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"Pendahuluan: Kondisi permukiman dapat mempengaruhi tingkat pajanan mikroorganisme penduduknya. Penduduk yang tinggal di daerah kumuh memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk terpajan mikroorganisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan ekspresi IFN-γ dan IL-10 pada whole blood culture (WBC) penduduk daerah kumuh dan nonkumuh yang distimulasi oleh phytohemagglutinin (PHA).Metode: Penelitian potong-lintang dilakukan untuk menentukan perbedaan kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 pada WBC yang berasal dari subjek daerah kumuh dan nonkumuh yang distimulasi dengan mitogen PHA. Data sitokin merupakan data sekunder yang didapatkan dari penelitian utama yaitu “Regulasi Respons Imun Subyek di Permukiman Kumuh: Studi Imunitas Seluler pada Kultur Sel Darah yang Distimulasi Malaria, BCG dan LDL”.Hasil: Kadar IFN-γ pada kondisi basal ditemukan secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada kelompok nonkumuh daripada kelompok kumuh (15,25 [5,00 – 225,00] dan 3,25[2,00 – 11,50] dengan p=0,004). Kadar IL-10 pada kondisi basal secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada kelompok nonkumuh daripada kelompok kumuh (117,75 [88,00 – 191,00] dan 4,00 [3,00 – 121,50] dengan p=0,002). Pascastimulasi PHA, tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan pada kadar IFN-γ (8269,31±1679,96 untuk kumuh dan 6906,60±1074,03 untuk nonkumuh, p=0,488), sedangkan kadar IL-10 pascastimulasi PHA secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada kelompok kumuh dibandingkan nonkumuh (1121,20±169,39 dan 335,06±59,54 dengan p=0,001). Rasio IFN-γ terstimulasi/IFN-γ basal secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada kelompok kumuh dibandingkan nonkumuh (2211,97±1698,36 dan 462,14±332,75 dengan p=0,010) dan rasio IL-10 terstimulasi/IL-10 basal juga secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada kelompok kumuh dibandingkan nonkumuh (259,75±214,70 dan 2,67±1,53 dengan p=0,004). Potensi inflamasi dinilai dengan rasio keseimbangan IFN-γ terhadap IL-10, didapatkan potensi inflamasi yang secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada daerah nonkumuh dibandingkan daerah kumuh (2,159±0,49 dan 1,178±0,63 dengan p=0,002). Kedua sitokin menunjukkan korelasi positif yang cukup kuat dan signifikan, terutama terlihat pada kelompok kumuh (R=0,642 dan p=0,002).Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan kadar sitokin IFN-γ dan IL-10 pada kelompok kumuh dan nonkumuh pada kondisi basal. Pascastimulasi PHA perbedaan hanya terlihat pada kadar IL-10. Rasio keseimbangan kedua sitokin di kedua kelompok berbeda, menunjukkan potensi inflamasi kelompok nonkumuh lebih kuat dibandingkan kelompok kumuh. Terdapat korelasi positif antara sitokin IFN-γ dan IL-10 dimana peningkatan IFN-γ akan diikuti dengan peningkatan IL-10, terutama terlihat pada kelompok kumuh.

