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"Pengembangan manfaat tumbuhan obat dimulai dengan mengumpulkan informasi dari pengetahuan lokal yang dimiliki berbagai etnis. Salah satu etnis yang unik di Indonesia adalah etnis Minangkabau yang berasal dari Nagari Tuo Pariangan karena memiliki sistem matrilineal. Berdasarkan survey pendahuluan diketahui bahwa sebagian besar tumbuhan obat di Nagari Tuo Pariangan dibudidayakan di pekarangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengetahuan tradisional masyarakat mengenai tumbuhan obat dan potensi pekarangan sebagai kawasan konservasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama sembilan bulan pada bulan Januari sampai September 2019. Pengambilan data etnobotani dilakukan dengan wawancara semiterstruktur pada 7 orang informan kunci dan 46 orang responden umum. Pengambilan data etnoekologi pekarangan dilakukan dengan analisis vegetasi pada 30 buah rumah. Data etnobotani diolah dengan menghitung Use Value (UV), Index of Cultural Significance (ICS), dan Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC). Data etnoekologi diolah dengan menghitung Indeks Nilai Penting (INP), Indeks Keanekaragaman (H), Indeks Kemerataan (e), dan Kekayaan Spesies (DMg). Analisis data dilakukan secara statistika deskriptif. Masyarakat memanfaatkan 139 spesies tumbuhan obat yang tergolong ke dalam 110 genus dan 59 famili. Tumbuhan obat digunakan untuk mengobati 73 jenis penyakit yang dikelompokkan menjadi 10 kategori. Curcuma longa, Kalanchoe laciniata, Zingiber officinale, dan Orthosiphon aristatus merupakan tumbuhan obat dengan UV, ICS, dan RFC yang tinggi. Sebagian besar tumbuhan obat menurut masyarakat memiliki UV, ICS, dan RFC yang termasuk ke dalam kategori rendah sehingga perlu dikonservasi. Masyarakat menanam 197 sepesies tanaman di pekarangan, termasuk ke dalam 148 genus dan 67 famili. Jumlah spesies tanaman terbanyak ditemukan di pekarangan Jorong Pariangan (117 spesies), sementara persentase tanaman obat tertinggi ditemukan di pekarangan Jorong Guguak (65,6%). Indeks keanekaragaman, kemerataan, dan kekayaan spesies tanaman obat di pekarangan yang tergolong tinggi membuktikan bahwa masyarakat Nagari Tuo Pariangan menanam cukup banyak spesies tanaman obat. Pekarangan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan konservasi tanaman obat.

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Development of the benefits of medicinal plants begins with gathering information from local knowledge held by various ethnic groups. One of the unique ethnic groups in Indonesia is the Minangkabau ethnic originating from Nagari Tuo Pariangan because it has matrilineal system. Based on preliminary surveys it is known that most of the medicinal plants in Nagari Tuo Pariangan are cultivated in the yard. The purpose of this study is to examine the traditional knowledge of community about medicinal plants and the potential of yard as a conservation area. The research was conducted for nine months from January to September 2019. The collection of ethnobotanical data was carried out by semistructured interviews with 7 key informants and 46 general respondents. Ethnoecological data was collected by analyzing vegetation in 30 houses. Ethnobotanical data was processed by calculating the Use Value (UV), Index of Cultural Significance (ICS), and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), while ethnoecological data is processed by calculating the Importance Value Index (INP), Diversity Index (H), Evenness Index (e), and Species Richness (DMg). Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistics. The community utilizes 139 species of medicinal plants belonging to 110 genera and 59 families. Medicinal plants are used to treat 73 types of diseases which are grouped into 10 categories. Curcuma longa, Kalanchoe laciniata, Zingiber officinale, and Orthosiphon aristatus are medicinal plants with high UV, ICS, and RFC. Most of the medicinal plants according to the community have UV, ICS, and RFC which are included in the low category, so it needs to be conserved. The community planted 197 species in the yard, including 148 genera and 67 families. The highest number of plant species was found in Jorong Pariangan (117 species), while the highest percentage of medicinal plants was found in Jorong Guguak (65.6%). Index of diversity, evenness, and richness of medicinal plants in the yard which are classified as high prove that Nagari Tuo Pariangan community plant quite a number of medicinal plants. The yard can be used as conservation area for medicinal plants."

