. In objective is to review the result of development that has been achieved in that time period. The research variables that analyzed are trade openness, investment, population and inflation which use regression method with pool data analysis. From the result of the research the coefficient value for each variable was gained, than the cooefficient value was analyzed to obsain the answer for set of problem of this research. The result of data processing and data analyzing will be explained that trade openness and investment are significantly influencing economic growth and positive relationship. Inflation significantly influencing the economic growth and it has negative relationship in Asean 5 countries."

"Persoalan utama ekonomi Indonesia dewasa ini adalah meningkatkan aktivitas perekonomian, baik investasi baru maupun pengembangan investasi yang sudah ada. Krisis ekonomi yang sedang terjadi saat ini dapat dijadikan momentum positif untuk menarik modal asing, karena pergerakan modal sedang mengarah ke Asia, termasuk Indonesia. Jenis modal asing yang yang diperkirakan paling baik untuk menggerakkan perekonomian adalah Penanaman Modal Asing Langsung (Foreign Direct Investment). Modal asing yang bersifat portfolio investment tidak baik untuk stabilitas, karena dapat keluar masuk dengan cepat dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh sentimen. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk melakukan analisa atas faktor-faktor yang diperkirakan dapat mempengaruhi Penanaman Modal Asing Langsung di Indonesia, yaitu Nilai Tambah Bruto, Suku bunga riil, Jumlah Tenaga Kerja, Infrastruktur, dampak krisis Asia 1996 dan dampak perubahan kebijakan pemerintah di bidang Investasi. Analisis dilakukan dengan model analisis regresi berganda (multiple regression analysis) dengan menggunakan metode data panel dan model estimasi Fixed Efect. Data yang digunakan adalah data panel enam sektor (Pertambangan dan Penggalian; Perindustrian; Perdagangan Besar dan Eceran, Restoran dan Komunikasi; Transport, Pergudangan dan Komunikasi; Lembaga Keuangan; serta Pertanian, Perburuan, Kehutanan dan Perkebunan) selama periode 1990 sampai 2010. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Nilai Tambah Bruto berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan Penanaman Modal Asing Langsung. Sementara, tingkat suku bunga riil berpengaruh significant dan negatif terhadap Penanaman Modal Asing Langsung. Selain itu, hasil analisis juga membuktikan bahwa krisis ekonomi tahun 1998 sebagai variabel dummy terbukti menurunkan jumlah Penanaman Modal Asing Langsung.

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Indonesia's main economic issue nowdays is to increase economic activity, both new investment and development of existing investments. The economic crisis is happening now can be used as a positive momentum to attract foreign capital, because capital movements are heading to Asia, including Indonesia. Types of foreign capital is expected to be most good to increase the economy is Foreign Direct Investment. Foreign capital investment portfolio is not good for stability, because it can be in and out quickly and strongly influenced by sentiment.

This research was conducted with the aim to perform an analysis of the factors affecting the Foreign Direct Investment in Indonesia, namely the Gross Value Added, the real interest rate, amount of Manpower, Infrastructure, the impact of 1996 Asian crisis and the impact of changes in government policy in the Foreign Direct Investment.

Analyses were performed by multiple regression analysis model by using the data panel method and the Fixed-effect estimation model. The data used is panel data of six sectors (Mining and Quarrying; Industry: Wholesale and Retail, Restaurant and Communications; Transport, Storage and Communication; Finance and Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Plantation during) the period 1990 to 2010.

The analysis showed that the Gross Value Added has positive and significant impact on increasing Foreign Direct Investment. Meanwhile, real interest rates have significant negative impact on Foreign Direct Investment. In addition, the analysis also proved that the economic crisis of 1998 as a dummy variable shown to decrease the amount of Foreign Direct Investment."

"Kemudahan berusaha dapat menjadi keuntungan lokasi dari host country yang bertujuan untuk menarik investasi asing. Penelitian ini menganalisa pengaruh dari kemudahan berusaha terhadap masuknya FDI. Data yang digunakan adalah peringkat ease of doing business dan peringkat doing business indicators, sera data FDI negara-negara berkembang dan ASEAN-8. Metode penelitian adalah data panel dengan periode penelitian dari 2006-2013 untuk kemudahan berusaha dan dari 2007-2013 untuk peringkat lima indikator menjalankan usaha. Kemudahan berusaha ditemukan memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan baik di negara-negara berkembang maupun di ASEAN-8. Indikator getting credit, trading across borders dan enforcing contracts memberikan pengaruh signifikan di negara-negara berkembang, Sedangkan di negara-negara ASEAN-8 hanya indikator starting a business yang mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap masuknya FDI. Hasil ini menunjukkan reformasi regulasi usaha harus menjadi agenda negara-negara berkembang dan ASEAN-8 untuk membuat lingkungan usaha yang kondusif.

