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"Latar Belakang: Kelahiran preterm adalah kelahiran sebelum usia kehamilan 37 minggu lengkap. Secara global, kelahiran preterm menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas bayi yang tinggi. Laporan World Health Organization (WHO) tahun 2010, Indonesia saat ini termasuk dalam 10 besar negara dengan jumlah kelahiran preterm terbanyak yaitu 15,5 per 100 kelahiran hidup. Berbagai faktor dihubungkan dengan penyebab terjadinya kelahiran preterm, termasuk salah satunya adanya defisiensi asam lemak tidak jenuh rantai panjang selama kehamilan.Tujuan: Mengetahui kadar asam lemak tidak jenuh rantai panjang (ALA, EPA, DHA, LA dan AA) pada ibu hamil dengan kelahiran preterm dan aterm.Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan uji potong-lintang dengan subjek penelitianibu hamil preterm dan aterm yang melakukan persalinan di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta pada Juli hingga Desember 2019.Hasil: Diperoleh 60 subjek penelitian dengan 30 subjek pada masing-masing kelompok. Hasil dengan kategori rendah didapatkan pada kelompok preterm dengan median kadar ALA 47 μmol/L, AA 491 μmol/L dengan perbedaan yang bermakna dengan kelompok aterm (p=0,03 dan p=0,01). Indeks omega-3 pada masing-masing kelompok juga rendah yaitu 2,5% pada preterm dan 3% pada aterm.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kadar ALA dan AA pada ibu yang mengalami kelahiran preterm dan aterm. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna kadar EPA, DHA, LA, indeks omega-3, rasio omega-6/ omega-3, dan rasio AA/EPA pada ibu yang mengalami kelahiran preterm dan aterm.

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Background: Approximately 15 million babies were born prematurely every year with one million of them dying from preterm birth complications. Indonesia was among the top 10 countries worldwide with the highest number of preterm births, which was 15.5 preterm births per 100 live births. In recent years, several studies have been investigating the role of nutrition in reducing the risk of preterm birth, one that seems promising is long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). This study was conducted to determine LCPUFA status in pregnant women who undergo preterm and term births in Jakarta, Indonesia.Objective: To determine the levels of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (ALA, EPA, DHA, LA dan AA) in pregnant women undergoing preterm and term birth.Method: A descriptive study was conducted on 30 pregnant women in each group who experienced preterm and term births at Cipto Mangunkusumo and Budi Kemuliaan Hospital Jakarta between July and December 2019. Maternal blood plasma was examined by measuring the concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), omega-3 index, omega-6/ omega-3, and AA/ EPA ratio.Result: The median levels of ALA and AA were low in the preterm birth group with significant differences between the two groups (p= 0,03 and p= 0,01). The median total concentrations of ALA, EPA, DHA, LA, AA, omega-3 index, omega-6/ omega-3, and AA/EPA ratio in preterm birth group were as follows: 47 μmol/L, 18,5 μmol/L, 262 μmol/L, LA 3382 μmol/L, 491 μmol/L, 2,5%, 13 and 26,5. While in the term birth group were as follows 58,5 μmol/L, 19 μmol/L, 262 μmol/L, LA 3382 μmol/L, 491 μmol/L, 2,5%, 13 and 26,5. The median concentration of EPA and DHA on both groups were in a normal range. Most of the subjects had a low omega-3 index, 86,7% from total subjects in preterm and 66,7% in term group.Conclusion: There are significant differences between ALA and AA concentration in women who experienced preterm and term birth. There were no significant differences in levels of EPA, DHA, LA, omega-3 index, omega-6/ omega-3 ratio, and AA/EPA ratio between the two groups."