"Etnoekologi dan Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat pada Masyarakat Baduy-Dalam di Desa Kanekes, Kecamatan Leuwidamar, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten. Telah dilakukan kajian pengetahuan pemanfaatan lanskap dan pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat pada masyarakat Baduy-Dalam. Tujuan penelitian ini mengungkapkan keanekaragaman spesies tumbuhan obat yang tersebar pada berbagai lanskap yang sudah dikenal dan dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Baduy-Dalam. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada September 2017 sampai Januari 2018. Pengambilan data menggunakan pendekatan emik dan etik melalui wawancara semi terstruktur close ended, open ended, observasi partisipatif, Focus Group Discussion FGD, analisis vegetasi dan jelajah bebas. Wawancara dilakukan pada 3 informan kunci dan 108 responden umum. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan statistika deskriptif untuk menggambarkan pengetahuan lokal masyarakat dan kuantitatif dianalisis dengan menghitung nilai kultural Index of Cultural Significance, ICS, dan nilai kepentingan lokal Local User Value Index, LUVI. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Baduy-Dalam mengenal 7 unit lanskap, yaitu Leuweng lembur Pemukiman, Cai sungai, Huma ladang, Jami bekas ladang ditinggalkan 1 tahun, Rheuma bekas ladang ditinggalkan 3 tahun, Rheuma kolot bekas ladang ditinggalkan 7 tahun, dan Leuweng kolot hutan lindung. Lansekap yang dianggap paling penting ialah leuweung lembur pemukiman dengan nilai rata-rata kepentingan 28.8. Pada 7 lanskap ditemukan 98 spesies tumbuhan obat yang memiliki 46 kegunaan, terdiri dari 91 genus dan 46 famili. Famili terbanyak ialah Asteraceae dan Zingiberaceae. Nilai ICS dan LUVI tumbuhan obat tertinggi di Cibeo dimiliki oleh Cocos nucifera ICS=24, LUVI=2.25 untuk laki-laki muda, Cocos nucifera ICS=24 dan Kaempferia galanga LUVI=1.91 untuk laki-laki dewasa, Kaempferia galanga ICS=16 dan Cocos nucifera LUVI=1.95 untuk laki-laki tua, Psidium guajava ICS=24, LUVI=2.15 untuk perempuan muda, K. galanga dan Z. cassumunar ICS=12 dan Zingiber cassumunar LUVI=1.63 untuk perempuan dewasa, Pterocarpus indicus, Kaempferia galanga, Dinochloa scandens, Gigantochloa apus, Zingiber officinale, dan Crassocephalum crepidioides ICS=9 dan Cyrtandra pendula LUVI=1.57 untuk perempuan tua. Adapun Nilai ICS dan LUVI tumbuhan obat tertinggi di Cikeusik dimiliki oleh Cocos nucifera ICS=18, LUVI=2 untuk laki-laki muda, Cocos nucifera ICS=24 dan Cassia alata LUVI=1.35 untuk laki-laki dewasa, Cassia alata, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyrtandra pendula, Kaempferia galanga, Abrus precatorius, Mikania cordata ICS=9 dan Bridelia monoica LUVI=1.65 untuk laki-laki tua, Cocos nucifera ICS=24, LUVI=1.35 untuk perempuan muda, Kaempferia galanga ICS=12 dan Bridelia monoica LUVI=1.06 untuk perempuan dewasa, dan Gigantochloa apus, Blumea balsamifera ICS=12 dan Cassia alata LUVI=1.01 untuk perempuan tua.

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Ethnoecology and Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in Baduy Dalam Society Kanekes Village, Leuwidamar District, Lebak Regency, Banten.A study of utilization of landscape and medicinal plants has been undertaken in Baduy Dalam society. The purpose of this study is to reveals the diversity of medicinal plant species scattered in various landscapes that have been known and utilized by Baduy Dalam society. The study has been conducted from September 2017 to January 2018. Data was collected through semi structured close ended, open ended, participatory observation, focus group discussion FGD interviews, vegetation analysis and free roaming interviews. Interviews were conducted from 3 key informants and 108 general respondents. Data were analyzed qualitatively by descriptive statistics to describe local knowledges society and quantitative analyzed by calculating of Index of Cultural Significance ICS, and local user 39 s value Index LUVI. Based on research results, Baduy Dalam society recognizes 7 landscape units, namely Leuweung lembur residential area, Cai river, Huma field, Jami one year abandoned field, Rheuma three years abandoned field, Rheuma kolot seven years abandoned field, and Leuweung kolot protected forest. Leuweung lembur residential area considered the most important landscape which it has average of importance value of 28.8. It has been found 98 species of medicinal plants which is have 46 usefulness. It consists of 91 genera and 46 families. The most of families are Asteraceae and Zingiberaceae. The highest of ICS and LUVI values in Cibeo, category of young male chosen C. nucifera ICS 24, LUVI 2.25, category of adult male Cocos nucifera ICS 24 and Kaempferia galanga LUVI 1.91, category of old male Kaempferia galanga ICS 16 and Cocos nucifera LUVI 1.95, Psidium guajava category of young female chosen ICS 24, LUVI 2.15, category of adult female Kaempferia galanga and Zingiber cassumunar ICS 12 and Zingiber cassumunar LUVI 1.63, and category old female Pterocarpus indicus, Kaempferia galanga, Dinochloa scandens, Gigantochloa apus, Zingiber officinale, and Crassocephalum crepidioides ICS 9 and Cassia pendula LUVI 1.57. The highest of ICS and LUVI values in Cikeusik category young male chosen Cocos nucifera ICS 18, LUVI 2, category of adult male Cocos nucifera ICS 24 and Cassia alata LUVI 1.35, category of old male Cocos alata, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyrtandra. pendula, aempferia. galanga, Abrus precatorius, Mikania cordata ICS 9 and Bridelia monoica LUVI 1.65, category of young female Cocos nucifera ICS 24, LUVI 1.35, category of adult female Kaempferia galanga ICS 12 and Bridelia monoica LUVI 1.06 and category of old female Gigantochloa apus, Blume balsamifera ICS 12 and Cassia alata LUVI 1.01."

