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"ABSTRAKArmed conflicts create drastic socioeconomic shocks that lead to land use and land cover changes in ways that are not yet well understood. Several studies have used satellite imagery to detect such changes during periods of conflict. However, there has been an insufficient examination of older conflicts before the 1970s. By examining older conflicts, we can examine the effects of conflict on land use and land cover over a long time span. This study reveals land use and land cover changes during the Second Indochina War (1960-75) and the wars immediate and long-term effects on land use and land cover by combining an analysis of aerial and satellite photographs with fieldwork. This study concludes that the war created an abnormal situation in which a large number of people from a different ethnic group came to live amongst the original inhabitants of the research site. This led to a unique farming landscape and vast areas of forest destruction. The study also reveals that forest destruction during the war was a significant milestone in the history of the vegetation of the research site, and the vegetative landscape has still not recovered to its prewar condition. These findings, as well as the results of previous research, suggest that we need to be more conscious of the effects of war on forest degradation in Laos."

"The book comprehensively reviews the current knowledge on how natural and anthropogenic land-use/cover changes affect weather, air quality and climate worldwide and explains how these changes may trigger further land-use/cover changes."

"A land cover/land use classification is proposed covering most of the major features found in the Indonesian Archipelago. The classification is based on a complex set of criteria related to physiognomic, functional and ecological characteristics of the ecosystems. The open-ended, hierarchical classification is supplemented with the definitions of the classes. An attempt is then made to identify complexes of land use as an important step in the characterization of ecosystems. Spatial sequences or catena of land use types are recognized for Java and Sumatra. "

"Land use competition in areas surrounding the urban area is the major factor influencing rural land use changes. Land use for agricultural activities is being changed into urban use. The rural land cover can be identified on the SPOT and Landsat imagery. The trend of urban development toward the rural area can be studied sing SPOT and Landsat imagery. The aims of this study are to know the rural land use changes and to know the urban development pattern in Surakarta. The SPOT and Landsat imagery are the main data sources and the interpretation is used in getting the data. The land cover is identified and classified based on the pixel value. The object of land use is classified into four classes. Using the temporal and spatial approach, the changes of rural land use to urban one can be known."

"Pada Bulan Mei tahun 2022, terjadi hujan berintensitas tinggi di Desa Citengah, Air hujan tersebut tidak mampu terserap oleh kawasan Hutan Gunung Kareumbi dan langsung mengalir ke Sungai Citengah dan Citandun sebagai water runoff pada saat yang bersamaan hingga meluap sehingga terjadi banjir bandang. Kejadian banjir bandang yang menimpa Desa Citengah diasumsikan terjadi akibat alih fungsi lahan di kawasan hulu sungai. Penelitian ini menggunakan Google Earth Data untuk membuat peta penggunaan lahan serta penutup lahan. Hasil menunjukan Perubahan Penggunaan lahan terluas pada Tahun 2015-2022 adalah sawah menjadi semak belukar, disusul oleh perubahan hutan menjadi sawah. Secara topografi, pemanfaatan lahan di Desa Citengah mulai mengubah hutan menjadi permukiman dan persawahan dan terus mengarah kepada pegunungan. sehingga perubahan penggunaan lahan tergolong kedalam skema D. Perubahan penutup lahan terluas pada Tahun 2015-2022 adalah Vegetasi Sedang menjadi Lahan Terbangun, Perubahan tersebut terdistribusi di sekitar jalan sehingga tergolong ke dalam pola distribusi perubahan memanjang mengikuti jalan. Penggunaan Lahan di Desa Citengah tidak sesuai dengan teori Wilayah Tanah Usaha, dimana pada kawasan terbatas kedua terdapat alih fungsi lahan perkebunan teh menjadi permukiman, tepatnya pada hulu DAS Cihonje. Diasumsikan banjir di Desa Citengah berasal dari limpasan air DAS Cihonje. Perubahan penggunaan lahan tanpa terjadi perubahan penutup lahan terluas pada Tahun 2015-2022 adalah Sawah menjadi semak belukar. Perubahan penutup lahan tanpa terjadi perubahan penggunaan lahan terluas adalah vegetasi sedang menjadi vegetasi rendah. Perubahan penggunaan lahan dapat terjadi tanpa disertai perubahan penutup lahan dan perubahan penutup lahan dapat terjadi tanpa disertai perubahan penggunaan lahan pula.

