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"Pada pemerosesan industri tekstil banyak menggunakan air, zat pewarna juga bahan kimia campuran yang berdampak pada timbulnya limbah cair tekstil [1]. Salah satu komponen limbah berbahaya yang terkandung dalam limbah cair tekstil adalah logam-logam berat seperti kadmium (Cd), timbal (Pb), tembaga (Cu), dan seng (Zn) [1]. Contoh langkah untuk mencegah pencemaran logam berat cair adalah menggunakan material mesopori silika seperti SBA-15 karena memiliki luas permukaan, diameter, serta volume pori yang besar serta struktur heksagonal teratur sehingga dapat diaplikasikan sebagai adsorben logam berat. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan analisis studi kepustakaan sintesis mesopori SBA-15 dengan metode sol-gel serta fungsionalisasi CPTMS yang telah berhasil dilakukan dan dilanjutkan menganalisis kemampuan serapannya pada logam berat kadmium (Cd), tembaga (Cu), seng (Zn), dan timbal (Pb). Tipikalnya, menyintesis SBA-15 dilakukan menggunakan Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS) sebagai prekursor dan Triblock Copolymer Pluronic 123 (P-123) sebagai surfaktan. Kemudian, hasil produk SBA-15 dilakukan fungsionalisasi CPTMS dengan metode post grafting. Hasil karakterisasi memperlihatkan, pada perhitungan BET dibanding sampel SBA-15 murni, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS mengalami penurunan parameter diameter pori dari 29,203 menjadi 28,521 Å, volume pori dari 265,161 menjadi 199,694 cm3/gr dan luas permukaan spesifik dari 831,996 menjadi 711,061 m2/gr, pada pengujian SAXS, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan dengan SBA-15 dengan tetap memperlihatkan puncak bidang (100), bidang (110) dan bidang 200, pada pengamatan TEM, sampel SBA-15 CPTMS tetap mempertahankan bentuk heksagonalnya, dan pada pengujian FTIR, terlihat adanya gugus klorida (-Cl) pada gelombang 500 cm 1 yang menunjukkan proses fungsionalisasi CPTMS berhasil dilakukan. Sementara, hasil pengujian serapan logam berat dengan AAS memperlihatkan fungsionalisasi CPTMS tidak memiliki selektivitas yang baik pada logam berat kadmium (Cd) dan seng (Zn) karena penurunan nilai persentase penyerapan. Namun, perhitungan kapasitas adsorpsi memperlihatkan bahwa diseluruh sampel pengujian logam berat terjadi peningkatan kapasitas adsoprsi sampel SBA-15 CPTMS bila dibandingkan dengan SBA-15 murni.

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In the textile industry, production process is widely used water, dyes and chemicals that have an impact on the emergence of textile liquid waste [1]. Examples of hazardous waste components contained in textile liquid waste are heavy metals mainly derived from colouring agents such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) [1]. Efforts that can be made to prevent the water pollution containing liquid heavy metals is to use silica mesoporous materials such as SBA-15 because it has a large surface area, pore diameter, pore volume and ordered hexagonal structure so that it can be applied as heavy metals adsorbents. In this research, an analysis of the literature review of SBA-15 mesoporous materials synthesis using sol-gel method and CPTMS functionalization has been successfully carried out and continued by analysing its adsorption ability in heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). Typically, synthesizing SBA-15 is carried out using Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS) as a precursor and Triblock Copolymer Pluronic 123 (P-123) as a surfactant. Then, the results of the SBA-15 product were carried out CPTMS functionalization with the post grafting method. The characterization results show, in the BET calculation compared to pure SBA-15 samples, SBA-15 CPTMS samples decreased pore diameter parameters from 29,203 to 28,521 Å, pore volume from 265,161 to 199,694 cm3/gr and specific surface area from 831,996 to 711,061 m2/gr, in the SAXS test, the SBA-15 CPTMS sample was not significantly different from the SBA-15 while still showing peak plane (100), plane (110) and plane (200), on TEM observations, SBA-15 CPTMS samples remained maintaining its hexagon shape, and in the FTIR test, a chloride group (-Cl) in the 500 cm-1 wave showed a successful CPTMS functionalization. Meanwhile, the results of heavy metal adsorption testing with AAS showed that CPTMS functionalization did not have good selectivity on cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) heavy metals due to a decrease in the percentage of adsorption. However, the adsorption capacity calculation shows that throughout the heavy metal test sample there is an increase in the adsorption capacity of the SBA-15 CPTMS sample when compared to the pure SBA-15."