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Introduction: Living conditions might affect the pathogenic exposure of its population. People that live in rural areas have a higher risk of being exposed to pathogens from their environment. This study aims to determine differences in the expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in whole blood culture (WBC) of rural and urban dwellers stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA).Method: A cross-sectional study is conducted to define the different expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in whole blood culture from rural and urban areas stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The data were obtained from previous study “Regulation of immune response to people living in the slum area: a study of cellular immunity on Whole Blood Cultures stimulated malaria, BCG and LDL”.Result: The expression of IFN-γ in the condition before stimulation was found to be higher in the urban group than in the rural group (15.25 [5.00—225.00] and 3.25 [2.00— 11.50], p=0.004). Interleukin-10 levels in basal conditions were also found to be higher in the urban group than in the rural group (117.75 [88.00—191.00] and 4.00 [3.00— 121.50], p=0.002). Post-stimulation with PHA, IFN-γ levels were not different in the rural and urban group (8269.31 ± 1679.96 and 6906.60 ± 1074.03, p=0.488), however IL-10 levels were higher in rural group (rural: 1121.20 ± 169.39 and urban: 335.06 ± 59.54, p=0.001). The ratio of each cytokine after stimulation to basal was performed and IFN-γ levels were higher in the rural group compared to urban group (2211.97 ± 1698.36 and 462.14 ± 332.75, p=0.010), IL-10 levels were also higher high in the rural compared to urban groups (259.75 ± 214.70 and 2.67 ± 1.53, p=0.004). The inflammatory potential was assessed by calculating the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10, a higher inflammatory potential was found in urban areas compared to rural (2.159 ± 0.49 and 1.178 ± 0.63, p=0.002). Both cytokines showed a strong positive correlation, especially seen in the rural group (r=0.642, p=0.002).Conclusion: There are differences in IFN-γ and IL-10 expressions in rural and urban subjects spontaneuosly. After stimulation with PHA, a difference was only seen on IL-10 level. The balanced ratio between IFN-γ and IL-10, which depicts the inflammation potency, is stronger in urban subjects when compared to rural subjects. There is a positive correlation between IFN-γ and IL-10, wherein an increase of IFN-γ will be followed by an increase of IL-10, which shown better in rural subjects.

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"Pendahuluan: Imunoregulasi yang terjadi pada kehamilan menyebabkan ibu hamil lebih rentan terhadap infeksi, termasuk infeksi parasit. Salah satu parasit intestinal yang paling sering ditemukan di negara berkembang adalah Blastocystis-terutama banyak dijumpai pada populasi imunosupresi. Belum diketahui apakah infeksi Blastocystis dapat memengaruhi respon imun seluler terhadap infeksi patogen lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan infeksi Blastocystis pada kehamilan dengan respon imun seluler terhadap infeksi tuberkulosis, yang dimodelkan dengan stimulasi purified protein derivative (PPD). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dengan data yang bersumber dari penelitian utama yang telah dilakukan di daerah endemik Blastocystis. Sebanyak 98 ibu hamil trimester ketiga menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini. Status infeksi Blastocystis ditetapkan berdasarkan pemeriksaan mikroskopis sampel feses. Respon imun seluler yang dinilai adalah kadar sitokin proinflamasi IFN-γ dan sitokin antiinflamasi IL-10 yang diambil dari kultur darah subjek dan diukur dengan Luminex assay.Hasil: Kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 setelah stimulasi PPD lebih tinggi pada kelompok ibu hamil sehat dibandingkan ibu hamil terinfeksi Blastocystis, tetapi perbedaan kadar ini tidak signifikan untuk IFN-γ (p=0,356) dan signifikan untuk IL-10 (p=0,001). Perbandingan kadar sitokin setelah stimulasi PPD dengan basal yang dihitung dalam bentuk rasio menunjukkan hasil yang lebih tinggi pada kelompok ibu hamil sehat baik untuk IFN-γ dan IL-10, tetapi keduanya tidak bermakna secara statistik (p=0,428 untuk rasio IFN-γ dan p=0,564 untuk rasio IL-10). Rasio keseimbangan sitokin proinflamasi-antiinflamasi (rasio IFN-γ/rasio IL-10) pascastimulasi PPD lebih tinggi pada kelompok terinfeksi Blastocystis, meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik (p=0,741). Kesimpulan: Infeksi Blastocystis pada ibu hamil tidak menunjukkan perbedaan respons imun terhadap stimulasi PPD dibandingkan dengan ibu hamil sehat.