"Asupan asam lemak omega-3 penting selama kehamilan dan mempengaruhi luaran lahir. Sedikit data yang terbit di Indonesia mengenai asupan lemak omega-3 pada ibu hamil (bumil) dan hubungannya terhadap ukuran lahir bayi. Desain potong lintang terhadap bumil yang terdaftar ANC (antenatal care) dengan usia kehamilan >32 minggu di semua puskesmas kecamatan di Jakarta timur.Kuesioner terstruktur, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ), shorr board, and HemoCue digunakan untuk menilai faktor ibu dan asupan omega-3 serta mengukur antropometri dan kadar hemoglobin. Pita SECA, timbang bayi dan data rekam medik digunakan untuk mengukur lingkar lengan atas ibu, berat bayi dan mencatat panjang bayi. Analisis multivariate digunakan untuk menilai hubungan asupan omega-3 terhadap ukuran lahir setelah faktor pengganggu dikendalikan. Bumil dengan asupan lemak kurang dari 54.27 mg/hr akan 2.1 (95% CI: 1.16-4.03) kali beresiko memiliki anak dengan lingkar kepala (LIKA) sub normal. Bumil dengan asupan α-linolenat kurang dari 0.82 gr/hr akan memiliki bayi dengan berat lahir 95 (95%CI:9.3-180) gram lebih rendah. Tidak ada asupan asam lemak essensial yang berhubungan dengan panjang badan. Lemak berhubungan dengan LIKA sedangkan ALA berhubungan dengan berat lahir.

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Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) is important during pregnancy and influence birth outcome. Limited published study in Indonesia related to dietary omega-3 FAs intake among pregnant women and its association with infant birth size. A cross-sectional study was designed among registered antenatal care and >32 weeks of gestational age pregnant women in all sub-district public health centers in East Jakarta.

Structured interview, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ), shorrboard, and HemoCue were used to assess maternal factors, usual intake of omega-3 FAs, measure anthropometric and hemoglobin level data respectively. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) SECA tape, pediatric weighing scale and medical record were used to assess infant head circumference, birth weight and length, respectively.

Multivariate analysis was used to find adjusted association between omega-3 FAs intake and birth size. Pregnant women with fat intake below 54.27 mg/d would have 2.1 (95% CI: 1.16-4.03) times higher risk to have sub normal head circumference while pregnant women with alpa-linolenic acid (ALA) intake below 0.82 gram/d would have 95 (95%CI: 9.3-180) gram lower birth weight in adjusted data. None of omega-3 fatty acids was associated with birth length. Fat and ALA had association with head circumference and birth weight, respectively."

"Asam lemak omega-3 merupakan komponen penting pada pembentukan sel saraf, retina dan membran sel. Penelitian terakhir menunjukkan bahwa asam lemak omega-3 berkaitan dengan pertumbuhan janin. Ibu hamil dengan asupan asam lemak omega-3 yang tidak tercukupi memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah (BBLR). Di Indonesia, angka BBLR masih tergolong tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kecukupan asam lemak omega-3 sangat penting untuk diperhatikan pada ibu hamil sejak awal kandungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kecukupan asam lemak omega-3 ibu hamil di Indonesia. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi potong lintang. Subjek penelitian merupakan ibu hamil sehat dengan usia gestasi hingga 20 minggu. Kecukupan dinilai melalui pendataan asupan asam lemak omega-3, omega-6 beserta rasionya dan pemeriksaan kadar asam lemak omega-3 membran eritrosit. Data penelitian kemudian dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asupan asam lemak omega-3 total subjek penelitian masih kurang akibat rendahnya rerata asupan ALA subjek, meskipun rerata asupan EPA dan DHAnya telah terpenuhi. Asupan asam lemak omega-6 total subjek telah terpenuhi, begitu pula dengan asupan LAnya, tetapi asupan AA subjek masih belum terpenuhi. Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 sebagian besar subjek masih kurang baik. Dari uji korelasi ditemukan adanya korelasi positif bermakna antara asupan EPA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,34) dan kadar EPA+DHA (r=0,38), asupan DHA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,31), asupan EPA+DHA dengan kadar DHA (r=0,34) dan kadar EPA+DHA (r=0,35). Rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 ditemukan memiliki korelasi negatif bermakna dengan kadar EPA (r= ?0,34). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa asam lemak omega-3 ibu hamil belum tercukupi sehingga diperlukan edukasi dan screening kecukupan asupan asam lemak omega-3 bagi ibu hamil sejak awal kandungan.