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Ease of doing business can be a location advantage of the host country that aims to attract foreign investment. This study analyzes of the effect on ease of doing business on the inflow of FDI. Using data of the ranking on ease of doing business and ranking on doing business indicators, also FDI data of developing countries and the ASEAN-8. Research method is a data panel with the study period of 2006-2013 for ease of doing business and from 2007-2013 for ranking on five of doing business indicators. Ease of doing business found a significant influence both in developing countries and ASEAN-8. Indicators of getting credit, trading across borders and enforcing contracts have a significant effect in developing countries, while in ASEAN-8 is found only indicator of starting a business that has a significant effect on FDI. These results demonstrate that reform of business regulatory should be on the agenda of developing countries and ASEAN-8 to create condusive environment."

"Sistem keuangan internasional telah mengalami perkembangan sejak dua dekade terakhir akibat adanya deregulasi pada pasar keuangan internasional dan semakin tidak ketatnya capital control dari masing-masing negara menyebabkan investasi internasional ikut berkembang. Investasi internasional masing-masing negara ASEAN berkembang seiring perkembangan investasi internasional Amerika Serikat dan Jepang. Penelitian ini mencoba mengkaji lebih jauh determinan-determinan yang mempengaruhi aliran investasi portfolio internasional dan bagaimana investor masing-masing negara anggota ASEAN, Amerika Serikat dan Jepang melakukan pilihan dalam international portfolio holding dengan menggunakan Gravity Model. Pada penelitian ini, aliran investasi portfolio internasional yang akan diteliti dibatasi pada aliran investasi portfolio internasional Indonesia dari negara-negara ASEAN (yaitu Filipina, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Thailand), Amerika Serikat dan Jepang. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang bersumber dari institusiinstitusi yang terkait dengan penelitian. Periode data tersebut yaitu dari 1992 sampai dengan 2005. Dalam penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa Gravity Model tidak dapat menjelaskan dengan baik aliran investasi portfolio internasional Indonesia dari Filipina, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Thailand, Amerika Serikat dan Jepang. Fenomena Home bias ternyata terjadi pada para investor di Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand dan Filipina."

"[This study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in developing and developed countries by panel data analysis. This study utilizes data of 27 developed countries and 43 developing countries for the period of 1998 to 2011. The dependent variable is FDI inflows per capita. The main explanatory variable is the statutory corporate income tax rate. In addition, this study employs GDP per capita as the proxy of market size, degree of openness, real minimum wage as the proxy of labor cost, population, and energy production as the proxy of natural resources. Based on the random effect model, the result shows that tax as main explanatory variable, has negative sign as expected. However, it is not significant even at the level of ten percent. Furthermore, the population, real minimum wage, and energy production variables are negatively affect the FDI inflows as well. On the other hand, GDP per capita and openness degree are positively affects FDI inflows.;This study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in developing and developed countries by panel data analysis. This study utilizes data of 27 developed countries and 43 developing countries for the period of 1998 to 2011. The dependent variable is FDI inflows per capita. The main explanatory variable is the statutory corporate income tax rate. In addition, this study employs GDP per capita as the proxy of market size, degree of openness, real minimum wage as the proxy of labor cost, population, and energy production as the proxy of natural resources. Based on the random effect model, the result shows that tax as main explanatory variable, has negative sign as expected. However, it is not significant even at the level of ten percent. Furthermore, the population, real minimum wage, and energy production variables are negatively affect the FDI inflows as well. On the other hand, GDP per capita and openness degree are positively affects FDI inflows;This study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in developing and developed countries by panel data analysis. This study utilizes data of 27 developed countries and 43 developing countries for the period of 1998 to 2011. The dependent variable is FDI inflows per capita. The main explanatory variable is the statutory corporate income tax rate. In addition, this study employs GDP per capita as the proxy of market size, degree of openness, real minimum wage as the proxy of labor cost, population, and energy production as the proxy of natural resources. Based on the random effect model, the result shows that tax as main explanatory variable, has negative sign as expected. However, it is not significant even at the level of ten percent. Furthermore, the population, real minimum wage, and energy production variables are negatively affect the FDI inflows as well. On the other hand, GDP per capita and openness degree are positively affects FDI inflows;This study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in developing and developed countries by panel data analysis. This study utilizes data of 27 developed countries and 43 developing countries for the period of 1998 to 2011. The dependent variable is FDI inflows per capita. The main explanatory variable is the statutory corporate income tax rate. In addition, this study employs GDP per capita as the proxy of market size, degree of openness, real minimum wage as the proxy of labor cost, population, and energy production as the proxy of natural resources. Based on the random effect model, the result shows that tax as main explanatory variable, has negative sign as expected. However, it is not significant even at the level of ten percent. Furthermore, the population, real minimum wage, and energy production variables are negatively affect the FDI inflows as well. On the other hand, GDP per capita and openness degree are positively affects FDI inflows.

