Hasil Pencarian

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Hasil Pencarian

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Jessica Jane Judono
"Secara umum, lignoselulosa terdiri dari selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin yang membentuk struktur kompleks yang sulit dihancurkan. Pretreatment bertujuan untuk mendegradasi hemiselulosa dan lignin dari biomassa lignoselulosa serta meningkatkan aksesibilitas enzim ke selulosa yang merupakan bahan baku untuk proses konversi lebih lanjut menjadi produk bernilai tambah. Bahan biomassa memiliki komposisi lignoselulosa yang berbeda-beda yang dapat mempengaruhi proses pretreatment. Masing-masing strategi pretreatment memiliki kelebihan dan keterbatasan tersendiri. Pretreatment biologis merupakan metode yang ramah lingkungan dan hemat energi karena menggunakan mikroorganisme untuk mengatasi sifat rekalsitran biomassa lignoselulosa. Jamur pelapuk putih mampu mendegradasi lignin melalui produksi enzim ligninolitiknya, berupa lakase, lignin peroksidase (LiP), dan mangan peroksidase (MnP). Tujuan penulisan ini adalah memberikan rangkuman penelitian terkait pretreatment biologis menggunakan jamur pelapuk putih dan mekanismenya sebagai mikroorganisme yang dapat mendegradasi lignin. Selain itu, dibahas juga berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi proses biodelignifikasi. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut terkait optimalisasi berbagai parameter kondisi kultur agar dapat meningkatkan efisiensi proses pretreatment biologis.

Lignocellulosic biomass mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which form complex structures that are difficult to destroy. Pretreatment is significance for the degradation of hemicelluloses and lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass to make cellulose more accessible for further enzymatic process in its conversion into value-added products. Biomass materials have different lignocellulosic compositions which can affect the pretreatment process and requires certain strategy for effective treatment. While each pretreatment strategy has its own strengths and limitations. Biological pretreatment is considered to be an environmentally friendly process with low energy input and low disposal costs for it utilizes lignin-degrading microorganisms to reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass. White rot fungus are able to degrade lignin by producing ligninolytic enzymes, such as laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP), and manganese peroxidase (MnP). The purpose of this paper is to presents an overview of studies related to biological pretreatment using white rot fungi and its mechanism as a lignin degrading microorganism. In addition, various factors affecting biodelignification process are also discussed. Further research related to parameters optimization of culture conditions is needed in order to increase the efficiency of the biological pretreatment process.
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Depok: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Indonesia, 2020
S70481
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Calvin Benedict Satria1
"The main elements of biomass consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are useful as the main material for the production of renewable energy. The main element of this biomass has been converted through the pyrolysis process for the production of various bioproducts from gas, liquid and solid fuels. The pyrolysis process heats the biomass from 300-500℃ in the absence of oxygen. However, the complexity of pyrolysis makes it difficult to determine the best operating conditions for a particular biomass to produce maximum product yields. Therefore, a model called Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been determined to relate the relationship between bioproducts and the main constituents of biomass. ANN has been tested and reliable to estimate a value because the model can learn independently based on initial data. The correlation has estimated the mass percentage yield of the biomass pyrolysis process; Therefore, this study will provide a deeper understanding of thermal decomposition and kinetic analysis, especially on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the pyrolysis process using the ANN approach with thermogravimetric analysis data. Kinetic parameters were obtained using three iso-conversional methods, namely Friedman (FR), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) assuming a first-order reaction (n=1). Then, the findings of this study state that by analyzing the two ANN models using two transfer functions of logsig-tansig (LT) and tansig-tansig (TT), the error value is lower than the results of the analysis using one transfer function. The activation energies of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin produced in this study were 171.92, 150.31, 142.78 kJ/mol, respectively. Finally, the pre-exponential factor values ​​of the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin produced were 1.51×1010, 1.02×1010, and 6.53×1015 s-1, respectively.

