Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"The number of iron sand reserves is mostly spread in the coastal waters of Indonesia, from the coast of Sumatra, the southern of Java to Bali, the beaches of Sulawesi, beaches in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and the northern coast of Papua. Total reserves for ore are 173,810,612 tons and metal as much as 25,412,652.62 tons. But its utilization was not optimal because PT. Krakatau Steel, and PT. Krakatau Posco has produced steel plates only 24,000 to 36,000 tons per year. While the need for steel plates for the shipping industry each year requires 900,000 tons per year. With the need for raw material for steel plates in the form of iron sponges with Fe ≥ 60%, PT. Krakatau Steel is still imported from abroad. The proof is PT. Krakatau Steel before and during the year 2000 still imported Iron Ore Pellets from the countries of Sweden, Chille and Brazil for 3,500,000 tons per year. This condition is the cause of the national steel industry unable to compete with the foreign steel industry because imported raw materials are subject to import duties. This is an opportunity to build a steel raw material company because all this time the steel raw material industry in Indonesia has only two companies. This condition encourages the manufacture of iron sponges, with the process of making iron sponges with technology adapted to installed production capacity. This study analysed the manufacture of iron sponges using Cipatujah iron sand, as raw material for the manufacture of iron sponges, with the results obtained in the form of iron sponges with the highest levels of Fe ≥60.44%. This can be used for the purposes of raw materials for steel making PT. Krakatau Steel (PT. KS), because so far PT. KS claims that Fe <60% local sponge iron products. This can encourage the independence of steel raw materials, which impacts on the independence of the defence industry. But the government must also protect and prioritize steel raw materials for national production for national steel production. With the national government steel industry, the consortium of vendors supplying raw material (iron sponge) to maintain the quality and supply of continuous sponge iron."

"Hot Dip Galvanizing merupakan salah satu jenis proses pelapisan baja dengan logam lain yaitu seng cair. Proses ini dilakukan dengan cara mencelupkan baja kedalam bak yang berisi seng cair. Tahapan proses galvanizing terdiri dari degreasing, pickling, fluxing, dipping dan quenching. Pembentukan fasa Fe-Zn akan terjadi selama proses galvanizing. Mekanisme pelekatan seng pada baja merupakan proses difusi. Pembentukan fasa Fe-Zn tergantung pada komposisi baja dan logam cair serta waktu pencelupan.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu pencelupan dan kadar kromium yang terkandung didalam baja terhadap lapisan yang terbentuk. Baja dengan kadar kromium yang berbeda, digalvanisasi pada temperature 470°C dengan komposisi seng cair 1,5% Fe, 0,90% Pb, 0,35% Al and 97,25% Zn. Waktu pencelupan yang digunakan adalah 3, 15 dan 50 detik.Penelitian mengenai pengaruh kromium pada baja dilakukan dengan pengujian kekerasan lapisan, ketebalan lapisan dan analisa struktur mikro. Dari hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kromium akan mempengaruhi kekerasan tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap ketebalan. Nilai kekerasan paling tinggi didapatkan pada baja dengan kadar 0,32 % Cr. Mekanisme kekerasan kromium pada lapisan galvanisasi adalah solid solution dengan substitusi. Ketebalan lapisan yang terbentuk tidak tergantung pada lamanya waktu pencelupan tetapi tergantung pada ketebalan sampel dan konsentrasi silikon (Si).Penambahan 0,35% Al pada bak galvanizing, akan menghasilkan lapisan intermetalik Fe2Al5. Dari hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan pada mikroskop optic menunjukkan bahwa hanya pada waktu pencelupan yang sangat singkat yaitu 3 detik, fasa intermetalik terdapat pada semua sampel. Fasa ini akan mempengaruhi kekerasan lapisan dimana dihasilkan kekerasan lapisan tertinggi pada waktu celup 3 detik.

---

Hot Dip Galvanizing is one of steel coating process with molten zinc. This process is done by immersing steel in bath which content of liquid zinc. The steps of this process consist of degreasing, pickling, fluxing, dipping and quenching. Zinc-iron phases may develop at the steel substrate during the hot-dip galvanizing process. The mechanism of zinc plating to the steel is diffusion mechanism. The formation of Fe-Zn phase depends on many factors, such as the chemical composition of both the bath and the steel, and immersion time.The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of both immersion time and chromium contents of the steel substrate on coating characteristics. Thus, steels which had different chromium contents, were galvanized at 470°C and the compositions of liquid metal are 1,5% Fe, 0,90% Pb, 0,35% Al and 97,25% Zn. The immersion time was varied between 3, 15 and 50 seconds.In this study, the influence of chromium on the zinc coating was investigated with micro hardness testing, thickness testing and microstructure analysis. From the investigation showed that Chromium would affect the hardness but it did not affect the thickness. The hardness values of steel with 0,32% Cr was the highest. The hardness mechanism of chromium in coating layer was substitution solid solution. The thickness of the coatings was not strongly dependent on the immersion time but it was dependent on the thickness of steel and the concentration of Silicon (Si).Adding 0,35% of aluminum to the galvanizing bath, will produce a thin layer of intermetallic, Fe2Al5. From the cross-section of samples were observed by optic microscopy showed that, only for very short immersion time (3 second), all of samples had intermetallic phase. This phase will affect to the hardness of the coating which in this immersion time is produced the highest value of hardness."

"Study microbial in the Aceh coastal waters and its vicinity were carried out in the period of August-September2006. The purpose of the study is to monitor the marine and coastal environments related to the bacterial condition in Aceh waters after the tsunami disaster....."

"Industri besi baja dikenal juga sebagai “The Mother of Industries”, karena posisinya yang strategis dan juga cakupan penggunaannya yang luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas daya saing industri besi baja dari negara-negara G20, kecuali Uni Eropa, serta melihat dimanakah posisi Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan indeks Revealed Comparative Advantage, diketahui bahwa dari 19 negara hanya 9 negara saja yang memiliki daya saing pada industri besi baja. Sedangkan, terdapat beberapa negara yang tidak memiliki daya siang dikarenakan nilai ekspor pada industri besi bajanya lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan nilai impornya, termasuk Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang dapat mempengaruhi daya saing industri besi baja negara-negara G20. Dimana variabel total produksi dan tingkat konsumsi merupakan dua faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi industri besi baja secara signifikan.

---

The iron and steel industry is also known as "The Mother of Industries", because of its strategic position and wide range of uses. This study aims to discuss the competitiveness of the iron and steel industry from the G20 countries, except the European Union, and to see where Indonesia's position is. By using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index, it is known that out of 19 countries only 9 countries have competitiveness in the iron and steel industry. Meanwhile, there are several countries that do not have competitiveness because the export value in the iron and steel industry is smaller than the import value, including Indonesia. This study also aims to determine what factors that can affect the competitiveness of the iron and steel industry in the G20 countries. Where the variables of total production and consumption levels are two factors that can significantly affect the iron and steel industry. "