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Tesis ini meneliti tentang faktor-faktor yang menentukan arus masuk penanaman modal asing langsung di negara-negara maju dan negara-negara berkembang dengan menggunakan analisa data panel. Penelitian ini menggunakan data 27 negara maju dan 43 negara berkembang selama periode 1998 sampai dengan 2011. Variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah arus masuk penanaman modal asing per kapita. Sebagai variabel penjelas utama adalah tarif pajak penghasilan perusahaan. Sedangkan sebagai variabel penjelas tambahan adalah produk domestik bruto per kapita, tingkat keterbukaan perdagangan, upah minimal riil, populasi dan produksi energy. Berdasarkan pengukuran menggunakan random effect model diperoleh hasil bahwa pajak berpengaruh negative terhadap arus investasi asing namun tidak signifikan. Selain itu, jumlah populasi, upah minimum serta produksi energy juga berpengaruh negatif. Sebaliknya, PDB per kapita dan tingkat keterbukaan perdagangan berpengaruh positif terhadap arus masuk penanaman modal asing., This study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows

in developing and developed countries by panel data analysis. This study utilizes

data of 27 developed countries and 43 developing countries for the period of 1998

to 2011. The dependent variable is FDI inflows per capita. The main explanatory

variable is the statutory corporate income tax rate. In addition, this study employs

GDP per capita as the proxy of market size, degree of openness, real minimum

wage as the proxy of labor cost, population, and energy production as the proxy of

natural resources.

Based on the random effect model, the result shows that tax as main

explanatory variable, has negative sign as expected. However, it is not significant

even at the level of ten percent. Furthermore, the population, real minimum wage,

and energy production variables are negatively affect the FDI inflows as well. On

the other hand, GDP per capita and openness degree are positively affects FDI

inflows]"

"Penelitian ini menggunakan metode 3SLS untuk menganalisis efek antara ketahanan pangan dan produksi agrikultur di negara ASEAN+5 yang tergabung dalam perjanjian kerjasama internasional RCEP (Regional Comperehensive Economic Partnership). Penelitian ini mempertimbangkan variabel FDI di sektor agrikultur, pertambangan, sekunder, dan tersier, serta variabel konsumsi pemerintah dan kualitas regulasi. Pendekatan ini bertujuan untuk memahami kompleksitas interaksi antara variabel- variabel tersebut dan dampaknya terhadap ketahanan pangan di kawasan tersebut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa indeks ketahanan pangan dan produksi agrikultur memiliki koefisien positif signifikan, sementara FDI di sektor agrikultur dan pertambangan berdampak negatif pada ketahanan pangan. Artinya, meskipun investasi asing di sektor- sektor ini dapat meningkatkan output ekonomi, mereka tidak selalu mendukung peningkatan ketahanan pangan khususnya di ASEAN+5. Model regresi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan kemampuan yang baik dalam menjelaskan variabilitas hubungan antara variabel-variabel yang diteliti, dengan nilai adjusted R-Squared sebesar 37.01% untuk persamaan ketahanan pangan dan 85.45% untuk persamaan produksi agrikultur. Penelitian ini menyoroti pentingnya FDI dan kebijakan regulasi dalam meningkatkan ketahanan pangan, meskipun ada dampak negatif dari sektor sekunder dan tersier, kebijakan regulasi yang baik dapat membantu mengurangi dampak negatif ini dan mendukung ketahanan pangan. Oleh karena itu, hasil penelitian ini menekankan perlunya perhatian lebih lanjut pada pengembangan kebijakan FDI yang mendukung sektor pertanian secara berkelanjutan dan meningkatkan kualitas regulasi di negara-negara ASEAN+5.

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This study uses the 3SLS method to analyze the effect between food security and agricultural production in ASEAN+5 countries that are members of the RCEP (Regional Comperehensive Economic Partnership) international cooperation agreement. This study considers FDI variables in agriculture, mining, secondary, and tertiary sectors, as well as government consumption and regulatory quality variables. This approach aims to understand the complexity of the interaction between these variables and their impact on food security in the region. Results show that the food security index and agricultural production have significant positive coefficients, while FDI in the agricultural and mining sectors has a negative impact on food security. This means that while foreign investments in these sectors can increase economic output, they do not necessarily support improved food security especially in ASEAN+5. The regression model used in this study shows a good ability to explain the variability of the relationship between the variables studied, with an adjusted R-Squared value of 37.01% for food security equation and 85.45% for agricultural production equation. This research highlights the importance of FDI and regulatory policies in improving food security, despite the negative impacts of the secondary and tertiary sectors, good regulatory policies can help mitigate these negative impacts and support food security. Therefore, the results of this study emphasize the need for further attention to the development of FDI policies that support the agricultural sector in a sustainable manner and improve the quality of regulation in ASEAN+5 countries."