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Omega-3 fatty acids are important components of neural, retinal and cell membranes. Latest findings show that omega-3 fatty acids play a role in fetal growth. Pregnant women with low intakes of omega-3 fatty acids were found to have higher risk of low birth weight (LBW). In Indonesia, LBW prevalence is still high. Thus omega-3 fatty acids sufficiency is of great importance starting early in pregnancy. The aim of this study is to determine omega-3 fatty acids status of pregnant women in Indonesia. The design of the study is cross-sectional. Subjects are healthy pregnant women with gestational age up to 20 weeks pregnancy. Omega-3 fatty acids status obtained from interview on intakes of omega-3 fatty acids and level of omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane. The data?s then analyzed using Spearman correlation test. The study results show that total omega-3 fatty acids intakes are insufficient, due to low ALA intake, even though EPA and DHA intakes are sufficient. Intakes of total omega-6 fatty acids and LA are sufficient but AA intake is very low. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids intake is found to be higher than expected. Spearman correlation test shows significant positive correlations between intake of EPA and DHA level (r=0.34), intake of EPA and EPA+DHA level (r=0.38), intake of DHA and its level (r=0.31), intake of EPA+DHA and DHA level (r=0.35), intake of EPA+DHA and its level (r=0.34). Ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids intake is found to be significantly correlated with EPA level (r=?0.34). In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acids intake of pregnant women in Indonesia is still insufficient. Therefore, education to increase omega-3 fatty acids intake during pregnancy and screening of omega-3 fatty acids intake need to be perform early in pregnancy."

"[ABSTRAKLatar balakang. Sekitar 75% kanker leher rahim datang ke rumah sakit dalam stadium lanjut. Terapi utama kanker serviks stadium lanjut adalah radioterapi. Kombinasi terapi radiasi dengan kemoterapi ternyata tidak menghasilkan respons terapi yang lebih baik, tetapi bahkan menimbulkan efek samping yang lebih berat dibandingkan terapi radiasi saja. Perubahan pola makan saat ini, diduga berpengaruh pada respons terapi. Rasio asupan Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) n-6 : n-3 sekitar 1-2 : 1 dapat melawan pertumbuhan kanker. Beberapa publikasi melaporkan bahwa PUFA n-3 (AL n-3) mempunyai efek pro-apoptosis, anti-inflamasi, anti-proliferatif dan anti-angiogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah suplementasi nutrisi tinggi PUFA bersamaan dengan terapi radiasi dapat meningkatkan respons tumor pada kanker serviks stadium lanjut. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan Randomized Clinical Trial, double blind pada pasien kanker serviks stadium lanjut, jenis karsinoma sel skuama yang hanya mendapat terapi radiasi di Departemen Radioterapi, Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), Jakarta. Subjek penelitian diambil secara konsekutif, melalui randomisasi dibagi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Selama radiasi subjek penelitian mendapat suplementasi nutrisi mengandung isokalori dan isoprotein dengan rasio AL n-6 : n-3 = 1,27 : 1 dan kontrol. Selama perlakuan dilakukan evaluasi setiap lima kali radiasi, meliputi BB dan efek samping radiasi akut. Parameter yang dinilai adalah respons klinis, respons histopatologis serta perubahan kadar PGE2 dan VEGF serum.Hasil. Sebanyak 31 subjek dari 45 subjek dapat menyelesaikan penelitian. Sebelum perlakuan, status sosio-demografi, pola asupan AL n-6 dan n-3, status gizi dan klinis tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna. Setelah perlakuan, didapatkan penurunan kadar PGE2 serum pada kelompok perlakuan, sedangkan kelompok kontrol mengalami kenaikan (p = 0,127). Penurunan kadar VEGF kelompok perlakuan lebih besar dibanding kontrol (p = 0,626). Respons klinis dan respons histopatologis kelompok perlakuan lebih baik dibanding kontrol, dengan kemaknaan masing-masing p = 0,172 dan p = 0,169. Secara statistik belum didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada penurunan kadar PGE2 dan VEGF serum, respons klinis dan respons histopatologis, tetapi didapat kemaknaan klinis yang nyata pada kelompok perlakuan dibanding kontrol. Analisis statistik gabungan dari respons klinis, respons histopatologis, kadar PGE2 dan VEGF serum didapatkan respons tumor total yang bermakna (p = 0,048).Kesimpulan. Suplementasi nutrisi tinggi PUFA dengan rasio asam lemak n-6 : n- 3 = 1,27 : 1 pada kanker serviks stadium lanjut bersama terapi radiasi memberikan respons tumor total yang lebih baik.;