"ABSTRACTSeiring dengan meningkatnya pertumbuhan populasi penduduk di Indonesia, maka aktivitas ekonomi juga turut meningkat. Salah satunya adalah proses industrialisasi yang berkembang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat. Proses industrialisasi ini menghasilkan efek samping yaitu menurunnya kualitas lingkungan akibat limbah industri. Limbah industri yang berbentuk cair mengandung logam berat kadmium yang dapat membahayakan bagi manusia dan lingkungan sekitarnya. Material mesopori SBA-15 disintesis, dikarakterisasi, dan digunakan sebagai material adsorben untuk remediasi limbah cair dari logam berat kadmium Cd . Material mesopori SBA-15 memiliki area permukaan yang luas, ukuran dan diameter pori yang besar, dan memiliki struktur mesopori yang seragam sehingga cocok untuk digunakan dalam media cair. Material mesopori SBA-15 disintesis menggunakan kopolimer triblok Pluronik 123 sebagai surfaktan dan Tetraorthosilicate TEOS sebagai prekursor silika. Selanjutnya material ini difungsionalisasi menggunakan 3-Chloropropyl Trimethoxysilane CPTMS untuk memodifikasi permukaannya. Penelitian ini menghasilkan dua material adsorben yaitu SBA-15 yang didapat dari proses sintesis dan SBA-15 CPTMS hasil fungsionalisasi material awal SBA-15 sebelumnya. Material-material tersebut dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD untuk mengetahui struktur kristalnya, gugus organik diamati menggunakan FTIR, adsorpsi-desorpsi nitrogen dilakukan dengan metode BET dan pengamatan morfologi permukaan diamati dengan TEM serta konsentrasi ion dalam larutan setelah proses adsorpsi dihitung menggunakan AAS. Material mesopori SBA-15 yang berhasil disintesis ini memiliki karakteristik material mesopori terbukti dengan hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan seperti SAXRD menunjukkan bahwa material mesopori memiliki struktur kristal dengan adanya puncak-puncak difraksi yang terdeteksi. Sedangkan, hasil pengamatan TEM menunjukkan morfologi permukaan material, SBA-15 CPTMS memiliki permukaan yang lebih terang dibandingkan SBA-15 akibat proses fungsionalisasi oleh klor. Selanjutnya, hasil pengujian FTIR menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan gugus fungsi yang terbentuk antara material SBA-15 dan SBA-15 CPTMS. Hasil pengujian BET menunjukkan proses sintesis material mesopori SBA-15 menghasilkan luas permukaan sebesar 831.996 m2/g, sedangkan produk fungsionalisasi yaitu SBA-15 CPTMS menghasilkan luas permukaan sebesar 711.061 m2/g. Material SBA-15 CPTMS menunjukkan luas permukaan dan ukuran pori yang lebih kecil dibandingkan SBA-15 tetapi hal ini tidak mengganggu keefektifan adsorpsinya terhadap logam berat kadmium Cd karena menunjukkan penyerapan yang lebih tinggi dari SBA-15. Adapun konsentrasi optimum material adsorben untuk menyerap logam berat kadmium dengan presentase paling tinggi pada penelitian ini adalah sebesar 120 mg/l.

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ABSTRACTAlong with the increasing population growth in Indonesia, the economic activity also increases. One of them is a growing industrialization process to meet the needs of the community. This industrialization process produces side effects that is the decrease of environmental quality due to industrial waste. Industrial waste in the form of liquid contains heavy metals cadmium that can be harmful to humans and the surrounding environment. The SBA 15 mesoporous material was synthesized, characterized, and used as an adsorbent material for remediation of liquid waste from cadmium Cd heavy metals. The SBA 15 mesoporous material has large surface area, large pore size and diameter, and has a uniform mesoporous structure making it suitable for use in liquid media. The SBA 15 mesoporous material was synthesized using triblock copolymers Pluronic 123 as surfactants and Tetraorthosilicate TEOS as precursors of silica. Furthermore this material is functionalized using 3 Chloropropyl Trimethoxysilane CPTMS to modify its surface. This study yielded two adsorbent materials which is SBA 15 obtained from the synthesis process and SBA 15 CPTMS resulted from functionalization of the initial material. The materials were characterized using XRD to determine the crystal structure, the organic groups were observed using FTIR, nitrogen adsorption desorption was performed by BET method and observation of surface morphology was observed with TEM and ion concentration in solution after adsorption process was calculated using AAS. The synthesized SBA 15 mesoporous material has proven mesoporous material characteristics with assay results that have been performed such as SAXRD showing that the mesoporous material has a crystal structure in the presence of detectable diffraction peaks. Whereas, the TEM observations show the surface morphology of the material, SBA 15 CPTMS has a lighter surface than the SBA 15 due to the process of functionalization by chlorine. Furthermore, FTIR test results show that there are differences in functional groups formed between SBA 15 and SBA 15 CPTMS materials. Last, BET test results show that the synthesis process of the SBA 15 mesoporous material yielded a surface area of 831,996 m2 g, while the functionalization product SBA 15 CPTMS yielded a surface area of 711.061 m2 g. The SBA 15 CPTMS material shows a smaller surface area and pore size than the SBA 15 but this does not interfere with the effectiveness of its adsorption to heavy metal cadmium Cd because it exhibits higher adsorption of SBA 15. The optimum concentration of adsorbent material to adsorb cadmium heavy metals with the highest percentage in this study amounted to 120 mg l. "