"Tradisi penggunaan tumbuhan lokal untuk penyembuhan patah tulang oleh masyarakat Kerajaan Jambu Lipo, konservasi tumbuhan obat yang berkelanjutan salah satunya dapat dilestarian melalui budaya lokal dan pengetahuan tradisional. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah kajian etnobotani tumbuhan obat untuk patah tulang di wilayah Kerajaan Jambu Lipo belum ada. Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu untuk menganalisis pengetahuan lokal, sikap, dan perilaku masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan tumbuhan obat, kandungan fitokimia tumbuhan obat, serta menyusun konsep konservasi tumbuhan obat. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode campuran, informan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan melalui wawancara semi terstruktur dan kuisioner yang disebar ke responden di tiap nagari di Kecamatan Lubuk Tarok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 17 jenis tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai obat oleh dukun patah tulang, masyarakat Kerajaan Jambu Lipo memiliki pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku yang saling berkorelasi terkait tumbuhan obat patah tulang, tumbuhan obat memiliki kandungan senyawa yang berperan dalam proses penyembuhan patah tulang, serta konsep konservasi yang disusun melalui pengukuran populasi tumbuhan, penggunaan berkelanjutan, dan pengetahuan tradisional. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yakni melalui budidaya di area pekarangan dan juga perkebunan menjadi bentuk pelestarian dari tumbuhan obat dan juga menjadi sumber ekonomi pengembangan desa.

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The tradition of using local plants for healing fracture by the people of Kerajaan Jambu Lipo, sustainable conservation of medicinal plants can be preserved through local culture and traditional knowledge. The problem in this research is that there is no ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants for fractures in Kerajaan Jambu Lipo. The purpose of this study was to analyze local knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the community in utilizing medicinal plants, the phytochemical content of medicinal plants, and to develop a concept of conserving medicinal plants. This research method used a quantitative approach with mixed methods, the informants in this study were conducted through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires which were distributed to respondents in each village in Lubuk Tarok District. The results showed that 17 types of plants were used as medicine by traditional healers for fracture, the people of Kerajaan Jambu Lipo had knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors that correlated with each other related to medicinal plants for broken bones, medicinal plants contain compounds that play a role in the healing process of broken bones, and the concept conservation structured through measurement of plant populations, sustainable use, and traditional knowledge. The conclusion of this study is that through cultivation in the yard area and also plantations it is a form of preservation of medicinal plants and also a source of economic development for village development."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang struktur dan komposisi vegetasi lanskap pekarangan dan pemanfaatan tanaman pekarangan di Kecamatan Pariangan, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatra Barat pada bulan Oktober-Desember 2018. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji struktur dan komposisi vegetasi lanskap pekarangan dan pengetahuan lokal dalam memanfaatkan tanaman pekarangan. Tipe pekarangan yang dijadikan objek penelitian ditentukan secara stratified random sampling berdasarkan lokasi yang berbeda-beda yaitu pekarangan yang berlokasi di dekat hutan, dekat jalan raya dan dekat sungai. Setiap tipe pekarangan dikelompokkan ke dalam dua kelas luasan yaitu kecil dan besar. Masing-masing kelas luasan dicuplik sebanyak 15 pekarangan. Data struktur dan komposisi vegetasi lanskap pekarangan dikumpulkan dengan mencatat nama lokal tanaman, menghitung jumlah individu tanaman dan mengukur diameter batang tanaman sedangkan data pemanfaatan tanaman pekarangan dengan pendekatan etnobotani melalui wawancara semi terstruktur, terbuka dan FGD (Focus Group Discussion). Wawancara dilakukan pada pemilik pekarangan atau anggota keluarga pemilik pekarangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan statistika deskriptif untuk menggambarkan pengetahuan lokal masyarakat. Analisis secara kuantitatif dilakukan dengan menghitung indeks nilai penting, indeks keanekaragaman menurut Shannon-Wiener (H), indeks kesamaan Jaccard (Ji), indeks nilai kepentingan lokal (Local Users Value Index, LUVI) dan indeks kepentingan budaya (Index of Cultural Significance, ICS). Hasil pencuplikan sebanyak 90 pekarangan teridentifikasi sebanyak 300 spesies terdiri atas 236 genus dan 85 famili. Indeks keanekaragaman di tiap pekarangan tergolong tinggi yaitu 3,97-4,6. Indeks kesamaan tertinggi terdapat di pekarangan dekat sungai ukuran besar dengan pekarangan dekat sungai ukuran kecil. Indeks nilai penting tiap perawakan tanaman di setiap kategori pekarangan memiliki spesies yang berbeda-beda. Stratifikasi tanaman pekarangan lebih menyerupai stratifikasi hutan dengan lapisan tajuk yang rapat. Nilai LUVI di tiga tipe pekarangan menunjukkan adanya perbedaan persepsi mengenai spesies yang disukai pada beberapa kategori pemanfaatan. Nilai ICS tertinggi dimiliki oleh karambia (Cocos nucifera L.) sebesar 68.