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Introduction: Predominant immunoregulatory state in pregnancy is associated with higher risk of infection, including parasitic infection. One of the most common intestinal parasites found in developing country is Blastocystis-which mainly found in immunocompromised population. It is not yet known whether Blastocystis infection could influence cellular immune response to other pathogens. Therefore, this research aims to discover the association between Blastocystis infection in pregnancy with cellular immune response to tuberculosis infection, which is modelled by purified protein derivative (PPD) stimulation. Method: This is a cross-sectional study which uses data from primary research that has been done in a Blastocystis-endemic area. Study samples consist of 98 pregnant women in their third trimester. Blastocystis infection was determined from microscopic examination of stool specimen. The cellular immune response is assessed by measuring serum level of IFN-γ and IL-10 as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine, respectively. The serum is obtained from a whole blood culture, and its cytokine level will further be measured with Luminex assay.Result: IFN-γ and IL-10 level with PPD-stimulation is higher in healthy pregnant women compared to Blastocystis-infected subjects, but this difference is not statistically significant for IFN-γ (p=0.356) and significant for IL-10 (p=0.001). The PPD-stimulated/basal ratio of both IFN-γ and IL-10 is also higher in healthy pregnant women, but it is not statistically significant (p=0.428 for IFN-γ ratio and p=0.564 for IL-10 ratio). Although not statistically significant, the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance (IFN-γ ratio/IL-10 ratio) after PPD stimulation is higher in pregnant women infected with Blastocystis (p=0.741). Conclusion: There is no difference in the cellular immune response to PPD stimulation in pregnant women infected with Blastocystis compared to healthy pregnant women."

"Penghambatan proliferasi sel diaplikasikan dalam berbagai bidang kedokteran. Banyak di antara penghambatan proliferasi dilakukan dengan cara menghambat sintesis DNA, yaitu mengintervensi pembentukan basa nukleotida purin atau pirimidin. Dalam sintesis purin de novo terdapat peran enzim anhidrase karbonat yang merupakan pemasok CO2 dalam proses karboksilasi. Penghambatan enzim anhidrase karbonat diduga kuat dapat menghambat proliferasi. Pada penelitian ini model proliferasi sel adalah SMDT yang distimulasi dengan PHA, IL-2, serta PHA dan IL-2. Penghambat enzim anhdirase karbonat yang digunakan adalah asetazolamid. Dilakukan analisis efek pemberian asetazolamid pada saat puncak sintesis DNA sel, puncak viabilitas sel, serta analisis terhadap siklus sel. Hasil penelitian ini, asetozolamid menghambat sintesis DNA serta menurunkan viabilitas SMDT yang distimulasi PHA dan IL-2. Terjadi hambatan masuknya progresi SMDT dari fase G0/G1 ke fase S. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penghambatan enzim anhidrase karbonat dapat menyebabkan hambatan proliferasi sel.

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Inhibition of cells proliferation are widely used in various medical fields. Most of cell proliferation inhibition can be done by inhibiting the DNA synthesis, notably by intervening the formation of purine or pyrimidine. In purine de novo synthesis, it was assumed that CO2 plays a role as a source of carbon in carboxylation reaction, one of the pivotal steps in the purine de novo pathways. The aim of this study was to see the acetazolamide potency to inhibit carboxylation reaction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium and stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), with or without acetazolamide. The effect of acetazolamide addition was observed at the peak of cell proliferation, cells viability, and cell cycle. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA. Acetazolamide inhibited cell proliferation and viability in PBMC culture stimulated by PHA and IL-2. Cell cycle analysis showed that acetazolamide arrested the progression of PBMC in G0/G1 phase. Inhibition of CO2 production by acetazolamide inhibitory effect to carbonic anhydrase can halt cell proliferation."