"ABSTRAK Penelitian ini berfokus pada faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi permintaan asuransi yang diukur menggunakan kepadatan asuransi (insurance density) dan tingkat pertumbuhan premi (growth rate of premium) pada ASEAN pada rentang waktu 1998-2011. Model penelitian yang digunakan mengacu pada penelitian Elango dan Jones (2011). Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa faktor ekonomi, demografi, dan institusional memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepadatan asuransi dan tingkat pertumbuhan premi asuransi jiwa dan non jiwa di ASEAN.

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ABSTRACT

The research refers to Elango and Jones (2011) that focuses on the factors that drives insurance demand which are measured by insurance density and growth rate of premium on ASEAN countries in the 1998-2011 period. Results of the study indicates that economic, demographic, and institutional factors have significant impact on insurance density as well as growth rate of premium of life and non-life insurance among ASEAN countries."

"Studi ini mengkaji pengaruh korupsi terhadap masuknya investasi asing langsung (Foreign Direct Investment, FDI) di Brazil, Rusia, India, China, Meksiko, Indonesia, dan Turki (BRIC-MKIT) periode 1996-2011. Dengan menggunakan metode efek tetap, penelitian ini menemukan korupsi tidak signifikan memengaruhi masuknya FDI di kelompok negara BRIC-MKIT selama periode 1996-2011. Namun demikian ditemukan pengaruh yang berbeda-beda pada masing-masing negara BRIC-MKIT: (i) korupsi tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap masuknya FDI di Brazil, Rusia, Meksiko, dan Turki; (ii) korupsi berpengaruh negatif di India, China, dan Indonesia; dan (iii) korupsi berpengaruh positif di Korea Selatan.

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This study examines the effect of corruption on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, Mexico, Korea (Republic), Indonesia, and Turkey(BRIC-MKIT) in the 1996-2011 periode. With fixed effect method, this study find outthat the corruption does not significantly affectFDI inflowin the BRIC-MKIT during the period 1996-2011. However, it is found that (i) corruption doesn?t affect significantly FDI inflow in Brazil, Russian Federation, Mexico, and Turkey; (ii) corruption affect significantly and negative on FDI inflow in India, China, and Indonesia, and (iii) corruption affect significantly and positive on FDI inflow in Korea (Republic)."

"Pertumbuhan ekonomi menjadi faktor yang penting dalam keberhasilan perekonomian suatu negara dalam jangka panjang, sehingga setiap negara akan selalu berusaha untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonominya dan menjadikan pertumbuhan ekonomi sebagai target ekonominya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara anggota ASEAN selama jangka waktu 1990 ? 2009, dengan negara-negara yang menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak enam negara yaitu Indonesia, Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, Philipina dan Vietnam. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah dengan metode Generalized Least Square (GLS) dan model estimasi Fixed Efect dengan menggunakan alat analisis untuk membantu mengolah data adalah program Eviews 6. Sedangkan data yang digunakan adalah data panel dari enam negara ASEAN yang mencakup periode 20 tahun. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa keterbukaan ekonomi (trade openness), investasi asing langsung yang masuk (foreign direct investment), investasi domestik, pengeluaran pemerintah, dan angkatan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di enam negara ASEAN. Sedangkan untuk tingkat inflasi tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di enam negara ASEAN. Berdasarkan penelitian ini angkatan kerja mempunyai pengaruh yang relatif besar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di enam negara ASEAN sedangkan investasi baik Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) maupun investasi domestik mempunyai pengaruh yang relatif kecil terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di enam negara ASEAN.

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Economic growth becomes the important factor in the long term economic state success. Therefore, each country will always try to increase their economic growth and put it as its economic target. This research was done to know the factors that influence the economic growth in ASEAN member countries along 1990 ? 2009. The sampling country in this study is six countries which is Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam. The analysis method used is Generalized Least Square (GLS) method and Fixed-effect estimation model by using analytical tools to help in processing the data which uses Eviews 6 program. In other way the used data is panel data of six ASEAN countries which is covering the 20 years period. The result showed that trade openness, foreign direct investment, domestic investment, government expenditure, and labor force have a positive and significant impact for the six ASEAN countries economic growth. However the inflation rate does not impact significantly to the six ASEAN countries economic growth. Based on this research labor force has a relatively large impact on economic growth in six ASEAN countries, while investment both foreign direct investment (FDI) and domestic investment has a relatively small impact on economic growth in six ASEAN countries."