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Research about the structure and composition of vegetation of homegardens landscape and utilization of plants in the homegardens of Pariangan Subdistrict, Tanah Datar district, West Sumatra was conducted on October-December 2018. The purposes of this research were to investigate the structure and composition of vegetation homegardens landscape and the local knowledge in utilizing homegardens plants. The type of homegardens used as the object of research is determined by stratified random sampling based on different locations, namely the homegardens near the forest, near the highway and near the river. Furthermore, each type of homegardens is grouped into two broad classes, namely small and large. Each broad class is sampled as many as 15 homegardens. Data of the structure and composition of vegetation homegardens landscape were collected by recording as local names, calculating individual numbers and measuring in stem diameter while data of utilizing homegardens plants were collected using ethnobotanical approach through semi structured interview, open ended and FGD (Focus Group Discussion). Interview were conducted with the homegardens owner or the family members of the homegardens owner. Data were analyzed qualitatively using descriptive statistics to describe the local knowledge. Quantitative analysis was conducted by calculate the important value index, the diversity index according to the Shannon-Wiener index (HE), the similarity index according to the Jaccard index (Ji), Local Users Value Index (LUVI) and Index of Cultutral Significance (ICS). Sampling results as many as 90 homegardens identified 300 species consisting of 236 genera and 85 families. The diversity index in each homegardens is classified as high, namely 3.97-4.6. The highest similarity index was in the homegardens near the river with a large size with a homegardens near the river with a small size. The important value index for each plant stature in each homegardens category have different species. Stratification of homegardens plants is more like stratification of forests with a dense canopy layer. LUVI in three type of homegardens show the different perception of the preferred species in several utilization categories. The highest ICS has karambia (Cocos nucifera L.) (68)."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang etnomedisin tumbuhan obat sub-etnis Batak Sumatera Utara dan perspektif konservasinya, pada bulan Mei-Desember 2012. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan keanekaragaman spesies-spesies tumbuhan obat yang diperdagangkan maupun yang dimanfatkan oleh etnis Batak, sebagai data awal untuk rencana konservasinya. Penelitian dilakukan di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi mewakili tempat transaksi perdagangan tumbuhan obat di Sumatera Utara; lima desa (Kaban Tua, Surung Mersada, Simalungun, Peadundung, dan Tanjung Julu) untuk mewakili masyarakat lokal kelima subetnis Batak (Karo, Phakpak, Simalungun, Toba, dan Angkola-Mandailing). Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan etnobotani melalui survei pasar, survei masyarakat desa, dan analisis vegetasi. Survei dilakukan dengan wawancara bebas mendalam, semi terstruktur, observasi parsipatif. Metode pebble distribution method (PDM) dilakukan untuk mengetahui local user?s value index (LUVI) penyakit dan tumbuhan obat. Sebanyak 9 responden diwawancara pada survei pasar, sedangkan pada survei masyarakat mewawancara 201 responden (41 orang informan kunci dan 160 orang responden umum). Responden umum setiap sub-etnis berjumlah 32 orang dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan umur yaitu kelompok umur 30--50 tahun dan kelompok umur >50 tahun dengan perbandingan 1:1.Analisis vegetasi dilakukan dengan pendekatan ekologi, pada agrofores karet (Hevea brasiliensis) atau hutan adat seluas 5 ha (1 ha setiap daerah induk sub-etnis Batak). Transek dibuat berbentuk sampling bersarang (nested sampling) dengan ukuran 20 m x 100 m sebanyak 5 buah, yang penempatannya berdasarkan purposive sampling. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuatitatif.Analisis kualitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan statistika deskriptif meliputi jenis-jenis tumbuhan obat, manfaat, organ yang dimanfaatkan, dan sumber perolehan. Analisis kuantitatif untuk survei masyarakat dilakukan dengan menghitung nilai indek keanekaragaman, use value (UVs), index cultural of significance (ICS), sedangkan untuk analisis vegetasi dihitung nilai kepentingan (NK) tumbuhan obat. Uji anova (α 5%) digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata jumlah spesies tumbuhan obat yang diketahui pada setiap kelompok umur pada setiap sub-etnis Batak. Sebanyak 349 spesies yang berasal dari 212 genus dan 94 famili tumbuhan obat dan 20 macam ramuan tradisional diperjual-belikan di pasar tradisional Kabanjahe dan Berastagi. Sebanyak 176 spesies tumbuhan obat yang dijual di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan preventif, sedangkan sebanyak 255 spesies dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan kuratif.Hasil wawancara kelima masyarakat desa ditemukan 414 spesies yang berasal dari 241 genus dan 99 famili dimanfaatkan sebagi obat. Di antara kelima sub-etnis Batak maka, sub-etnis Batak Simalungun memnafaatkan spesies tumbuhan obat paling banyak (239 spesies), kemudian diikuti oleh Angkola-Mandailing (165 spesies), Karo (152 spesies), Toba (148 spesies), dan Phakpak (130 spesies). Daun merupakan organ tumbuhan yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat, baik oleh masyarakat lokal maupun yang dijual pedagang. Sebagain besar tumbuhan obat yang diperdagangkan maupun yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat lokal merupakan tumbuhan liar. Nilai UVs, ICS, dan LUVI spesies tumbuhan obat relatif berbeda anatar kelima sub-etnis, dan nilai tersebut sangat ditentukan oleh jumlah manfaat dan ke limpahannya di lingkungan sekitar. Tumbuhan obat yang manfaatnya banyak memiliki nilai UVs, ICS, dan LUVI lebih besar dibandingkan yang manfaatnya sedikit dan sebaliknya. Berdasarkan uji anova (alpha 5%) terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara jumlah tumbuhan obat yang diketahui berdasarkan kelompok umur dan kategori responden. Informan kunci memiliki pengetahuan pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan responden umum. Berdasarkan nilai kepentingan lokal (LUVI) penyakit demam dan sakit perut merupakan penyakit yang memiliki LUVI paling tinggi pada setiap sub-etnis Batak.Hasil analisis vegetasi yang dilakukan pada hutan adat maupun agrofores ditemukan sebanyak 117 spesies hanya mewakili 28% dari keseluruhan jumlah spesies tumbuhan obat yang dimanfaatkan kelima masyarakat lokal sub-etnis Batak. Tumbuhan obat dominan (NK tertinggi) berhabitus pohon, semak/belta, dan semai/herba bervariasi antar agrofores dan sangat ditentukan tipe, umur, pola manajemen, luas, frekuensi penyiangan dan sadapan. Tumbuhan obat yang diperjual-belikan di pasar Kabanjahe dan Berastagi maupun hasil wawancara masyarakat lokal kelima daerah induk sub-etnis Batak memiliki indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener tinggi (> 3), namun tumbuhan obat yang ditrmukan dari analisis vegetasi memiliki indeks keanekaragaman rendah. Berdasarkan red list IUCN version 2012, tumbuhan obat yang dimanfaatkan oleh sub-etnis Batak memiliki status konservasi antara lain: sebanyak 17 spesies terancam, 7 spesies rentan, 6 spesies kritis, 16 spesies genting, dan 8 spesies masuk ke dalam apendiks II IUCN.