"ABSTRACTPerkembangan sains dan teknologi yang meningkat secara pesat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi serta proses industrialisasi. Proses industrialisasi menghasilkan limbah industri yang mengandung logam berat seperti tembaga Cu. Limbah industri dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan disekitar daerah industri yang ditinggali 15 juta atau 6 dari penduduk Indonesia. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dengan menggunakan material mesopori silika Santa Barbara Amorphous SBA-15 sebagai adsorban. SBA-15 disintesis menggunakan proses sol gel menggunakan Tetraorthosilicate TEOS sebagai prekursor dan Surfaktan Pluronik 123 Triblok Kopolimer sebagai template serta 3-Chloropropyl trimethoxysilane CPTMS sebagai fungsionalisasi agen untuk memodifikasi permukaan SBA-15 agar dapat menjadi adsorban yang baik. Material tersebut dikarakterisasi oleh SAXRD dan TEM untuk mempelajari kristalinitas dan struktur pori material tersebut, FTIR untuk menunjukan kehadiran gugus organik, Brunauer Emmet Teller BET N2 uji adsorpsi isoterm pada 77 K untuk mengetahui luas permukaan pori, serta AAS untuk mengetahui konsentrasi ion setelah proses adsorpsi. Struktur kristal SBA-15 dan SBA-15 CPTMS diketahui adalah 2D heksagonal dengan struktur pori SBA-15 lebih teratur dibanding SBA-15 CPTMS. Luas permukaan SBA-15 CPTMS diketahui lebih rendah dibanding SBA-15, dengan perbandingan 711.061 m2/g dan 831.996 m2/g. Meskipun begitu, pada uji adsorpsi Tembaga, SBA-15 CPTMS memiliki kemampuan adsorpsi yang lebih tinggi.

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ABSTRACTThe high development of science and technology affects the economic growth and industrialization process. The industrialization process produces industrial waste which contain heavy metal such as copper Cu. This industrial waste can harm the environment surronding industrial areas where 15 million or 6 of the Indonesian population live. In order to overcome this problem, mesoporous silica material Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 SBA 15 is used as an adsorbent. SBA 15 was synthesized through sol gel process using tetraorthosilicate as precursor, Pluronic 123 triblock copolymer as template, and 3 chloropropyl trimethoxysilane CPTMS as functionalized agent. CPTMS was used to modify the SBA 15 surface in order to improve the materials as adsorbent. The materials were characterized using SAXRD and TEM to study material rsquo s cristallinity and pore structure, the presence of organic group was examined using FTIR, the surface area of SBA 15 and SBA 15 CPTMS were characterized using Brunauer Emmett Teller BET N2 adsorption isotherm test at 77 K, and the ions concentration in solution after adsorption process was determined using AAS. The crystal structure of SBA 15 and SBA 15 CPTMS was found 2D heksagonal with a more regular SBA 15 pore structure than SBA 15 CPTMS. The surface area of SBA 15 CPTMS was found to be lower than SBA 15, 711.061 m2 g in comparison to 831.996 m2 g. However, in copper adsorption test, it was found that SBA 15 CPTMS has higher adsorption ability."

"ABSTRACTPerkembangan dunia industri telah menimbulkan konsekuensi pencemaran limbah cair. Salah satu logam yang mempengaruhi kondisi perairan saat ini adalah logam berat seperti timbal Pb. Timbal Pb dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap keberlangsungan makhluk hidup terutama di dalam air. Salah satu langkah untuk mencegah pencemaran lebih lanjut adalah menggunakan material mesopori silika yang memiliki luas permukaan, diameter, serta volume pori yang besar serta struktur heksagonal yang teratur dan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai adsorban logam berat. Pada penelitian ini, material mesopori silika SBA-15 telah berhasil disintesis dan telah berhasil difungsionalisasikan dengan CPTMS. Sintesis dari SBA-15 dilakukan dengan metode sol-gel menggunakan Tetraorthosilicate TEOS sebagai prekursor dan Pluronic-123 P123 sebagai surfaktan. Kemudian SBA-15 difungsionalisasikan dengan CPTMS dengan toluene sebagai pelarutnya. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan TEM untuk mendapatkan gambar, BET untuk luas permukaan dan ukuran pori, Quantachrome N2 untuk morfologi pori, SAXRD untuk kristalinitas, FTIR untuk identifikasi ikatan kimia, dan AAS untuk uji adsorbsi. SBA-15 dan SBA-15 CPTMS tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan kecuali pada nilai luas permukaan dan ukuran pori SBA-15-CPTMS yang lebih kecil. Meskipun SBA-15-CPTMS memiliki luas permukaan yang lebih kecil dibandingkan SBA-15 murni, kapasitas adsorbsi dari SBA-15-CPTMS memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi terutama pada konsentrasi adsorban yang rendah. Maka dapat disimpulkan fungsionalisasi SBA-15 dengan CPTMS dapat meningkatkan kapasitas adsorbsi logam berat timbal Pb.