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ABSTRACTBackground . Approximately 75% of uterine cervical cancer came to the hospital in an advanced stage. Primary therapy of advanced cervical cancer is radiotherapy. The combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy did not give better outcomes, but even cause more severe side effects than radiotherapy. Changes in dietary intake at this time, are supposed to influence the response to therapy. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) about 1-2: 1 can fight cancer growth. Several publications stated that n-3 PUFA has pro- apoptotic effect, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic. This study aimed to examine whether radiotherapy combined with daily nutritional supplements enriched PUFA enhance tumor response in advanced cervical cancer.Method. This study was a double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) in patients with advanced squamous cell cervical cancer, received radiation only as control group, and those who received nutritional supplementation containing isocaloric and isoprotein with ratio of n-6 : n-3 PUFA = 1.27: 1 as treatment group. This study was performed in the Department of Radiotherapy Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSUPNCM), Jakarta. Evaluation was done every five times radiation, including Karnofsky Perfomance Scale, body weight and side effects of acute radiation. Parameters assessed were clinical and hematological response, histopathological response and changes in the levels of PGE2 and VEGF serum,Results. A total of 31 subjects from 45 subjects participated the study completely. Prior to treatment, socio-demographic status, patterns of n-6 and n-3 PUFA, clinical and nutritional status were analyzed, no significant differences were noted. After treatment, a decrease in serum PGE2 levels in the treatment group was found, while in the control group increased (P = 0.127). VEGF in the treatment group declined higher than controls (P = 0.626). Treatment group showed significant better clinical response and histopathological responses compared to the control group (p = 0.172 and p = 0.169). No significant differences were found in the reduction of PGE2 and VEGF serum levels, clinical response and histopathological response, although from clinical standpoint there is a better significant response in the treatment group than the control. The combined statistical analysis of clinical response, histopathological response, PGE2 and VEGF serum levels obtained total tumor response (P = 0.048). Conclusion. Nutritional supplementation enriched PUFA (ratio of n-6: n-3 PUFA = 1.27 : 1) in advanced cervical cancer receiving radiotherapy gives better total tumor response.;Background . Approximately 75% of uterine cervical cancer came to the hospital in an advanced stage. Primary therapy of advanced cervical cancer is radiotherapy. The combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy did not give better outcomes, but even cause more severe side effects than radiotherapy. Changes in dietary intake at this time, are supposed to influence the response to therapy. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) about 1-2: 1 can fight cancer growth. Several publications stated that n-3 PUFA has pro- apoptotic effect, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic. This study aimed to examine whether radiotherapy combined with daily nutritional supplements enriched PUFA enhance tumor response in advanced cervical cancer.Method. This study was a double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) in patients with advanced squamous cell cervical cancer, received radiation only as control group, and those who received nutritional supplementation containing isocaloric and isoprotein with ratio of n-6 : n-3 PUFA = 1.27: 1 as treatment group. This study was performed in the Department of Radiotherapy Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSUPNCM), Jakarta. Evaluation was done every five times radiation, including Karnofsky Perfomance Scale, body weight and side effects of acute radiation. Parameters assessed were clinical and hematological response, histopathological response and changes in the levels of PGE2 and VEGF serum,Results. A total of 31 subjects from 45 subjects participated the study completely. Prior to treatment, socio-demographic status, patterns of n-6 and n-3 PUFA, clinical and nutritional status were analyzed, no significant differences were noted. After treatment, a decrease in serum PGE2 levels in the treatment group was found, while in the control group increased (P = 0.127). VEGF in the treatment group declined higher than controls (P = 0.626). Treatment group showed significant better clinical response and histopathological responses compared to the control group (p = 0.172 and p = 0.169). No significant differences were found in the reduction of PGE2 and VEGF serum levels, clinical response and histopathological response, although from clinical standpoint there is a better significant response in the treatment group than the control. The combined statistical analysis of clinical response, histopathological response, PGE2 and VEGF serum levels obtained total tumor response (P = 0.048). Conclusion. Nutritional supplementation enriched PUFA (ratio of n-6: n-3 PUFA = 1.27 : 1) in advanced cervical cancer receiving radiotherapy gives better total tumor response., Background . Approximately 75% of uterine cervical cancer came to the hospital in an advanced stage. Primary therapy of advanced cervical cancer is radiotherapy. The combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy did not give better outcomes, but even cause more severe side effects than radiotherapy. Changes in dietary intake at this time, are supposed to influence the response to therapy. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) about 1-2: 1 can fight cancer growth. Several publications stated that n-3 PUFA has pro- apoptotic effect, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic. This study aimed to examine whether radiotherapy combined with daily nutritional supplements enriched PUFA enhance tumor response in advanced cervical cancer.Method. This study was a double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) in patients with advanced squamous cell cervical cancer, received radiation only as control group, and those who received nutritional supplementation containing isocaloric and isoprotein with ratio of n-6 : n-3 PUFA = 1.27: 1 as treatment group. This study was performed in the Department of Radiotherapy Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSUPNCM), Jakarta. Evaluation was done every five times radiation, including Karnofsky Perfomance Scale, body weight and side effects of acute radiation. Parameters assessed were clinical and hematological response, histopathological response and changes in the levels of PGE2 and VEGF serum,Results. A total of 31 subjects from 45 subjects participated the study completely. Prior to treatment, socio-demographic status, patterns of n-6 and n-3 PUFA, clinical and nutritional status were analyzed, no significant differences were noted. After treatment, a decrease in serum PGE2 levels in the treatment group was found, while in the control group increased (P = 0.127). VEGF in the treatment group declined higher than controls (P = 0.626). Treatment group showed significant better clinical response and histopathological responses compared to the control group (p = 0.172 and p = 0.169). No significant differences were found in the reduction of PGE2 and VEGF serum levels, clinical response and histopathological response, although from clinical standpoint there is a better significant response in the treatment group than the control. The combined statistical analysis of clinical response, histopathological response, PGE2 and VEGF serum levels obtained total tumor response (P = 0.048). Conclusion. Nutritional supplementation enriched PUFA (ratio of n-6: n-3 PUFA = 1.27 : 1) in advanced cervical cancer receiving radiotherapy gives better total tumor response.]"