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In May 2022 there was rain with high intensity on the south side of Citengah Village, Mount Kareumbi Forest area was unable to absorb the rain water and immediately flowed into the Citengah River and Citandun River as water runoff at the same time until it overflowed causing flash floods. The occurrence of flash floods in Citengah Village is assumed to have occurred due to land changes in the upstream area of ​​the river. This study uses Google Earth Data to create land use and land cover maps. This Study aims are Analyzing patterns of land use and land cover change that occurred in Citengah Village, and Analyzing the relationship between changes in land use and land cover. The results show that the largest change in land use in 2015-2021 is paddy fields with continuous rice to become shrubs, and classified into scheme D. The widest land cover change in 2015-2021 is Medium Vegetation to Built-up area and classified into distribution pattern of changes extending along the road. Land use in Citengah Village is still in accordance with the theory of Land Utility Area, where in the second restricted area there is only high density primary highland forest, while settlements and rural areas are found in the second main area. Changes in land use can occur without being accompanied by changes in land cover and changes in land cover can occur without being accompanied by changes in land use as well."

"The first nearly complete land use/land cover map of the island of Sulawesi was prepared using the 1972 Landsat imagery. Seventeen Landsat frames were used in a multistage approach to compile what is believed to be the first map of its kind covering the two hundreds and two thousand sq.km. on the island. This paper reports the methods of visual analysis, data compilation and transfer, and ground truth sampling which were adopted for the mapping. Discrepancies between the Landsat images and the existing topographic maps are described. "

"Penelitian ini menyelidiki perubahan tutupan lahan antara tahun 2009 dan 2021 di area penelitian dan dampaknya terhadap debit banjir desain dan luasan tergenang. Temuan ini mengungkapkan tren signifikan dalam transformasi tutupan lahan. Perubahan ini telah menyebabkan peningkatan debit puncak dan luasan tergenang di DAS Citarum Hulu. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa tutupan pertanian meningkat sebesar 3,44% dari total DAS, area permukiman berkembang sebesar 5,86%. Sebaliknya, area hutan mengalami penurunan sebesar 6,65%, menunjukkan potensi deforestasi. Lahan terbuka dan semak/plantasi juga menunjukkan perubahan, kenaikan sebesar 0,35% pada lahan terbuka dan penurunan sebesar 3,17% pada semak/plantasi. Badan air mengalami peningkatan kecil sebesar 0,16% akibat pengembangan infrastruktur air. Dengan menggunakan HEC-HMS, simulasi menunjukkan peningkatan debit puncak sebesar 24,07%, 15,96%, 14,05%, dan 12,20% untuk periode 5 tahun, 25 tahun, 50 tahun, dan 100 tahun pada skenario tutupan lahan 2021 dibandingkan dengan skenario 2009. Analisis luasan tergenang dengan HEC-RAS 2D Rain-on-Grid menunjukkan peningkatan konsisten dalam luasan tergenang pada periode pengembalian yang berbeda. Luasan tergenang meningkat 2,1%, 2,2%, 2,3%, dan 2,6% untuk periode 5 tahun, 25 tahun, 50 tahun, dan 100 tahun, baik untuk skenario tutupan lahan yang 2009 maupun 2021. Selanjutnya, hasil ini mengungkapkan perubahan dalam persentase luasan tergenang berdasarkan kelas tutupan lahan pada skenario 2009 dan 2021. Persentase luasan tergenang di area pertanian mengalami penurunan, sementara area permukiman mengalami peningkatan luasan tergenang. Ekspansi area pertanian dan permukiman, bersama dengan penurunan luasan hutan, telah berkontribusi pada peningkatan risiko banjir. Hasil penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya mempertimbangkan parameter infiltrasi dan area tak tembus air untuk mengurangi limpasan air dan dampak banjir potensial.