"Latar Belakang Peningkatan konsumsi diet tinggi fruktosa kolesterol (DTFK) pada masa ini telah memicu obesitas yang menyebabkan berbagai gangguan kesehatan. Pada kondisi obesitas, Interleukin-10 (IL-10) merupakan mediator inflamasi yang akan mengalami penurunan di jaringan adiposa. Tanaman Acalypha indica (Ai) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang terbukti memiliki beberapa senyawa yang menghambat inflamasi yang terjadi dalam kondisi obesitas. Penelitian ini menganalisis senyawa dalam akar Ai yang memiliki ikatan dengan IL-10 menggunakan metode molecular docking dan mengukur kadar IL-10 di jaringan adiposa viseral tikus obesitas. Metode Studi molecular docking dilakukan pada 17 senyawa ekstrak akar Ai untuk membuktikan afinitasnya dengan IL-10 (PDB: 2H24) sebagai protein target. Kemudian, studi eksperimental dilakukan pada 23 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan yang dibagi ke dalam empat kelompok, yakni kelompok diet normal, kelompok DTFK (kontrol negatif), DTFK+Ai, dan kelompok DTFK+Gemfibrozil (kontrol positif). Setelah 28 hari, tikustikus tersebut diterminasi dan diukur kadar IL-10 pada jaringan adiposa viseral menggunakan ELISA dan Bradford Protein Assay. Hasil Hasil studi molecular docking menunjukkan bahwa keseluruhan senyawa memiliki ikatan terhadap IL-10 dengan afinitas tertinggi dimiliki oleh stigmasterol (ΔG: -7,95 kkal/mol; Ki: 1,49 mikromolar) dan stigmast-5-en-3-ol (ΔG: -6,86 kkal/mol; Ki: 9,31 milimolar). Pemberian Ai terbukti memberikan hasil peningkatan kadar IL-10 sebesar 3x terhadap kelompok DTFK (DTFK = 0,157+0,041; DTFK+Ai = 0,485+0,021) yang berbeda bermakna (p<0,05). Kesimpulan Pemberian ekstrak akar Ai dapat meningkatkan kadar IL-10 pada jaringan adiposa viseral tikus obesitas yang diperkirakan melalui interaksi utama ligan stigmasterol dan stigmast- 5-en-3-ol dalam senyawa Ai.

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Introduction Increasing consumption of a high fructose corn syrup (DTFK) diet during this period has triggered obesity, which causes various health problems. In obesity-related diseases, Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an inflammatory mediator that decreases in adipose tissue. The Acalypha indica (Ai) plant is one that has been proven to have several compounds that inhibit inflammation that occurs in obesity-related conditions. This study analyzed compounds in Ai roots that bind to IL-10 using the molecular docking method and measured IL-10 levels in the visceral adipose tissue of obese mice. Method Molecular docking was performed on 17 ligands of Ai root extract to prove their affinity with IL-10 (PDB: 2H24) as a target protein. Then, an experimental study was conducted on 23 male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were divided into four groups: normal diet, DTFK (negative control), DTFK+Ai, and DTFK+ Gemfibrozil (positive control). After 28 days, these rats were terminated and IL-10 levels were measured using ELISA and Bradford Protein Assay. Results The results of molecular docking studies show that all compounds bind to IL-10 with the highest affinity in stigmasterol (ΔG: -7.95 kcal/mol; Ki: 1.49 micromolar) and stigmast- 5-en-3-ol (ΔG: -6.86 kcal/mol; Ki: 9.31 millimolar). The administration of Ai was proven to increase 3x IL-10 levels in the DTFK group (DTFK = 0.157+0.041; DTFK+Ai = 0.485+0.021), which was significantly different (p<0.05). Conclusion Administration of Ai root extract can increase IL-10 levels in visceral adipose tissue of obese mice which is thought to be through the main interaction of the stigmasterol and stigmast-5-en-3-ol ligands in the Ai compound."

"Latar belakang: Perkembangan global yang cepat di seluruh dunia meningkatkan rerata angka harapan hidup manusia, hal ini mendorong peningkatan jumlah populasi lanjut usia. Penuaan dapat meningkatkan resiko penyakit terkait usia. IL-10 adalah sitokin antiinflamasi yang memainkan peran penting dalam menginhibisi proses inflamasi kronik yang disebabkan oleh proses penuaan. Masalah kesehatan yang muncul karena penuaan, salah satunya penyakit kardiovaskular dapat bersifat debilitatif dan fatal. Oleh karena itu, upaya preventif menjadi prioritas utama agar kualitas hidup dapat terjaga. Centella asiatica secara umum diketahui memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi terutama di negara-negara dengan jumlah tanaman obat yang berlimpah seperti IndonesiaTujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi efek dari Centella asiatica sebagai tanaman obat yang sudah dikenal luas, terhadap kadar IL-10 di jantung.Metode: Subjek yang diteliti adalah tikus Sprague-Dawley (SD) yang dibagi kedalam kelompok kontrol pembanding yang berisi tikus muda (8-12 minggu) dan tiga kelompok lainnya yang berisi tikus SD tua (20-24 bulan) terdiri dari kontrol negatif yang diberi placebo, kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan ekstrak etanol CA 300 mg/kgBB, dan kelompok kontrol positif yang diberikan vitamin E 6 IU. Setelah 28 hari, tikus-tikus tersebut diterminasi dan diukur kadar IL-10 di jantung menggunakan ELISA. Data yang didapat kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji parametrik one-way ANOVA.Hasil: Administrasi CA memberikan hasil berupa peningkatan kadar IL-10 di jantung (16.33 ± 2.71 pg/mg pada kelompok perlakuan CA vs 10.81 ± 0.75 pg/mg di pada kontrol negatif) meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik (p = 0,106)Simpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Centella asiatica tidak mempengaruhi kadar IL-10 di jantung tikus SD tua secara bermakna.