"Asam folat adalah salah satu mikronutrien yang dibutuhkan pada masa kehamilan, khususnya pada trimester awal. Berdasarkan Riskesdas, kebutuhan asupan asam folat pada ibu trimester awal adalah 600 mcg. Pada ibu hamil defisiensi folat sering terjadi sehingga memberikan banyak efek pada masa kehamilan, seperti berat badan lahir rendah, kejadian defek tabung neural, dan lain-lain. Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat korelasi antara asupan asam folat dengan kadar folat dalam darah. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan menggunakan 62 sampel yang berasal dari data sekunder sebuah penelitian primer dengan subjek wanita hamil trimester pertama di rumah sakit yang berlokasi di Jakarta. Data asupan asam folat didapatkan dari FFQ, sedangkan untuk kadar folat darah sewaktu didapatkan melalui pengukuran dengan FBP. Pengolahan data yang digunakan dengan menggunakan software SPSS versi 20 Mac OSX dengan menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov dan uji Spearman's.Pada penelitian ditemukan angka asupan folat yang rendah 25,8% dengan median 23,75 (nilai maksimum 32,4 dan minimum 17,3), namun kadar folat serum dalam darah normal bahkan berlebih pada subjek dengan median 19,34 (nilai minimum 11,67 dan maksimum 34,6). Berdasarkan penelitian yang sudah dilakukan tidak ditemukan adanya korelasi antara asupan asam folat dengan kadar folat dalam darah dengan nilai (p=0,201) dan nilai r yang rendah (r=0,165).

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Folic acid is one of the micronutrients needed during the term of pregnancy, especially in the first smester. Based on Riskesdas, folic acid total intake in the first term pregnancy is 600 mcg. In pregnant women folate deficiency often occurs that gives a lot of effect on pregnancy, such as low birth weight is low, the incidence of neural tube defects, and others. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the intake of folic acid and folate levels in the blood.