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ABSTRACTThe advancement of industrial world has brought up contamination consequences throughout the water system. Lead Pb is one of the heavy metal that can inflict catastrophic cause especially for the water ecosystem. One of the countermeasure to prevent such thing is to use mesoporous silica nano material that has high surface area, diameters, and pore volume with ordered hexagonal structure to adsorb heavy metal contaminant such as Pb. In this research, mesoporous silica SBA 15 has been succesfully synthesized and its surface has been modified functionalized with CPTMS. The synthesis of pure SBA 15 was conducted by sol gel method using Tetraorthosilicate TEOS and Pluronic 123 P123 as precursor and template respectively. The functionalization process was conducted with the help of CPTMS and dissolved into toluene. The characterization methods used in this research are as follows TEM for imaging, BET for surface area and pore size calculation, Quanthacrome N2 adsorption for pore morphology, SAXRD for crystallinity, FTIR for chemical substance identification, and AAS for adsorption test. SBA 15 and SBA 15 CPTMS does not show significant differences except the lower value of surface area and pore size on SBA 15 CPTMS. Despite lower surface area and pore size of SBA 15 CPTMS in comparison with pure SBA 15, the effectivity of SBA 15 CPTMS in lead adsorption much higher than pure SBA 15 especially at lower concentration of adsorbents. It can be concluded that functionalization of SBA 15 using CPTMS has further increased the adsorption capacity of Lead Pb."

"Alkuna merupakan hidrokarbon tak jenuh yang memiliki setidaknya satu ikatan rangkap tiga C C yang berperan penting sebagai bahan baku untuk menghasilkan berbagai senyawa organik yang bermanfaat dengan membentuk ikatan baru C-C, C-H atau C-X. Proses hidrogenasi alkuna menjadi senyawa alkena sangat penting dalam sintesis senyawa organik khususnya di bidang industri polimer. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan hidrogenasi pada senyawa difenilasetilena sebagai model senyawa alkuna dengan menggunakan NaBH4 sebagai sumber hidrogen serta katalis bimetalik NiCo yang diembankan pada karbon mesopori sebagai penyangga katalis. Karbon mesopori disintesis dengan metode cetakan lunak menggunakan surfaktan pluronik F-127 sebagai template organik, phloroglucinol dan formaldehida sebagai prekursor karbon, serta HCl sebagai katalis asam. Karbon mesopori kemudian dimodifikasi dengan penambahan bimetalik NiCo dengan metode impregnasi basah menggunakan Ni(NO3)2.6H2O dan Co(NO3)2.6H2O sebagai prekursor. Hasil sintesis karbon mesopori, Ni/MC dan NiCo/MC kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM dan SAA. Berdasakan analisis SAA didapatkan diameter pori MC, Ni/MC dan NiCo/MC berturut-turut sebesar 12,8 nm, 13,4 nm dan 12,7 nm yang menunjukan katalis berukuran mesopori. Reaksi hidrogenasi difenilasetilena dilakukan dengan variasi waktu (2 jam, 4 jam dan 6 jam) dan variasi suhu (30oC dan 50oC). Sisa katalis yang digunakan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, sedangkan produk hasil reaksi kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan GCMS. Hasil analisis menunjukan kondisi optimum diperoleh pada suhu 50oC selama 4 jam dengan persen konversi sebesar 37,6% dan persen yield sebesar 62,3% untuk cis-stilbene dan 9,2% untuk trans-stilbene dengan selektivitas terhadap pembentukan cis-stilbene sebesar 87,1%.

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Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that have at least one C≡C triple bond which plays an important role as raw material for producing various useful organic compounds by forming new C-C, C-H or C-X bonds. The hydrogenation process of alkenes to become alkenes is very important in the synthesis of organic compounds, especially in the polymer industry. In this study, hydrogenation was carried out on diphenylacetylene compounds as a model for alkyne compounds using NaBH4 as a source of hydrogen as well. NiCo bimetallic catalyst which is carried on mesoporous carbon as catalyst support. Mesoporous carbon was synthesized by the soft mold method using pluronic F-127 surfactant as an organic template, phloroglucinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors, and HCl as an acid catalyst. Mesoporous carbon was then modified by adding bimetallic NiCo by wet impregnation method using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and Co (NO3) 2.6H2O as precursors. The results of the synthesis of mesoporous carbon, Ni / MC and NiCo / MC were then characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM and SAA. Based on the SAA analysis, it was found that the pore diameters of MC, Ni / MC and NiCo / MC were 12.8 nm, 13.4 nm and 12.7 nm respectively, which indicated the mesoporous size of the catalyst. The hydrogenation reaction of diphenylacethylene was carried out with variations in time (2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours) and temperature variations (30oC and 50oC). The remaining catalyst used was characterized using FTIR, while the reaction product was characterized using GCMS. The results of the analysis showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at 50oC for 4 hours with a percent conversion of 37.6% and yield of 62.3% for cis-stilbene and 9.2% for trans-stilbene with a selectivity to the formation of cis-stilbene of 87,1%."