Unsur utama biomassa yang terdiri dari selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin berguna sebagai bahan utama produksi energi terbarukan. Unsur utama biomassa ini telah diubah melalui proses pirolisis untuk produksi berbagai bioproduk dari bahan bakar gas, cair dan padat. Proses pirolisis memanaskan biomassa dari 300-500℃ tanpa adanya oksigen. Namun, kompleksitas pirolisis membuat sulit untuk menentukan kondisi operasi terbaik untuk biomassa tertentu untuk menghasilkan hasil produk yang maksimal. Oleh karena itu, model yang disebut Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan (JST) telah ditentukan untuk menghubungkan hubungan antara bioproduk dan konstituen utama biomassa. JST telah teruji dan reliabel untuk mengestimasi suatu nilai karena model dapat belajar secara mandiri berdasarkan data awal. Korelasi telah mengestimasi persentase massa hasil proses pirolisis biomassa; Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang dekomposisi termal dan analisis kinetik terutama pada selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin pada proses pirolisis menggunakan pendekatan JST dengan data analisis termogravimetri. Parameter kinetik diperoleh dengan menggunakan tiga metode iso-konversi, yaitu Friedman (FR), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), dan Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) dengan asumsi reaksi orde satu (n=1). Kemudian, temuan penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa dengan menganalisis kedua model JST menggunakan dua fungsi transfer logsig-tansig (LT) dan tansig-tansig (TT), nilai errornya lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan hasil analisis menggunakan satu fungsi transfer. Energi aktivasi selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini masing-masing adalah 171,92, 150,31, 142,78 kJ/mol. Akhirnya, nilai faktor pra-eksponensial dari selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin yang dihasilkan masing-masing adalah 1,51×1010, 1,02×1010, dan 6,53×1015 s-1."
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Depok: Fakultas Teknik, 2021
S-pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Manjula Das Ghatak
"Lignocellulosic biomass has great potential for biogas production, but there are various factors which affect the performance of lignocellulosic biomass. Among the various factors, temperature is one of the important factors which play a significant role in biogas production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biogas production was studied for bamboo dust, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse and rice straw, all separately mixed with cattle dung. The effect of temperature on biogas production from various lignocellulosic biomasses was studied for temperature range from 35°C to 55°C at steps of 5°C. The objective of this work is to develop a mathematical model for evaluating the effect of temperature on the rate of biogas production from various lignocellulosic biomasses. The new mathematical model is derived by modification of the modified Gompertz model. The new model is found to be suitable for lignocellulosic biomass mixed with cattle dung in the temperature range 35°C to 55°C. The resulting estimated biogas production is found to be highly correlated to the experimental data of present study."
Lengkap +
Depok: Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, 2017
UI-IJTECH 8:4 (2017)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Merianda Ramadhian Putri
"Keberadaan lignin yang dapat menjadi masalah dalam produksi biofuel dapat diatasi dengan cara delignifikasi. Proses delignifikasi menggunakan mikroorganisme telah menjadi perhatian akhir-akhir ini. Mikroorganisme yang berperan adalah jamur pelapuk putih dan bakteri. Dalam melakukan proses biodelignifikasi, kedua mikroorganisme ini menghasilkan enzim ligninolitik. Enzim ligninolitik antara jamur pelapuk putih dan bakteri menghasilkan persentase delignifikasi dan aktivitas enzim yang berbeda.  Artikel review ini meninjau ulasan mengenai proses biodelignifikasi menggunakan enzim ligninolitik dari jamur pelapuk putih dan bakteri yang akan dibandingkan antara hasil delignifikasi dan aktivitas enzim.  Penulis berharap dapat memberikan gambaran terkait perbandingan antara enzim ligninolitik dari kedua mikroorganisme tersebut.

The existence of lignin which can be a problem in biofuel production can be overcome by delignification. The delignification process using microorganisms has become a concern lately. The microorganisms that play a role are white rot fungi and bacteria. In carrying out the process of biodelignification, these two microorganisms produce ligninolytic enzymes. Ligninolytic enzymes between white rot fungi and bacteria produce different percentages of delignification and enzyme activity. This review article reviews a review of the biodelignification process using ligninolytic enzymes from white rot fungi and bacteria to be compared between the results of delignification and enzyme activity. The author hopes to provide an overview related to the comparison between ligninolytic enzymes of the two microorganisms."
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Depok: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Indonesia, 2020
S-pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Misri Gozan
Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, 2019
570 MIS s
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Devi Kusuma Wardani
"Sungai Sentiong adalah salah satu sungai di Indonesia yang telah tercemar oleh berbagai jenis senyawa organik bandel yang terakumulasi dari rumah tangga dan industri skala kecil limbah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan lima isolat jamur busuk putih dari Koleksi Budaya Indonesia (Pleurotus ostreatus InaCC F109, Agaricus campestris InaCC F126, Trametes versicolor InaCC F200, IN002 dan Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004) dalam degradasi senyawa organik bandel di Sentiong air limbah sungai. Penapisan isolat jamur dilakukan untuk mendapatkan yang terbaik isolat jamur ligninolitik pada media lignin minimal (MM-L), ftalat minimal medium (MM-F) dan media Potato Dextrose Agar dilengkapi dengan guaiacol. Metode uji kompatibilitas dilakukan secara in vitro pada PDA. Tes mikorediasi adalah dilakukan dengan dua perawatan; isolat ligninolitik terbaik dan konsorsium lima isolat jamur. Kemampuan jamur dalam mikoremediasi air limbah didasarkan pada parameter; total karbon (TC), aktivitas enzim ligninolitik (lignin peroksidase, manganese peroxidase dan laccase), dan melimpahnya senyawa bandel analisis Kromatografi Gas Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Hasil penyaringan menunjukkan bahwa Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 memiliki kemampuan ligninolitik terbaik dibandingkan dengan empat isolat lainnya. Interaksi antarspesies yang kompatibel sebagian, penghambatan (dengan dan tanpa jarak) dan invasi (tahap awal) diketahui berdasarkan uji kompatibilitas. Konsorsium jamur memiliki kemampuan untuk degradasi senyawa organik bandel melalui proses metabolisme yang lebih baik daripada Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 monokultur. Penurunan kelimpahan senyawa organik bandel di sampel sesuai dengan penurunan konsentrasi TC dan peningkatan aktivitas enzim ligninolitik.