The study used cross sectional design using 62 samples derived from secondary data from a primary research with the subject of the first trimester pregnant women in hospitals are located in Jakarta. The measurement used for folic acid intake by using food frequency questionnare (FFQ) and FBL used for measuring folate serum in the blood . Processing of the data used by using SPSS software version 20 Mac OSX using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman's test.

The study found that low folate intake figure of 25.8% with a median of 23.75 (32.4 maximum value and minimum 17.3) and the median of folate serum level is 19,34 (a minimum value of 11, 67 and a maximum of 34.6). Based on research that has been done there is no correlation between folate intake and folate serum level in the first trimester of pregnancy with values (p = 0.201) and a lower value of r (r = 0.165)."

"Pola makan, khususnya asupan asam lemak dapat merupakan informasi yang sangat berarti dalam memberikan pengertian atau penjelasan mengenai peranan hubungan diet dengan penyakit-penyakit kronis, khususnya pennyakit jantung koroner (PJK). Desain penelitian ini adalah “cross sectional”. Informasi dikumpulkan untuk dapat menggambarkan asupan nutrien khususnya asupan asam lemak pada 4 (empat) kelompok etnik yaitu: etnik Minangkabau, Sunda, Jawa dan Bugis. Persentase asam lemak jenuh terhadap total energi sekitar 20% pada keempak kelompok etnik ini.Persentase asam lemak tidak jenuh majemuk terhadap total energi berkisar diantara 4.4% sampai 4.6% pada kelompok etnik Sunda dan Jawa.Sedangkan pada kedua etnik lainnya, persentase asam lemak tidak jenuh majemuk terhadap total energi lebih rendah, 2.6% pada suku Minangkabau dan 2.8% pada suku Bugis. Persentase asam lemak tidak jenuh tunggal terhadap total energi lebih tinggi pada etnik Sunda dan Jawa (6.1% vs 5.5%) Sedangkan persentase asam lemak tidak jenuh tunggal terhadap total energi pada kedua etnik lainnya Minangkabau dan Bugis lebih rendah (2.6% vs 2.8). Berdasarkan ratio dari asam lemak tidak jenuh majemuk dengan asam lemak tidak jenuh tungal dan dengan asam lemak jenuh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa suku Minangkabau dan Bugis memiliki kualitas pola diet asupan lemak yang kurang baik. Selain kurang baiknya pola diet asuapan lemak, suku Minangkabau juga mengkomsumsi total asupan lemak yang cukup tinggi, dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa suku Minangkabau mempunyai risiko tinggi terhadap dislipidemia dibandingkan dengan ketiga kelompok etnik lainnya. (Med J Indones 2005; 14:242-8)

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The use of dietary pattern specifically fatty acids intake should prove to be an informative and powerful means to augment our understanding of the role of diet in chronic disease particularly CHD. Cross sectional study was implemented to describe the nutrients intake specifically fatty acids intake of 4 (four) ethnic groups in Indonesia, such as Minangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Buginese. The percentage of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) to total energy intakes were around 20%. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to the total energy were about 4.4% to 4.6% among the Sundanese and the Javanese.While among the other two ethnic groups, the percentage of PUFA to total energy were less, 2.6 % among the Minangkabau and 2.8% among the Buginese ethnic. The percentage of mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) to total energy intake were higher among the two ethnic groups, Sundanese and Javanese (6.1% vs. 5.5%). While the percentages of MUFA between the other two ethnic groups Minangkabau and Buginese ethnic were lower (2.6% vs. 2.8%). Based on the ratio of PUFA: MUFA: SAFA, we could consider that Minangkabau and Buginese ethnic groups both had poor quality of dietary fat pattern. Having the poor quality of dietary fat pattern and higher fat intake, we might take into consideration that the Minangkabau ethnic groups, had higher risk toward dyslipidemia compared to the other three ethnic groups. (Med J Indones 2005; 14:242-8)"

"Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi asam lemak yang ditemukan dalam ?Ghee? buatan sendiri dandalam minyak zaitun dan membandingkan dengan asam lemak yang ditemukan dalam bilasan bronkus pada anakdengan pneumonia lipoid.Metode: Asam lemak yang ditemukan dalam lemak ?Ghee? dan minyak zaitun dianalisis dengan kromatografi gas. Derivatmetil ester untuk analisis GC disiapkan langsung dari minyak zaitun atau dari Ghee menggunakan metanol-HCl anhidrat.Bronkoskopi dan lavage bronkoalevolar dilakukan pada delapan anak usia antara 2 dan 4 tahun, semua dengan riwayatmenggunakan Ghee buatan sendiri atau minyak zaitun pada posisi terlentang.Hasil: Analisis asam lemak dalam Ghee dan minyak zaitun menunjukkan pola kromatografi gas yang sama sepertipada lavage bronkoalevolar.Kesimpulan: Ketiga asam lemak terdeteksi bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya pneumonia lipoid. Pneumonia lipoid harus menjadisalah satu diagnosis banding pada anak-anak yang mengalami gangguan pernapasan.

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AbstractAim: To analyze and identify the fatty acids found in homemade ghee and in olive oil and compare those to fatty acidsfound in bronchoalevolar lavage of children with lipoid pneumonia.Methods: The fatty acids found in homemade fat ?Ghee? and olive oil were analyzed by gas chromatography.Methyl ester derivatives suitable for GC analysis were prepared directly from olive oil or from Ghee using anhydrousmethanolic-HCl. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalevolar lavage was performed in eight children aged between 2 and 4years, all with history of using homemade ghee and/or olive oil in the recumbent position.Results: The analysis of fatty acids in Ghee and olive oil show similar gas chromatographic pattern as those ofbronchoalevolar lavage.Conclusion: The three fatty acids responsible for the deleterious effects of lipoid pneumonia were identifi ed. Lipoidpneumonia should be one of the differentials diagnosis in children presenting with respiratory distress."

"Omega-3 dan omega-6 berperan penting dalam kehamilan, asam lemak esensial yang saling terkait ini, berperan penting dalam penentuan masa gestasi ibu, pertumbuhan perilaku serta pembentukan saraf pusat janin, sehingga perlu dijaga rasio kadarnya. Angka gizi lebih semakin meningkat di Indonesia, dan diduga berpengaruh terhadap kadar omega-3 dan omega-6. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat hubungan kadar omega-3 dan omega-6 serum dengan status gizi berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh ibu hamil trimester satu dalam rangka menurunkan angka kurangnya keseimbangan omega-3 dan omega-6 di Indonesia. Jumlah subjek penelitian adalah 70 ibu hamil trimester satu, menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dan simple random sampling. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh 57,1% subjek mengalami gizi lebih dan 7,1% mengalami gizi kurang. Kadar ALA 173,37 (1,18-724) μg/ml, EPA 9,74 (0,06-166) μg/ml, DHA 15,45 (1,2-96) μg/ml, total n-3 199,65 (22,7-776,51) μg/ml, LA 1849,93 (119-8986) μg/ml, ARA 263,48 (21-993) μg/ml, total n-6 2114,24 (210-9643) μg/ml dan perbandingan n-3:n-6 1:10 (1:20-1:2,7). Uji Spearman menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi bermakna antara kadar omega-3 dan omega-6 dengan indeks massa tubuh, Uji chi square antara rasio omega-3:omega-6 dengan Indeks massa tubuh tidak menunjukkan korelasi bermakna, p 0,307. Perlu perubahan asupan makanan lebih kaya omega-3 untuk mengatasi kekurangan rasio omega-3 dan omega-6 seiring mengurangi angka gizi lebih.

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Omega-3 and omega-6 are important for pregnant mother. Those essential fatty acid affect gestation time, fetal behavior and central nervous system development. Overnutrition is becoming problem in Indonesia and nutritional status seems to have role in determining omega-3 and omega-6 serum level. This research observe the association between nutritional status and the serum level of omega-3 and omega-6 with the goal to reduce omega-3 and omega-6 deficiency in Indonesia. There are 70 subject of first semester pregnant woman. This study is done using cross sectional design with simple random sampling. It is found that 57.1% have overweight and 7.1% have underweight. Serum level of ALA 173.37 (1.18-724) μg/ml, EPA 9.74 (0.06-166) μg/ml, DHA 15.45 (1.2-96) μg/ml, total n-3 199.65 (22.7-776.51) μg/ml, LA 1849.93 (119-8986) μg/ml, ARA 263.48 (21-993) μg/ml, total n-6 2114.24 (210-9643) μg/ml and ratio of n-3:n-6 1:10 (1:20-1:2.7). Spearman correlation test shown no significant correlation between any omega-3 and omega-6 serum level with BMI. Chi square between omega-3 and omega-6 ratio does not shown significant correlation with BMI category, p 0.307. Modification of food intake with higher omega-3 is needed to reduce deficiency in omega-3 and omega-6 ratio while reducing overweight case."