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This study investigates the land cover changes between 2009 and 2021 in the study area and their impacts on design flood discharge and flooded areas. The findings reveal significant trends in land cover transformation. These changes have led to increased peak discharge and flooded areas in the Upper Citarum watershed. The analysis shows that agriculture cover increased by 3.44% of the total watershed, while built-up areas expanded by 5.86%. In contrast, forested areas experienced a decline of 6.65%, indicating potential deforestation issues. Open land and shrubs/plantations also showed slight changes, with a modest increase of 0.35% in open land and a decrease of 3.17% in shrubs/plantations. The water bodies witnessed a minor increase 0.16% due to water infrastructure development. Using HEC-HMS, simulations indicate an increase in peak discharge by 24.07%, 15.96%, 14.05%, and 12.20% for for the 5-year, 25-year, 50-year, and 100-year return periods in the land cover 2021 scenario compared to the 2009 scenario. The flooded area analysis using the HEC-RAS 2D Rain-on-Grid model demonstrates a consistent increase in flooded areas across different return periods. The flooded area increased by 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, and 2.6% for the 5-year, 25-year, 50-year, and 100-year return periods, respectively for both land cover scenarios. Furthermore, the analysis reveals changes in the percentage of flooded areas based on land cover classes between land cover 2009 and 2021 scenarios. The percentage of flooded agricultural areas decreased, while built-up areas experienced an increase in flooded areas. Overall, the findings highlight the influence of land cover changes on peak discharge and flooded areas. The expansion of agriculture and built-up areas, along with a decline in forested areas, has contributed to increased flood risks. The results emphasize the importance of considering infiltration parameters and impervious areas to mitigate runoff and potential flooding impacts."

"Wilayah pesisir merupakan wilayah yang dinamis, dimana laju pembangunan sangat tinggi. Laju pembangunan ini mengakibatkan wilayah pesisir rentan akan perubahan dan kerusakan. Salah satu indikator adanya kerusakan pada wilayah pesisir dapat diketahui dari perubahan nilai konsentrasi Total Suspended Matter (TSM) dan klorofil-a. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan sebaran konsentrasi TSM dan klorofil-a. Perubahan sebaran TSM dan klorofil-a diperoleh dengan pengolahan citra Landsat menggunakan algoritma Li (2008) untuk mengetahui sebaran konsentrasi TSM dan algoritma Wibowo (1994) untuk konsentrasi klorofil-a. Sebaran TSM dan Klorofil-a kemudian dihubungkan dengan perubahan tutupan lahan (land cover) untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh perubahan land cover dengan nilai konsentrasi TSM dan klorofil-a. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Pada wilayah perairan Tegal nilai konsentrasi TSM tinggi meningkatnya sedangkan nilai konsentrasi klorofil-a mengalami penurunan (2) Perubahan konsentrasi TSM dan klorofil-a di wilayah pesisir Tegal sangat dipengaruhi oleh perubahan lahan terbangun dan tutupan vegetasi.

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Coastal area is a dynamic area, until it tends to be changed and damaged. One of damage indicator, there is coastal area can be know from Total Suspended Matter (TSM) and Chlorophylls-a concentration. This research use the application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System to know change spreading TSM and Chlorophylls-a concentration on Tegal Coastal Area in 1994 – 2012. The analysis of this research use Algorithm Li (2008) for TSM and Algorithm Wibowo (1994) for Chlorophylls-a. The spreading pattern concentration’s TSM and Chlorophylls-a then correlated with land cover. The result show that : (1) High value TSM concentration has increasing and high value Chlorophylls-a concentration has decreasing (2) Change TSM and Chlorophylls-a concentration on Tegal Coastal Area influenced with a change’s building land and vegetation."