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Background: Rapid global improvement across the world have increased the average life expectancy of people, thus drives the increasing number of elderly population. Aging could increase the risk of age-related disease. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in inhibiting the chronic inflammatory process that occurs due to aging. The resulting health problems caused by aging, including cardiovascular diseases could be debilitative and fatal. Therefore, preventive measures are a primary priority so that quality of life can be maintained. Centella asiatica (CA) are known to have anti-inflammatory activity, especially in countries with abundant medicinal plants such as Indonesia.

Objective: Present study aimed to investigate the effect of Centella asiatica as a widely-known medicinal plant to IL-10 level in the heart.

Methods: Subjects were old Sprague-Dawley rats divided into comparison control using young rats (8-12 weeks age) and three other groups of aged SD rats (20-24 months age) consisting of negative control (placebo), treatment group was given 300 mg/kgBW CA ethanolic extract, and positive control group was given 6 IU vitamin E. After 28 days, the rats were terminated then measured the concentration of IL-10 in the heart by ELISA. The data obtained were then analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test.

Results: CA administration resulted an increase in heart IL-10 concentration (16.33 ± 2.71 pg/mg in treatment group vs 10.81 ± 0.75 pg/mg in negative control) although insignificant statistically (p = 0,106).

Conclusion: Present study showed that Centella asiatica did not affect IL-10 level in the heart of aged Sprague-Dawley rats"

"ABSTRAKAsma alergi merupakan penyakit atopi degeneratif yang disebabkan alergi atau hipersensitifitas tipe-1. Lebih dari 50% penderita asma alergi disebabkan adanya reaksi hipersensitif terhadap alergen Tungau Debu Rumah (TDR). Skrining subjek penelitian berdasarkan manifestasi asma dan Skin Prick Test (SPT) didapatkan 25 subjek atopi asma yang disebabkan alergi terhadap alergen TDR dan 21 subjek nonatopi. Respon imunitas seluler dievaluasi melalui teknik kultur Kultur sel mononuklear darah tepi (SMDT) yang diisolasi dari darah menggunakan teknik ficoll gradient. Kultur SMDT dari masing-masing subjek distimulasi dengan Alergen TDR, PHA (kontrol positif), dan RPMI (kontrol negatif) selanjutnya diinkubasi dalam inkubator CO2 5%, 37⁰C selama 72 jam. Dengan metode multiplex assay, supernatan hasil kultur dilakukan pengukuran IFNγ untuk menilai mediator proinflamasi tipe-1, Interleukin 13 (IL-13) untuk menilai mediator proinflamasi tipe-2, dan IL-10 sebagai anti inflamasi serta kadar Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) diukur dengan metode ELISA Sandwich. Terdapat peningkatan rasio sitokin proinflamasi tipe-2 (IL13) terhadap anti inflamasi (IL10) dan penurunan rasio sitokin proinflamasi tipe-1 (IFN) terhadap proinflamasi tipe-2 (IL-13) yang dihasilkan dari kultur SMDT pada kelompok atopi asma dibandingkan dengan kelompok nonatopi. Perubahan pola keseimbangan mediator pro inlamasi tipe-1, tipe-2 dan anti inflamasi pada subjek asma alergi diduga mempengarui produksi IDO yang ditemukan secara signifikan lebih rendah dibanding subjek non atopi.