"Sampai saat ini sumber utama asam lemak tak jenuh terutama omega-3 masih berasal dari minyak ikan. Pada penelitian ini akan digunakan mikroorganisme fungi kapang jenis Rhizopus oligosporus. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode fermentasi terendam dengan strategi temperature shift yang dimana bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh strategi temperature shift terhadap produksi asam lemak tak jenuh dari R.oligosporus. Pertama, R.oligosporus ditumbuhkan di beberapa variasi suhu yaitu 22, 26, 32, dan 37°C untuk menentukan suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan R.oligosporus dan pembentukan PUFA. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa R.oligosporus memiliki suhu optimum yang berbeda untuk pertumbuhan biomassa dan pembentukan PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) yaitu 26°C dan 22°C. Berdasarkan hasil ini R.oligosporus difermentasikan dengan strategi temperature shift. Dimana selama lima hari pertama R.oligosporus ditumbuhkan dalam kondisi 26°C, memasuki hari keenam dan ketujuh suhu inkubasi diganti menjadi 22°C untuk akumulasi PUFA yang lebih tinggi. Dengan mengaplikasikan strategi temperature shift biomassa kering mengalami penurunan dari 0,6 g menjadi 0,47 g sementara itu kandungan PUFA mengalami peningkatan dari 19,8 menjadi 21,97.

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Today the main source of unsaturated fatty acids especially omega-3 is still from marine fish oil. In this research, Rhizopus oligosporus will be used to produce PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids). This research used submerged fermentation method and temperature shift strategy to optimize the production of PUFA. In this result, batch culture of R.oligosporus for PUFA production at various temperature (22, 26, 32, and 37°C).

Result showed that R.oligosporus has different optimum temperature for growth and PUFA production, 26°C and 22°C respectively. Based on the result temperature-shift strategy was applied, in which the culture temperature was controlled at 26°C at the first 5 days, and then switched to 22°C for two days. By applying such a temperature-shift strategy, the dry cell weight decreased from 0,6 g to 0,47 g and the concentration of PUFA increased from 19,8 to 21,97."

"Masalah gizi di Indonesia menunjukkan adanya transisi epidemiologis, dimana penyakit pembunuh yang dulu hanya didominasi oleh penyakit infeksi, kini meningkat disebabkan oleh penyumbatan pembuluh darah yang merupakan ciri penyakit modem. Penyebabnya antara lain gaya hidup sebagian anggota masyarakat yang cenderung lebih bersifat sedentary life style dengan pola makan salah. Salah satu jenis asupan asam lemak selain asam lemak jenuh yang menjadi sorotan akhir-akhir ini adalah asam lemak trans yang dapat meningkatkan kolesterol LDL (K-LDL), rasio kolesterol total/K-HDL, rasio K-LDL/K-HDL dan menurunkan kolesterol HDL (K-HDL). Asam lemak trans secara alami terdapat pada ruminansia dan hasil proses menggoreng (deep frying) Serta margarin/produk makanan jadi yang menggunakan minyak terhidrognasi.

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Nutrition related problems in Indonesia has showed the epidemiological transition, from the domination of infectious diseases to blood vessel clotting related diseases which is typical to be a modern disease. One of the reasons is that the life style of some society tends to become so called a sedentary life style, with an improper eating pattern. Another type of the intake of fatty acid from saturated fatty acid, namely trans fatty acid has recently come into consideration as it can elevating such LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), ratio of total co|esterol/HDL-C, ratio of LDL- CIHDL-C, and decreasing the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). By nature, the trans fatty has found in the ruminant and the products of deep frying processes, as well as margarine food that processed with hydrogenated vegetable oil."