"[ABSTRAKIndonesia memiliki banyak sumber daya alam ilmenit yang dapatdimanfaatkan lebih lanjut menjadi material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Materialmesopori dengan dinding (wall) yang tersusun atas nano-kristalin TiO2 adalahkandidat yang sangat menjanjikan dalam memberikan sumbangan yang sangatsignifikan untuk mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan dan krisis energi yangmelanda dunia. Namun demikian, hingga sekarang ini masih sulit untukmemperoleh kombinasi sinergis dua hal utama yaitu susunan pori yang teratur(highly-oriented) dan tingkat kristalinitas yang tinggi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2 darimineral ilmenit (FeTiO3) untuk aplikasi pemurnian air limbah dan pembuatanprototipe DSSC. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah kombinasiteknik hidrotermal dan sol−gel. Tahapan proses adalah mineral ilmenit yang telahdihaluskan dilakukan proses dekomposisi dengan larutan basa dalam autoklafkemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses pelindian menggunakan asam sulfat. LarutanTiOSO4 yang dihasilkan digunakan sebagai prekursor dalam mempersiapkannanopartikel TiO2 atau material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Pengontrolan dalamproses sol−gel dilakukan dengan penambahan Fe, dextrin dan triblock copolimer.Hasil penelitian dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET,XRD, DRS, UV Vis.Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran tentang potensi yang besarterhadap ilmenit Bangka untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalampembuatan material mesopori Fe2O3 TiO2. Ilmenit terdekomposisi dengan pelarutbasa (KOH dan NaOH) membentuk fase intermediet yaitu kalium titanat dannatrium titanat dengan morfologi yang berbentuk benang-benang halus.Penambahan bubuk Fe dan dextrin mampu mengontrol pembentukan nanopartikeldan meningkatkan kemurnian TiO2. Penelitian ini juga berhasil mempersiapkanmesopori Fe2O3 TiO2 yang digolongkan sebagai bidang kristal anatase maupunrutil dengan ukuran kristal rata-rata berkisar 5 -7 nm, energi band gab berkisar3,00 ? 3,16 eV dan luas permukaan, SBET berkisar.100 ? 151 m2/g.;

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ABSTRACTIndonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could beexploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materialswith walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in avery significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisisthat hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergisticcombination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)and a high degree of crystallinity.This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-geltechniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothedcarried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave andthen followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solutionobtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles ormesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done withthe addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study werecharacterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential ofthe Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture ofmesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate andsodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fepowder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increasethe purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporousTiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystalsize ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV andthe surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.;Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could beexploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materialswith walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in avery significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisisthat hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergisticcombination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)and a high degree of crystallinity.This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-geltechniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothedcarried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave andthen followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solutionobtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles ormesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done withthe addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study werecharacterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential ofthe Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture ofmesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate andsodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fepowder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increasethe purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporousTiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystalsize ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV andthe surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.;Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could beexploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materialswith walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in avery significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisisthat hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergisticcombination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)and a high degree of crystallinity.This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-geltechniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothedcarried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave andthen followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solutionobtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles ormesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done withthe addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study werecharacterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential ofthe Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture ofmesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate andsodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fepowder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increasethe purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporousTiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystalsize ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV andthe surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g., Indonesia has many natural resources including ilmenite which could beexploited further into mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Mesoporous materialswith walls composed of nano-crystalline TiO2 are very promising candidate in avery significant contribution for solving environmental problems and energy crisisthat hit in the world. However, until now it is still difficult to obtain a synergisticcombination of two major things that the regular arrangement of pores (highlyoriented)and a high degree of crystallinity.This study aims to synthesize mesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 of the ilmenite(FeTiO3) mineral for waste water purification applications and prototyping DSSC.The method used in the study is a combination of hydrothermal and sol-geltechniques. Stage of the process was ilmenite mineral which has been smoothedcarried out the decomposition process using alkaline solution in the autoclave andthen followed by a leaching process using sulfuric acid. The TiOSO4 solutionobtained was used as a precursor in the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles ormesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 material. Controlling the sol-gel process was done withthe addition of Fe, dextrin and triblock copolimer. The results of the study werecharacterized using XRF, AAS, TEM/SEM, BET, XRD, DRS, UV-Vis apparatus.The results of the study provided an overview of the enormous potential ofthe Bangka-Indonesia ilmenite to be used as raw material in the manufacture ofmesoporous TiO2 Fe2O3 materials. Ilmenite decomposed by alkaline solvent(KOH and NaOH) formed the intermediate phase of potassium titanate andsodium titanate with morphology shaped by fine threads. The addition of Fepowder and dextrin were able to control the formation nanoparticles and increasethe purity of TiO2. This study also succeeded in preparing mesoporousTiO2 Fe2O3 classified as anatase and rutile crystal planes with an average crystalsize ranges from 5 to 7 nm, the band gap energy ranges from 3.00 to 3.16 eV andthe surface area (SBET) ranges from 100 to 151 m2/g.]"

