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"The study seeks to analyze the implemtation of EU external policies through the effective multiteralism appoarch. In this regard, the election of president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was a turning point in in increasingly modern development of nuclear Iran. The increasingly ablitiy of irans nuclear technology has significantly raised international accusations about irans intention to posses weapons of mass destruction."

"Kebangkitan populisme dan krisis pengungsi telah menghadapkan Uni Eropa (UE) pada potensi ancaman dan tantangan dalam mempertahankan prinsip-prinsip dasar demokrasi dan HAM yang dianut oleh UE. Di sisi lain, UE juga harus menjamin keamanan dan menyerap aspirasi warganya, khususnya di tengah desakan nativisme kaum populis untuk menolak pengungsi yang dianggap merugikan masyarakat Eropa. Kondisi tersebut mengarahkan penelitian ini untuk memvalidasi strategi UE dalam mengatasi potensi ancaman atas bangkitnya populisme dan krisis pengungsi terhadap kondisi demokrasi dan keamanan di Eropa. Menjawab permasalahan itu, penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Populisme, Teori Persepsi Ancaman, dan Teori Strategi sebagai indikator dalam menganalisis berbagai kajian literatur, kebijakan Uni Eropa, serta pernyataan politik pemimpin Eropa terkait masalah pengungsi dan kebangkitan populisme dalam kurun waktu 2014-2019. Setelah menganalisis potensi ancaman populisme dan merumuskan strategi UE berdasarkan Five P’s Mintzberg, yang terdiri dari indikator Plans, Patterns, Positions, Perspectives, dan Ploys, maka temuan penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa strategi utama UE adalah melakukan perimbangan kekuatan dan pemberian ruang politik kaum populis secara terukur. Melalui strategi ini, kelompok populis seolah terakomodir agenda politiknya dan menjadi bagian dari kekuasaan, namun sejatinya tidak. Melalui strategi ini, UE dianggap berhasil mengelola tekanan kaum populis dan mengatasi masalah pengungsi tanpa mengabaikan nilai-nilai demokrasi dan HAM. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa populisme akan selalu hadir menjadi potensi ancaman dan tantangan bagi UE dengan mengangkat berbagai isu strategis dalam skala yang berbeda, sehingga strategi UE untuk beradaptasi terhadap perkembangan situasi global akan sangat diperlukan. Lebih jauh, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi rujukan bagi penelitian selanjutnya untuk mengkaji perkembangan gerakan populisme pada ranah nasional, regional, dan global.

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The rise of populism and the refugee crisis has exposed the European Union (EU) to potential threats and challenges in defending the basic principles of democracy and human rights. On the other hand, the EU have to ensure the security and absorb the aspirations of its citizens, especially in the midst of the populist nativism pressure to reject refugees who are considered detrimental to European society. These conditions lead this research to validate the EU's strategy in overcoming the potential threats of the rise of populism and the refugee crisis to the conditions of democracy and security in Europe. Answering this problem, this study uses Populism Theory, Threat Perception Theory, and Strategy Theory as indicators in analyzing various literature studies, European Union policies, and political statements by European leaders related to refugee issues and the rise of populism in the period 2014-2019. After analyzing the potential threat of populism and formulating an EU strategy based on Five P's Mintzberg's Strategy, which consists of the Plans, Patterns, Positions, Perspectives, and Ploys indicators, the findings of this study explain that the EU's main strategy is to balance power and provide populist political space in a measurable way. Through this strategy, populist groups seem to be accommodated by their political agenda and become part of power, but in reality they are not. Through this strategy, the EU is considered successful in managing populist pressure and overcoming the refugee problem without ignoring democratic values ​​and human rights. This study concludes that populism will always be a potential threat and challenge for the EU by raising various strategic issues at different scales, so that the EU's strategy to adapt to the development of the global situation will be very necessary. Furthermore, this research is expected to be a reference for further research to examine the development of the populism movement in the national, regional, and global spheres."

"This book focuses on sustainable use and protection of transboundary aquifers located along the eastern border of European Union starting from the Baltic Sea and end in the Black Sea. This publication sheds light on a wide range of real problems related to the management of groundwater, problems that are characteristic for most countries situated in the East European region. It also identifies potential threats that may materialise in the absence of cooperation between countries and appropriate measures to jointly manage the shared water resources in the region. "

"Perkembangan teknologi Artificial Intelligence Deepfake, menimbulkan ancaman terhadap sistem peradilan pidana, khususnya dalam pembuktian. Kemampuan Deepfake memanipulasi gambar atau video dapat mengelabui kemampuan manusia untuk mengenali bentuk yang asli ataupun yang telah dimanipulasi. Meskipun Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik telah mengalami perubahan kedua pada tahun 2024, regulasi ini belum secara spesifik mengatur tentang Deepfake. Di lain sisi European Union telah membentuk regulasi terkait Artificial Intelligence dan pencegahan penyalahgunaan Deepfake dalam Artificial Intelligence Act. Penelitian ini menganalisis (1) perlindungan hukum terhadap penyalahgunaan Deepfake di Indonesia menurut UU ITE, dan (2) ancaman penyalahgunaan Deepfake dalam proses pembuktian di sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia. Penelitian ini membandingkan UU ITE dan AIA untuk menemukan bentuk perlindungan yang efektif terhadap ancaman tersebut. Melalui penelitian doktrinal dan pendekatan kualitatif, ditemukan bahwa: Pertama, UU ITE memberikan perlindungan hukum secara represif terhadap penyalahgunaan Deepfake. Kedua, diperlukan perlindungan hukum preventif seperti yang diatur dalam AIA. Ketiga, ketidakjelasan definisi Deepfake menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum sehingga manipulasi Deepfake masih dapat dianggap sebagai alat bukti elektronik yang sah menurut UU ITE. Keempat, ancaman penyalahgunaan Deepfake dalam pembuktian mencakup perlunya validasi otentisitas bukti digital dan penanganan tuduhan bukti palsu di pengadilan.

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The development of Artificial Intelligence Deepfake technology poses a threat to the criminal justice system, particularly in the area of evidence. Deepfake's ability to manipulate images or videos can deceive humans into believing altered content is genuine. Although the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) was amended for the second time in 2024, it does not specifically address Deepfake technology. In contrast, the European Union has established regulations on Artificial Intelligence and the prevention of Deepfake misuse in the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA). This study analyzes (1) the legal protection against Deepfake misuse in Indonesia according to UU ITE, and (2) the threat of Deepfake misuse in the evidence process within the Indonesian criminal justice system. This study compares UU ITE and AIA to identify effective protective measures against these threats. Through doctrinal research and a qualitative approach, the findings are as follows: First, UU ITE provides repressive legal protection against Deepfake misuse. Second, preventive legal protection, as outlined in the AIA, is necessary. Third, the lack of a clear definition of Deepfake results in legal uncertainty, allowing Deepfake manipulations to be considered valid electronic evidence under UU ITE. Fourth, the threat of Deepfake misuse in evidence includes the need for authenticity validation of digital evidence and handling allegations of falsified digital evidence in court."

"The European Union (EU) poses quite profound questions for scholars and students of the social and political sciences. This benchmark Handbook is designed to provide an authoritative state-of-the art guide to the scope of the field suitable for both established scholars and students of the EU; reflect and contribute to the debates about the nature of the field of EU studies and EU politics in particular; and explore in detail the development of the many approaches to the study of EU politics. Divided into four sections, the Handbook focuses on theorizing European integration; the EU as polity; politics and policy making in the EU; and the EU and the international system."