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Research is conducted on ethnomedicine of medicinal plants by sub-ethnic Batak in North Sumatra and conservation perspective, at May-December 2012. This research aims to obtained diversity of species medicinal plants traded and used by ethnic Batak, as data base the initial step for conservation plan of medicinal plants. Samples for this research were taken from Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets as the representation of trading places, while Kaban Tua village, Surung Mersada village, Simbou Baru village, Peadundung village, and Tanjung Julu village representing the source of the obtained medicinal plants. Collecting data for this research was carried out by ethnobotany approach (market surveys, surveys local communities, and vegetation analysis). The interviews were conducted through free in-depth interviews, semi-structured, and participative observation. The local user's value index (LUVI) of the medicinal plants was done by the pebble distribution method (PDM). This approach was primarily carrying surveys and interviews of nine (9) traders of the medicinal plants in Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets; and 201 local communities with 41 key informants and160 general respondents with two age goups, first group with 30--50 years old and second group above 50 years old with ratio 1:1.

Vegetation analysis conducted in the agroforest rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) or indegenous forest from area of 5 ha (1 ha each sub-ethnic) by ecological approach. The transect sampling was used in the form of nested sampling with a size of 20 m x 100 m of 5 pieces for each center regions of the sub-ethnic Batak. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative analysis is done by grouping plants based upon usage category, organs harvested, and resource.

Quantitative analysis by calculating index diversity, index of cultural significance (ICS), use value (UVs), LUVI, and statistical analysis; while vegetation analysis calculated importance value (IV). Our finding scored 349 species (212 genera, 94 families) of medicinal plants and 20 kinds concoctions traded in the traditional markets Kabanjahe and Berastagi. The medicinal plants for preventive purposes have been used 176 species, while as many as 255 species used for curative purposes.

Out of 5 villages were selected as the location of the research, the results showed that as many as 414 species (99 families) of medicinal plants have been used by those 5 sub-ethnic Batak. Among all of those, sub-ethnic Batak Simalungun was the highest using medicinal plants (239 species), then followed by Angkola-Mandailing (165 species), Karo (152 species), Toba (148 species), and Phakpak (130 species). Leaves are organ of the most used medicinal plants as medicine, by local communities and the traders medicinal plants. The majority of medicinal plants traded and local communities utilized are wild plants. The value of UVs, ICS, and LUVI of medicinal plants are different at the fifth sub-ethnic, and the value determined by the amount uses and abudance in the neighborhood. Medicinal plants many uses have value UVs, ICS, and LUVI greater than medicinal plants uses few and vice versa. Based on anova (alpha 0.05), it is found a significant different about medicinal plants which is known by the yonger, older, and key informants. The number of medicinal plants species known by the youger is smaller in compare to the older, and key informants. Based on the LUVI, fever and abdominal pain are diseases that has the highest LUVI on each sub-ethnic Batak.