"Pembangunan serta kemajuan yang ada sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin modern menyebabkan pencemaran yang meningkat di bumi. Pencemaran yang timbul di lingkungan antara lain adalah pencemaran tanah, pencemaran udara dan pencemaran air. Penggunaan deterjen merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya pencemaran air. Penggunaan deterjen tersebut pada akhirnya akan mempercepat bertambahnya konsentrasi fosfat dalam badan air buangan, sehingga memicu pertumbuhan alga. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi kadar fosfat di perairan adalah dengan membuat adsorben untuk mengadsorpsi fosfat secara efektif. Adsorben ini dibuat berukuran mesopori yang mengandung besi dan aluminium oksida. Besi oksida berperan sebagai material aktif yang dapat menyerap fosfat dengan kapasitas yang tinggi sedangkan aluminium oksida sebagai pemberi luas permukaan yang besar. Pembuatan adsorben ini menggunakan kitosan sebagai cetakan atau template pembentuk rongga berukuran mesopori. Adsorben logam mesopori yang mengandung besi dan aluminium oksida dapat menyerap fosfat secara efektif, dengan pengaruh kandungan besi, adsorben terbaik adalah 50 FeAl yang komposisinya mengandung 50% Fe dan 50%Al, dengan adsorpsi fosfat sebesar 72,87%. Pada percobaan pengaruh pH diperoleh kondisi optimum pada pH 2 dengan persen adsorpsi 91,97%. Waktu optimum untuk menyerap fosfat adalah 360 menit. Adanya pengaruh.

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Nowadays, development and technological advances cause the earth is getting more polluted. Some problems arise in environment are soil pollution, gas pollution and water pollution. The use of detergents is one of the sources that cause water pollution. For example, the use of detergents will increase phosphate concentration to wastewater streams, that will accelerate the growth of algae. One of the method to reduce phosphate is to make adsorbent to adsorp phosphate effectively. The size of adsorbent is mesoporous and it contains iron and aluminium oxide. Iron oxide is as an active material which have high phosphate adsorption capacity while aluminium oxide provides a large specific surface area. Mesoporous adsorbent which contain iron and aluminium oxide can adsorp phosphate effectively, by the effect of iron content, the best adsorbent is 50 FeAl which contains 50% Fe and 50% Al with phosphate adsorption is 72,87%. For the effect of pH, phosphate adsorption is 91,97%. Optimum time needed to adsorp phosphate from solution is 360 minutes. The effect of anion interferences by chloride and bicarbonate show no significant on the adsorption of phosphate."

"Dengan pertumbuhan industrialisasi yang masif di era ini, fenomena pelepasaan zatzat polutan berbahaya ke lingkungan mengalami peningkatan yang cukup pesat. Salah satu zat polutan yang banyak digunakan di berbagai sektor industri adalah 4-nitrofenol. Pelepasan 4-nitrofenol dari berbagai aktivitas industri dapat dengan mudah mengontaminasi sumber air dan ekosistem, yang kemudian masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia dan menyebabkan berbagai isu kesehatan. Salah satu metode penanganan 4- nitrofenol yang efektif adalah melalui mekanisme reduksi dengan NaBH4, dan salah satu jenis katalis yang menarik perhatian untuk digunakan pada proses ini karena kemampuan transfer elektronnya yang baik adalah NiFe2O4. Pada percobaan ini, dilakukan sintesis NiFe2O4 mesopori terdekorasi logam Cu sebagai katalis untuk reaksi reduksi 4-nitrofenol. NiFe2O4 mesopori disintesis dengan menggunakan SBA-15 sebagai hard template dan melalui metode nanocasting. SBA-15 kemudian dihilangkan dari NiFe2O4 sebelum dilakukan tahap dekorasi. Dekorasi Cu dilakukan dengan penambahan prekursor Cu ke NiFe2O4 yang kemudian direduksi dengan menggunakan NaBH4. Hasil sintesis kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, XRD, XRF, TEM, dan BET. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan keberhasilan sintesis material. Akitvitas katalitik diuji pada reaksi reduksi 4-nitrofenol. Cu terbukti memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap aktivitas NiFe2O4. Model kinetika orde pseudo-satu menunjukkan dalam 16 menit NiFe2O4 memiliki nilai konstanta laju 0,004 min-1 dengan %reduksi sebesar 6,35%. Sementara itu, Cu/NiFe2O4 (0,125) memperoleh nilai persentase reduksi sebesar 34,549% dalam 16 menit dengan konstanta laju k = 0,028 min-1 , dan Cu/NiFe2O4 (0,25) sebesar 98,68% dengan nilai k = 0,213 min-1 . Cu/NiFe2O4 (0,5) menunjukkan aktivitas yang jauh lebih baik, yaitu %reduksi 100% dalam interval waktu hanya 40 detik. Hal ini menunjukkan makin banyak jumlah Cu di dalam komposit, aktivitas katalitik terhadap reaksi reduksi 4-nitrofenol makin baik.