Sentiong River is one of the rivers in Indonesia that has been polluted by various types of recalcitrant organic compounds that have accumulated from households and small scale industries waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of five white rot fungus isolates from the Indonesian Cultural Collection (Pleurotus ostreatus InaCC F109, Agaricus campestris InaCC F126, Trametes versicolor InaCC F200, IN002 and Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004) in the degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds in Sentiong river wastewater. Screening of fungal isolates was carried out to get the best ligninolytic isolates on minimal lignin media (MM-L), minimal phthalates medium (MM-F) and Potato Dextrose agar to be equipped with guaiacol. The compatibility test method is done in vitro on a PDA. Mycorediation test is carried out with two treatments; the best ligninolytic isolates and a consortium of five fungal isolates. The ability of mushrooms in mycoremediation of wastewater is based on parameters; total carbon (TC), ligninolytic enzyme activity (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase), and an abundance of recalcitrant compounds of Gas Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) chromatography analysis. The screening results showed that Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 had the best ligninolytic ability compared to four other isolates. Partially compatible interactions between species, inhibition (with and without distance) and invasion (early stages) are known based on compatibility tests. The mushroom consortium has the ability to degrade recalcitrant organic compounds through a better metabolic process than Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 monoculture. The decrease in the abundance of recalcitrant organic compounds in the sample corresponds to a decrease in TC concentration and an increase in ligninolytic enzyme activity."
Lengkap +
Depok: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Indonesia, 2019
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Nazia Hossain
"Commercialization of bioethanol has recently intensified due to its market stability, low cost,sustainability, alternative fuel energy composition, greener output and colossal fossil fuel depletion. Recently, because of greenhouse intensity worldwide, many researches are ongoing to reprocess the waste as well as turning down the environmental pollution. With this scenario, the invention of bioethanol was hailed as a great accomplishment to transform waste biomass to fuel energy and in turn reduce the massive usages of fossil fuels. In this study, our review enlightens various sources of plant-based waste feed stocks as the raw materials for bio ethanol production because they do not adversely impact the human food chain. However, the cheapest and conventional fermentation method, yeast fermentation is also emphasized here notably for waste biomass-to-bio ethanol conversion. Since the key fermenting agent, yeastis readily available in local and international markets, it is more cost-effective in comparison with other fermentation agents. Furthermore, yeasthas genuine natural fermentation capability biologically and it produces zero chemical waste. This review also concerns a detailed overview of the biological conversion processes of lignocellulosic waste biomass-to-bio ethanol, the diverse performance of different types of yeasts and yeast strains, plus bioreactor design, growth kinetics of yeast fermentation, environmental issues, integrated usages on modern engines and motor vehicles, as well as future process development planning with some novel co-products."
Lengkap +
Depok: Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, 2017
UI-IJTECH 8:1 (2017)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Kubicek, C. P. (Christian P.)
"The plant biomass -- The actors : plant biomass degradation by fungi -- The tools, part 1 : enzymology of cellulose degradation -- The tools, part 2 : enzymology of hemicellulose degradation -- The tools, part 3 : enzymology of lignin degradation -- Catabolic pathways of soluble degradation products from plant biomass -- Regulation of formation plant biomass-degrading enzymes in fungi -- The fungal secretory pathways and their relation to lignocellulose degradation -- Production of cellulases and hemicellulases by fungi -- Production of fermentable sugars from lignocelluloses -- Lignocellulose biorefinery"
Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell, 2013
662.88 KUB f (1)
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Ahmad Faritz
"Laporan magang ini menjelaskan tentang perlakuan akuntansi dan prosedur audit atas aset biologis pada PT AAG. Prosedur audit dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh keyakinan bahwa aset biologis pada PT AAG sudah disajikan secara wajar. Auditor merancang prosedur audit terhadap aset biologis yang sesuai dengan standar audit yang berlaku di Indonesia, yaitu sesuai dengan PSAK 16 dan standar audit yang berlaku di Internasional yaitu IAS 41. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari hasil audit adalah aset biologis pada PT AAG telah disajikan secara wajar.