The results of the analysis vegetation found as many as 117 species represent only 28% of the total number of medicinal plants by five sub-ethnic Batak. The medicinal plants dominant (highest IV) trees, shrubs/belta, and seedling/herb varies between agroforest, and which determined by type, age, pattern management, broad, weeding frequency, and leads agroforest. Medicinal plants traded in Kabanjahe and Berastagi traditional markets; and local communities used in five sub-ethnic Batak has the Shannon-Wiener diversity index is high (> 3), but medicinal plants drugs find at vegetation analysis has a low diversity index. Based on the LUVI, which are fever and abdominal pain are diseases that has the highest LUVI on each sub-ethnic Batak. Based on the IUCN red list of version 2012, the medicinal plants have been used by the sub-ethnic Batak have conservation status, among others: 17 species threat, 7 species vulnerable, 6 species critically, 16 species endagered, and 8 species into the appendix II IUCN."

"Telah dilakukan suatu studi etnoekologi untuk mengungkap hubungan suku asli di sekitarkawasan Taman Nasional Wasur (TNW) dengan lanskap budaya mereka melalui tigasumbu pendekatan etnoekologi yaitu kosmos (sistem kepercayaan), corpus (pengetahuanekologis), dan praxis (pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya). Data dalam penelitianini diperoleh melalui kombinasi metode ekologi, antropologi, dan linguistik.Pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui wawancara semi-struktural, diskusi kelompokterfokus (DKT), metode distribusi kerikil, dan survei lapangan dengan teknik walktransectand free-listing serta observasi bebas. Hasil studi mengungkapkan bahwa sukuasli di sekitar kawasan TNW memiliki dasar penguasaan lanskap budaya yang diinisiasioleh kosmos yang juga mempengaruhi corpus serta praxis. Corpus suku asli di sekitarkawasan TNW tentang etnoekotop (satuan-satuan lanskap utama) menunjukan kesamaankonsep berdasarkan fisiografi kawasan yang sama dari dataran rendah aluvial yang secaramusiman dipengaruhi genangan air. Corpus suku asli tentang asosiasi vegetasi denganmasing-masing etnoekotop diidentifikasi secara perseptual berdasarkan persepsi budayadan alamiah berdasarkan indikator spesies. Praxis suku asli dipengaruhi oleh kosmosmelalui hubungan Dema-totem-klan yaitu suatu struktur dasar komunitas suku asli yangberhubungan dengan mitologi asal-usul yang mengatur pengelolaan dan pemanfaatansumber daya hayati sehingga terbentuk suatu tatanan kehidupan yang harmonis. Praxissuku asli juga dipengaruhi kosmos dengan adanya penentuan areal-areal sakral, sistemsasi (sar), dan aktivitas budidaya tumbuhan simbolik. Dalam hubungan budaya denganlingkungan, aktivitas subsisten suku asli tidak secara mutlak dipengaruhi olehlingkungan. Mereka mampu mengembangkan teknologi adaptasi melalui pengetahuanyang diperoleh dari pemahaman tentang alam lingkungan merekaAn ethnoecological study has been carried out to reveal the relationship of indigenoustribes around the Wasur National Park (WNP) area with their cultural landscape throughthree axes of an ethnoecological approach, namely kosmos (belief system), corpus(ecological knowledge), and praxis (resource management and utilization). The data inthis study were obtained through a combination of ecological, anthropological, andlinguistic methods. Data collection was obtained through semi-structural interviews,focus group discussions (FGD), pebble distribution methods (PDM), and field surveysusing walk-transect and free-listing techniques as well as free observation. The results ofthe study reveal that the indigenous tribes around the WNP area have a basic mastery ofthe cultural landscape initiated by the kosmos which also affects the corpus and praxis.The corpus of indigenous tribes around the WNP area regarding ethnoecotopes (mainlandscape units) shows a similarity in concept based on the physiography of the same areaof the alluvial lowlands which are seasonally influenced by waterlogging. Indigenouscorpus about vegetation association with each ethnoecotope identified perceptually basedon cultural and natural perceptions based on species indicators. Indigenous Praxis isinfluenced by the kosmos through the Dema-totem-clan relationship, which is a basicstructure of indigenous tribal communities associated with the mythology of originswhich regulates the management and use of biological resources so as to form aharmonious life order. Indigenous praxis is also influenced by the kosmos by determiningsacred areas, the sasi system (sar), and symbolic plant cultivation activities. In therelationship between culture and environment, the subsistence activities of indigenouspeople are not absolutely influenced by the environment. They are able to developadaptation technologies through knowledge gained from an understanding of their naturalenvironment."