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With the massive growth of industrialization in this era, the phenomenon of releasing harmful pollutants into the environment has increased rapidly. One of the pollutant substances that are widely used in various industrial sectors is 4-nitrophenol. The release of 4-nitrophenol from various industrial activities can easily contaminate water sources and ecosystems, which then enter the human body and cause various health issues. One of the effective methods of handling 4-nitrophenol is through the reduction mechanism with NaBH4, and one type of catalyst that attracts attention to be used in this process because of its good electron transfer ability is NiFe2O4. In this experiment, Cu metal-decorated mesoporous NiFe2O4 was synthesized as a catalyst for the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol. Mesoporous NiFe2O4 was synthesized by using an SBA-15 as hard template and through nanocasting method. SBA-15 was then removed from NiFe2O4 before the decoration stage. Cu decoration was carried out by the addition of Cu precursor to NiFe2O4 which was then reduced using NaBH4. The synthesis results were then characterized by FTIR, XRD, XRF, TEM, and BET. The characterization results showed the success of the material synthesis. The catalytic activity was tested on the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol. Cu was shown to have a positive influence on the activity of NiFe2O4. The pseudo-first-order kinetics model shows that in 16 min NiFe2O4 has a rate constant value of 0.004 min-1 with a %reduction of 6.35%. Meanwhile, Cu/NiFe2O4 (0.125) obtained a percentage reduction value of 34.549% in 16 min with a rate constant of k = 0.028 min-1, and Cu/NiFe2O4 (0.25) of 98.68% with a value of k = 0.213 min-1. Cu/NiFe2O4 (0.5) showed much better activity, i.e. 100% reduction % in a time interval of only 40 seconds. This shows that the greater the amount of Cu in the composite, the better the catalytic activity towards the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol."

"Bahan baku poliolefin dalam industri harus mengandung <5% alkuna atau diena. Konsentrasi pengotor ini harus dikurangi hingga <10 ppm untuk mencegah keracunan katalis pada proses polimerisasi dalam produksi plastik. Pengotor ini umumnya dihilangkan melalui hidrogenasi selektif alkuna menjadi alkena yang diinginkan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan hidrogenasi selektif alkuna menggunakan katalis bimetalik NiCo yang didukung oleh karbon mesopori (KM). Penelitian ini dimulai dengan mensintesis katalis bimetalik NiCo menggunakan Ni(NO3)2.6H2O dan Co(NO3)2.6H2O sebagai prekursor yang kemudian diimpregnasikan pada karbon mesopori (NiCo/KM). Katalis NiCO/KM kemudian di karakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, TEM-EDX dan SAA. Katalis bimetalik NiCo/KM selanjutnya digunakan untuk aplikasi studi kinetik dan reaksi hidrogenasi dengan variasi substrat. Untuk aplikasi reaksi hidrogenasi alkuna, produk yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi menggunakan GC-MS. Katalis NiCo/KM memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 104,928 m2/g dengan diameter pori sebesar 13,36 nm dan diameter partikel sebesar 13,74 nm. Hasil analisis menunjukkan reaksi hidrogenasi difenilasetilena memiliki orde reaksi satu semu dengan konstanta laju reaksi sebesar 0,0014 s-1 pada suhu 30°C dan 0,0042 s-1 pada suhu 50°C, sehingga didapatkan energi aktivasi sebesar 44,696 kJ/mol. Variasi substrat dilakukan menggunakan tiga jenis alkuna yaitu alkuna internal (difenilasetilena), alkuna terminal aromatik (fenilasetilena), dan alkuna terminal alifatik (1-oktuna). Didapatkan bahwa NiCo/KM dapat mengkatalisis reaksi hidrogenasi difenilasetilena dan fenilasetilena secara selektif, namun tidak dapat mengkatalisis secara selektif reaksi hidrogenasi 1-oktuna.

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Polyolefin raw materials in industry must contain <5% alkyne or diene. The concentration of this impurity must be reduced to <10 ppm to prevent poisoning of the catalyst in the polymerization process. These impurities are generally removed by selective hydrogenation of the alkyne to the desired alkene. In this study, selective hydrogenation of alkynes was carried out using a bimetallic catalyst NiCo supported on mesoporous carbon (KM). This research was started by synthesizing the catalyst using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and Co(NO3)2.6H2O as precursors which were then impregnated on mesoporous carbon (NiCo/KM). The NiCO/KM catalyst was then characterized using FTIR, XRD, TEM-EDX and SAA. The NiCo/KM bimetallic catalyst was then used for the application of kinetic studies and hydrogenation reactions with a variety of substrates. For the application of alkyne hydrogenation, the resulting products were characterized using GC-MS. NiCo/KM catalyst has a surface area of 104.928 m2/g with a pore diameter of 13.36 nm and a particle diameter of 13.74 nm. The results of the analysis showed that the hydrogenation reaction of diphenylacetylene had a pseudo-first order reaction with a reaction rate constant 0.0014 s-1 at 30°C and 0.0042 s-1 at 50°C, with activation energy was 44,696 kJ/mol. Substrate scope was carried out using three types of alkynes, internal alkynes (diphenylacetylene), aromatic terminal alkynes (phenylacetylene), and aliphatic terminal alkynes (1-octune). It was found that NiCo/KM can catalyze the hydrogenation reaction of diphenylacetylene and phenylacetylene selectively, but cannot selectively catalyze the hydrogenation of 1-octyne."