This report describes the accounting and auditing procedures of biological assets at PT AAG. Audit procedures have carried out in order to gain the confidence that the biological assets at PT AAG has been presented fairly. The auditor designs the audit procedures to biological assets in accordance with auditing standards applicable in Indonesia, namely in accordance with PSAK 16 and the auditing standards applicable Internationally namely IAS 41. Conclusion of the audit results is the biological asset at PT AAG has been presented fairly.
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Depok: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia, 2015
TA-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Muhammad Fikri Robbani
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Meski Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) telah diberlakukan sejak tahun 1972, potensi ancaman dari senjata biologis masih membayangi banyak pihak. Senjata biologis yang sulit untuk dideteksi, mampu menimbulkan kepanikan massal, serta relatif murah dan mudah untuk diproduksi menjadi sesuatu yang menarik perhatian pihak-pihak yang tertarik pada senjata nonkonvensional. Penggunaan senjata biologis dapat ditujukan dalam serangan langsung kepada manusia ataupun secara tidak langsung dengan menyerang tumbuhan, hewan, makanan, atau minuman. Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk memetakan perkembangan literatur yang membahas isu penggunaan senjata biologis melalui metode taksonomi. Selain itu, tinjauan pustaka ini juga menganalisis perdebatan dan konsensus akademik dalam membahas isu penggunaan senjata biologis. Dari 49 literatur yang terkumpul, tinjauan pustaka ini memetakan tiga kategori pembahasan, yakni (1) karakter ancaman senjata biologis, (2) biological warfare and strategy, dan (3) regulasi penggunaan senjata biologis. Tinjauan pustaka ini melihat bahwa karakter ancaman senjata biologis berangkat dari adanya perkembangan dan penggunaan ganda bioteknologi. Ancaman senjata biologis menjadi semakin besar karena terjadi proliferasi kepada aktor negara dan non-negara. Aktor-aktor tersebut memiliki opsi strategi penggunaan senjata biologis sebagai pengganti senjata konvensional dalam perang, sebagai strategic deterrent, atau sebagai senjata dalam perang asimetris. Tinjauan pustaka ini melihat regulasi penggunaan senjata biologis yang ada tidak berfungsi secara efektif karena permasalahan kompleks. Kemudian, berkaca dari literatur yang ada, tinjauan pustaka ini merekomendasikan adanya agenda penulisan lanjutan yang membahas bagaimana upaya-upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam konteks biodefense dan analisis terkait potensi strategi penggunaan senjata biologis sesuai dengan perkembangan terkini.


Although Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) has been imposed since 1972, the potential threats of biological weapons still overshadow many parties. Biological weapons succuessfully attract parties that interested in unconventional weapons because of its characters that hard to detect, capable to trigger mass panic, and relatively cheap and easy to produce. The use of biological weapons can be devoted directly to people or indirectly by attacking crops, animals, food, or drink. This literature review aims to map literatures that discusses the issue of biological weapons through taxonomy method. Futhermore, this literature review also analyzes the academic debates and consensus in discussing the issue of biological weapon. Based on 49 literatures that were reviewed, this literature review map three categories, (1) biological weapons’s nature of threats, (2) biological warfare and strategy, and (3) regulation of the use of biological weapons. This literature review observes that the biological weapons’s nature of threats departed from the development and dual-use of biotechnology. The threats becomes a big problem because of proliferation to state actors and non-state actors. The actors has options to use biological weapons as a subtitute for conventional weapons in war, as a strategic deterrent, or as a weapon in asymmetric war. This literature review observes that the BWC does not function effectively because of complex problems. Based on the literatures that were reviewed, this literature review recommends some further research agendas that addresses efforts that can be done in the context of biodefense and analysis related to potential strategy of the use of biological weapons in accordance with the current development.

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Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia , 2020
TA-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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