"Penelitian tentang pengetahuan lokal pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat dan nilai ekonominya dilakukan pada etnis Minangkabau di Kecamatan IX Koto Sungai Lasi, Solok, Sumatra Barat dari Februari-Juni 2016. Penelitian bertujuan mendokumentasikan pengetahuan lokal, mengkaji keanekaragaman tumbuhan obat, dan menghitung nilai ekonomi tumbuhan obat yang diperjualbelikan. Data dikumpulkan dengan pendekatan etnobotani melalui wawancara terbuka, semi terstruktur, observasi partisipatif dan survei pasar. Wawancara di masyarakat dilakukan pada 9 informan kunci, 255 responden umum, dan semua pedagang tumbuhan obat di Pasar Solok. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan statistika deskripti dan kuantitatif dengan menghitung nilai kultural Index of Cultural Significance, ICS , nilai kepentingan lokal Local User rsquo;s Value Index, LUVI dan nilai ekonomi tumbuhan obat. Sebanyak 213 spesies tumbuhan 174 genus; 68 famili memiliki 73 khasiat obat. Famili dengan jumlah spesies terbanyak dimanfaatkan adalah Poaceae dan Leguminosae 18 spesies . Nilai ICS tertinggi dimiliki karambia Cocos nucifera L . Dari nilai LUVI, didapat 10 penyakit dengan frekuensi serangan tertinggi di masyarakat. Ditemukan 38 spesies tumbuhan obat 31 genus; 24 famili diperjualbelikan di Pasar Solok, yang didominasi oleh famili Zingiberaceae 7 spesies . Nilai ekonomi tertinggi tumbuhan obat di Pasar Solok ditemukan pada bawang putiah Allium sativum L. sebesar Rp 11.999.970,00. Status konservasi tumbuhan obat yang diperjualbelikan: 34 spesies berstatus belum dievaluasi, 2 spesies terancam, 1 spesies beresiko rendah dan 1 spesies rentan.

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A research on the utilization of local knowledge of medicinal plants and its economic value by Minangkabau ethnic in Kecamatan IX Koto Sungai Lasi, Solok, West Sumatra was conducted in Februari June 2016. The study aims to document local knowledges, examines the diversity of medicinal plants, and calculate its economic value. Data were collected using ethnobotanical approach through open ended, semi structured interview partisipatory observation and market survey. The sample consisted of 9 key informants and 225 respondents, and all the trader of medicinal plants in Solok Market. Data were analyzed qualitatively using descriptive statistics and quantitavely by calculate the Index of Cultural Significance ICS , Local User rsquo s Value Index LUVI and the economic value of medicinal plants. A total 213 medicinal plants species 174 genera 68 families were reported to against 73 diseases. Poaceae and Leguminosae 18 species are the dominant families that used. The highest ICS owned by Karambia Cocos nucifera L . Based on LUVI analysis, there were 10 diseases with highest attack frequency in community. Based on market survey, around 38 species of medicinal plants 31 genera 24 families were traded. Zingiberaceae family were the dominant commodity 7 species . The highest economic value found in bawang putiah Allium sativum L. around Rp 11.999.970,00. Refers to Red List IUCN version 2016, medicinal plants conservation status that being traded were 34 species have not yet been assessed, 2 threatened, 1 at least concern and 1 vulnerable."

"ABSTRACTThe village communities in Indonesia are known as having extraordinary wisdom in maintaining their respective living resources. They have future-vision thinking and deeply understand to pick the meaning of biodiversity in the daily life.Desa adat Tenganan Pegringsingan is a traditional village located in the eastern Bali, 17 km. from Karangasem and 65 km from the capital city Denpasar. The settlement is situated in a valley surrounded by a range of hills from east, north to west. The hill in the east is called 'Bukit kangin' in north is called 'Bukit kana' and in the west is called 'Bukit kauh'. The village represents one of the ancient villages in Bali inhabited by the Bali Aga community with the special typical of life, social structure, traditions, custom, and religion principles different from those or other Balinese regions.The hilly environment consisting of traditional forests, dry field, and orchards. These landscape unit are the community?s source of life. The landscape and its biodiversity are thought as still keeping their originality doe to the community's traditional knowledge and management of nature. The brief observation alone can show the result of a successful way of the peoples tradition in keeping their environment mostly intact. The aim of this research is to gain an understanding of the traditional community's concept about their landscape and environment, their efforts in arranging the landscape unit and their contents as well as the management of natural resources in the context of the community?s social-culture-The research is conducted in exploratory manner using phenomenological approach to understand the people's opinion from their own viewpoint. It was etno-methodology that analyzes the community's viewpoint based on the original concept as expressed in their language.Selections of samples are done with purposive sampling and the data are collected through an in-depth interview, direct participation and observation in the site. Data of the cover vegetation is investigated in the field through the micro landscape (home yard), the meso landscape (settlement landscape) and macro landscape (regional landscape). The cover vegetations of the home yard and the settlement landscape are gained through inventory. investigation of the regional landscape (macro landscape)is conducted through inventory of cover vegetations by tracking the ?kiasiran? in the hills. Recording of data of plants in each klasiran is done by grouping them into trees, bushes or clumps, herbs and liana together with their local and botanical names.Data analyzes is using a combination of descriptive-qualitative and quantitative analysis which then presented in three papers, consisting of: 1) the oommunity's value that base on understanding of the landscape, 2) the study of spatial and the cover vegetations, and 3) the management of plant diversity by the community of Bali Aga Tenganan Pegringsingan.The result of this study demonstrate that the philosophy of life, religion and the local community wisdom of the Tenganan Pegringsingan people are the basis of their understanding of the landscape which formed by their cosmological concept. The landscape is the creation of Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa /the supreme being that constitutes the space of living, the source of water, the protecting place and the place to perform vertical and horizontal relationship.The pattern and the structures of home yard, the settlement and the region landscape are formed by the integration of the Dualism concept, cosmological system (?Tapak Dara") and ?Tri Hita Karana? concept.The basis of the people management of landscape and plant diversity are rooted from their social religious life, their strong culture institution, and the role of ?Desa pekraman? (the village member) itself. All these are in line with the mission of the sustainable development concept that supports the conservation ideas."