"Kenaikan sejumlah besar CO₂ mengakibatkan konsentrasi CO₂ semakin meningkat di atmosfer secara terus-menerus yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan iklim. Pengembangan reaksi katalitik terbarukan diperlukan untuk mentransformasi CO₂ menjadi produk yang lebih bermanfaat. Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan uji reaksi karboksilasi fenilasetilena dengan CO₂ menggunakan katalis Ni(acac)₂, NiCl₂ dan Ni(DBU)₂ yang terimpregnasi pada penyangga karbon mesopori. Material karbon mesopori, Ni(acac)₂/ MC, NiCl₂/ MC dan Ni(DBU)₂/ MC dikarakterisasi dengan FT-IR, XRD, SAA dan SEM-EDS. Karbon mesopori telah berhasil disintesis menggunakan metode soft template dibuktikan dengan hasil  analisa XRD yang menunjukkan pola difraksi secara khas pada material karbon pada 25,68^o dan 43,26^o dengan indeks Miller (002) dan (100). Proses impregnasi  pada Ni(acac)₂, NiCl₂ dan Ni(DBU)₂  pada penyangga karbon mesopori telah berhasil ditunjukkan dengan analisa FT-IR dimana pada spektrum Ni(acac)₂/ MC, NiCl₂/ MC dan Ni(DBU)₂/ MC menghasilkan spektrum yang sama dengan MC dikarenakan senyawa terimpregnasi telah masuk ke dalam pori sehingga mengakibatkan tidak terdeteksinya gugus fungsi yang ada pada senyawa-senyawa tersebut. Hasil karakterisasi SAA menunjukkan bahwa ketiga katalis heterogen termasuk ke dalam material mesopori. Radius pori yang diperoleh pada ketiga senyawa yaitu  Ni(acac)₂/ MC sebesar 3,288 nm, NiCl₂/ MC sebesar 4,799 nm, dan Ni(DBU)₂/ MC sebesar 4,763 nm. Uji daya adsorpsi dan uji reaksi karboksilasi fenilasetilena dengan CO₂ dengan katalis heterogen Ni(acac)₂/ MC, NiCl₂/ MC dan Ni(DBU)₂/ MC telah dilakukan dan membuktikan bahwa katalis Ni(acac)2/ MC memiliki daya adsorpsi lebih baik dan menghasilkan produk fenil maleat lebih banyak dibanding dengan katalis NiCl₂/ MC dan Ni(DBU)₂/ MC.

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The continuous increase of CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere for decades has influenced the global climate change. The development of renewable catalytic reactions is needed to transform CO₂ into more useful products. In this research, phenylacetylene carboxylation reaction with CO₂ was tested using catalysts Ni(acac)₂, NiCl₂ and Ni(DBU)₂ which were impregnated on the mesoporous carbon support. Mesoporous carbon materials, Ni(acac)₂ / MC, NiCl₂ / MC , and Ni(DBU)₂ / MC are characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SAA and SEM-EDS. Mesoporous carbon was successfully synthesized using soft template method which showed typical diffraction patterns of carbon materials which were 25.68^o and 43.26^o with the Miller index of (002) and (100), respectively. The impregnation process in Ni(acac)₂, NiCl₂ and Ni(DBU)₂ in mesoporous carbon support has been successfully proven by FT-IR analysis in which Ni(acac)₂ / MC, NiCl₂ / MC, and Ni(DBU)₂ / MC have similiar IR-spectrum to MC IR-spectrum because the compounds have been substituted into the pore so that no functional groups were detected in the samples. The results of the SAA characterization showed that the three heterogeneous catalysts belong to compounds that have meso-sized pores. The pore radius obtained in the three materials were 3,288 nm for Ni(acac)₂ / MC, 4,799 nm for NiCl₂ / MC, and 4,763 nm for Ni(DBU)₂ / MC. Adsorption test and phenylacetylene carboxylation reaction test with CO₂ with heterogeneous catalyst Ni(acac)₂ / MC, NiCl₂ / MC and Ni(DBU)₂ / MC have been carried out and proved the Ni(acac)₂ / MC catalyst had better adsorption performance and produced more phenyl maleate product compared to NiCl₂ / MC and Ni(DBU)₂ / MC catalysts."