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ABSTRACT Allergic asthma is degenerative atopy caused by type 1 allergic or hypersensitivity. More than 50% of people with allergic asthma are caused by hypersensitivity reactions to house dust mite allergens (HDM). Screening of research subjects based on asthma manifestations and Skin Prick Test (SPT) found 25 subjects with atopic asthma caused by allergies to TDR allergens and 21 nonatopic subjects. The cellular immune response was evaluated through a culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture (PBMC) technique isolated from blood using the ficoll gradient technique. PBMC cultures from each subject were stimulated with HDM allergens, PHA (positive control), and RPMI (negative controls) then incubated in a 5% CO2 incubator, 37⁰C for 72 hours. With the multiplex assay method, IFNγ measurements were carried out by the culture supernatant to assess type 1 proinflammatory mediator, Interleukin 13 (IL-13) to assess type 2 proinflammatory mediators, and IL-10 as anti-inflammatory and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase levels (IDO) is measured by the ELISA Sandwich method. There was an increase in the ratio of type-2 (IL13) proinflammatory cytokines to anti-inflammatory (IL10) and a decrease in type-1 (IFN) proinflammatory cytokine to proinflammatory type-2 (IL-13) resulting from PBMC culture in the asthma atopy group compared to the nonatopic group. Changes in the balance pattern of type 1, type-2 and anti-inflammatory pro-inflammatory mediators in allergic asthma subjects suspected to affect IDO production were found to be significantly lower than non-atopy subjects. "

"Introduction: Constant exposure to a variety of microorganisms in domestic environment plays an important role in the shaping of individual immune response mechanism, which can affect one's susceptibility to the diseases. The aim of the study to get an understanding how the exposure of microorganisms in the the different area where the people living might give a contribution to the profile and the regulation of the immune respons after stimulated to malaria, vaccine BCG and oxLDL antigents in PBMC and whole blood cultures, and to evaluate the character of T reg as a mediator to suppress the cell proliferation.Methode: It is an in vitro experimental study performed at Laboratorium Terpadu, Faculty of Medicine Univertas Indonesia, Jakarta in 2013 2014. As a model of infectious diseases is used pathogenic antigents such as Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells malaria and bacille calmette gu rin BCG vaccine, and as a modell of inflammatory disease is used non a patonegic antigen, low density lipoprotein LDL . Whole blood cultures is done for 80 blood samples to know how the regulation of immune respons from people living a rural populatin. PBMC cultures is also done to explore macrophages after stimulated to malaria, BCG and LDL. PHA stimulated to the PBMC culture with and without T reg cells to evaluate the character of T reg. T regulatory cells perhaps play the important roles to suppress the immune respons to microorganisms was also done.Results: The profile of the immune respons of the people living in the unslum area is significantly more inflamatif than that in the slum area. The ratio of pro anti inflammation cytokines TNF IL 10 of the people living in the unslum area is significantly higher than that in the slum area. This is marked by increasing of oxLDL accumulationis that is the important point of the low protection to oxLDL of the people living in the unslum area p 0.01 . T regulatory cell may suppress the proliferation in the PBMC culture for the people living in the slum area marked by increasing not only the expression of IL 10 cytokines but also the sum of T regulatory sells p 0.01 significantly.Conclusion: The immune respons of the people living in the unslum area is more inflamatif and responsive to malaria, BCG vaccine and oxLDL. The character of macrophage of the people living in the slum area is marked by the low ratio of pro anti inflammation cytokines TNF IL 10 to malaria, BCG vaccine and oxLDLstimulations. T regulatory cell may suppress the proliferation in the PBMC culture for the people living in the slum."