"ABSTRAKDi wilayah Halmahera Barat, khususnya di Desa Lako Akediri dan Bobanehena, terdapat suatu upacara adat yang bertujuan menyambut kedewasaan gadis yaitu upacara oke sou. Penelitian mengenai etnobotani upacara oke sou pada Desa Lako Akediri dan Bobanehena belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian tersebut bertujuan untuk menjelaskan spesies-spesies tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam seluruh tahapan upacara oke sou di kedua desa, menjelaskan pengaruh perbedaan umur terhadap pengetahuan etnobotani masyarakat di kedua desa, dan memahami presepsi masyarakat di kedua desa terhadap konservasi tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam upacara oke sou. Penelitian awal dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Juni 2014, kemudian dilanjutkan pada bulan September--Desember 2014. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan metode wawancara semi terstruktur dan participant observation. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut, terdata sebanyak 111 spesies tumbuhan dari 49 famili digunakan pada seluruh tahapan upacara oke sou, 86 spesies di Desa Lako Akediri dan 87 spesies di Desa Bobanehena. Pada kedua desa, pengetahuan etnobotani upacara oke sou kelompok umur >55 tahun lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok umur 13--35 tahun dan 35--55 tahun. Sebanyak 41% spesies tumbuhan yang digunakan berasal dari hasil budidaya, 31% merupakan tumbuhan ruderal, dan 28% spesies tumbuhan hidup secara liar.

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ABSTRACTIn the region of West Halmahera, particularly in the village of Lako Akediri and Bobanehena, there is a ceremony aimed to welcome maturity girl named oke sou ceremony. Research on ethnobotany oke sou ceremony at both villages has never been done. The study aims to describe the species of plants that used in all phases of the oke sou ceremony at both villages, to explain the effect of difference in age toward knowledge of ethnobotany oke sou ceremony at community in both villages, and to understand the perception people at both villages about conservation of used plant in oke sou ceremony. Preliminary study conducted during May to June 2014, then resumed in September to December 2014. Data collection using semi-structured interviews and participant observation. From the results, recorded as many as 111 species of plants from 49 families used in all stages of the oke sou ceremony, 86 species in the village of Lako Akediri and 87 species in the village Bobanehena. In both villages, knowledge of ethnobotany about oke sou ceremony in age group >55 years higher than the age group 13-35 years and 35-55 years. As many as 41% plant species used were obtained from the cultivation, 31% were ruderal plants, and 28% of the species were obtained in the wild."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui penglepasan beberapabahan obat berkhasiat (Aininofilina, Efedrina Hidrokiorida,Kioral Hidrat, Kioramfenikol, Kioroproinazina Hidrokioridadan Sulfaguanidina) dari supositoria dengan bahandasar canipuran Lemak Cokiat (Oleum Cacao) dan Malam Kuning(Cera Flava) dalam perbandingan E% dan 12%.Percobaan dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Formulasi Resep JurusanFarmasi FIFIA-Ul Jakarta, pada suhu kamar 27-29° Cldengan menggunakan dasar sifat dissolusi bahan obat berkhasiatdalam supositoria. Dissolusi dilakukan pada suhu konstan370 c dengan kecepatan putaran sebesar 25 rpm. Jasi1dissolusi dipeniksa dengan cara volumetni atau spektrofotometni.Dissolusi yang dilakukan pada bahan obat berkhasiat dalamsupositonia dengan bahan dasar Lemak Cokiat % dan MalamKuning 1210 akan menghasilkan penglepasan bahan obat benkhasiatyang relatip hampir sama dengan penglepasan yangdiperoleh dari supositoria dengan bahan dasar Lemak Coklat100%."