"ABSTRAKPaparan getaran pada tubuh manusia memiliki dampak pada kesehatan dalam jangka waktu panjang yang salah satunya adalah getaran ketika berkendara. Penelitian ini adalah perancangan sistem pemandu kecepatan untuk kenyamanan berkendara dengan mengukur paparan getaran berdasarkan besar kecepatan dan bentuk permukaan jalan berdasarkan metode whole-body vibration getaran seluruh tubuh . Ruang lingkup perancangan sistem akuisisi data meliputi penyimpanan data sensor accelerometer ,vibration dan kecepatan. Dengan demikian bisa didapatkan besar nilai paparan getaran seluruh tubuh Whole-Body Vibration Exposure yang akan menjadi rekomendasi untuk mengkondisikan kecepatan kendaraan yang sesuai dengan bentuk permukaan jalan.

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ABSTRACTVibration exposure on the human body has an impact on health in the long term, one of which is a vibration when driving. This study is the system design of vehicle guidance system for driving comfort by measuring the vibration exposure based on great speed and shape of the road surface based on the method of whole body vibration whole body vibration . The scope of the data acquisition system design includes accelerometer sensor data storage, vibration and speed. Thus can be obtained great whole body vibration exposure value Whole Body Vibration Exposure which will be on conditioning the vehicle speed corresponding to the shape of the road surface."

"Latar Belakang: Kanker nasofaring (KNF) merupakan keganasan yang memiliki distribusi geografis dan etnis yang khas, serta sering dikaitkan dengan mutasi genetik dan faktor lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan whole genome dan sekuensing metilasi KNF menggunakan teknologi sekuensing Nanopore untuk mengeksplorasi perubahan genetik dan epigenetik yang signifikan secara klinis yang berkontribusi pada karsinogenesis KNF.Metode: Tujuh sampel biopsi KNF dianalisis menggunakan teknologi Nanopore, mencakup ekstraksi DNA, library preparation, dan analisis bioinformatika seperti basecalling, alignment, dan variant calling. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi small nucleotide variants (SNVs), copy number variations (CNVs), structural variants (SVs), short tandem repeat (STR), serta pola metilasi. Data kelangsungan hidup, respons pengobatan, dan karakteristik klinis juga dianalisis.Hasil: Studi ini mengidentifikasi berbagai varian genetik yang diprediksi memberikan dampak fungsional tinggi pada semua sampel. Onkogen potensial juga teridentifikasi di studi ini. Varian struktural ditemukan lebih sering pada sampel S1, dengan banyak kelainan pada gen DNA repair tetapi tidak ditemukan di sample lain, kelainan ini menunjukkan korelasi prognosis klinis yang buruk. Tumour suppressor gene, termasuk PRKCB, ITGB3, EPHA2, dan CDKN2A, juga mengalami hiper metilasi, dan menunjukkan potensi keterlibatan dalam perkembangan KNF.Kesimpulan: Studi ini menemukan mutasi pada gen DNA repair berkaitan dengan prognosis yang buruk pada KNF. Berbagai mutasi pada tumour suppressor gene dan onkogen ditemukan yang berpotensi berkaitan dengan karsinogenesis KNF.

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Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with distinct geographical and ethnic distribution, often linked to genetic mutations and environmental factors. The current study focuses on the whole genome and methylation sequencing of NPC using Nanopore sequencing technology to explore clinically significant genetic and epigenetic alterations contributing to NPC carcinogenesis.

Method: Seven NPC biopsy samples were sequenced using Nanopore technology, covering DNA extraction, library preparation, and bioinformatics analysis, including basecalling, alignment, and variant calling. Small nucleotide variants (SNVs), copy number variations (CNVs), structural variants (SVs), short tandem repeats (STRs), and methylation patterns were assessed using bioinformatic tools. Additionally, survival data, treatment response, and clinical characteristics were analyzed.

Results: The study identified various high-impact genetic variants across all samples. Potential oncogenes were also identified. Structural variants were notably more frequent in sample S1, with aberrant multiple DNA repair genes, not found in other samples, which correlated with poor clinical prognosis. Tumour suppressor genes including PRKCB, ITGB3, EPHA2, and CDKN2A were also frequently hypermethylated in our NPC.

Conclusion: This study found aberrant DNA repair genes to be associated with poor prognosis in NPC. Furthermore, various mutation in tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes were identified which were potential driver carcinogenesis in NPC."