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"The rising food price has been signaling a crisis to food insecurity among the poor since the period of 2007/2008. The poor would be in a difficult situation to allocate the budget to meet the demand for food and nonfood in daily life as the real income changes. Food insecurity measured by Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is a most recent broadened concept of food insecurity considering the existence of anxiety to food access. This research aims to evaluate the causal inference of food price exposure to the FIES both on simple sum namely raw score and Rasch scale, a corrected measure which assuming the same latent traits among the households. The estimation used is Pooled Ordinary Least Square through the multilevel observations and Panel Regression for regional-level data. The main finding of this research is that the rising food price significantly affected the FIES, consistently on the raw score and Rasch scale, specifically to the vulnerable households defined by the bottom 40 percent in terms of their expenditure. The rising food price also increased the proportion of severely food insecure households at the regional level. As the heterogeneous effect through islands is also evaluated, it's concluded that the highest effect of the rising food price to experiencing the anxiety of food insecurity belongs households located in Bali and the lowest effect belongs to households located in Java Island. Decomposing food price into rice and nonrice is solving the puzzle where and who belongs the worse effect should be. The rising rice price is affecting worse to the households in Sumatera and Papua, but on the contrary, the households in Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi were taking benefit amid the rising rice price. The result is also serving as a baseline in evaluating the impact of such an outbreak namely Covid-19 through the channel of compensating variations regarding food insecurity. "

"Migrasi telah menjadi salah satu strategi untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup, terutama di negara berkembang. Meskipun banyak penelitian telah menganalisis dampak migrasi pada berbagai aspek sosial ekonomi, hubungan migrasi dan ketahanan pangan masih menjadi penyelidikan empiris terbuka. Penelitian ini menyelidiki hubungan antara pekerja migran internal dan kerawanan pangan rumah tangga di Indonesia. Kami menggunakan pendekatan variabel instrumental (IV) untuk mengatasi endogenitas status migran menggunakan data survei rumah tangga yang representatif di level nasional pada tahun 2019, 2020, dan 2021 dengan instrumen jaringan migrasi. Temuan kami menunjukkan bahwa pekerja migran internal memiliki efek positif yang signifikan secara statistik terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga di Indonesia, dan dampak tersebut paling besar di Sumatra dan Kalimantan. Selain itu, kami menguraikan mekanisme bagaimana dampak pekerja migran internal terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga beroperasi, dan kami menemukan bahwa pengetahuan tentang gizi dan kesehatan memiliki pengaruh terbesar, sedangkan pendapatan tidak signifikan untuk memediasi pengaruh tersebut. Namun, realokasi pengeluaran untuk pangan secara signifikan memediasi dampak migrasi terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga, yang menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan migran hanya akan meningkatkan ketahanan pangan rumah tangga jika dialokasikan untuk pangan. Selain itu, belum tentu suatu rumah tangga akan mengkonsumsi makanan yang beragam jika tidak dimediasi oleh pengetahuan tentang gizi. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa promosi atau program pendidikan gizi sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya pola makan yang sehat, sehingga mengurangi kerawanan pangan.

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Migration has become one of the strategies to improve life, especially in developing countries. Despite many studies analyzing migration's impact on various socioeconomic aspects, the migration and food security nexus remains an open empirical investigation. This research investigates the relationship between internal migrant workers and household food insecurity in Indonesia. We employ the instrumental variable (IV) approach to address the endogeneity of migrant status using representative household survey data at the national level in 2019, 2020, and 2021 utilizing the migration network instrument. Our findings show that internal migrant workers have a statistically significant positive effect on household food security in Indonesia, and the impact is greatest in Sumatra and Kalimantan. In addition, we describe the mechanism by which the impact of internal migrant workers on household food security operates, and we find that knowledge about nutrition and health has the greatest influence. In contrast, income is not significant in mediating the effect. However, spending reallocation for food significantly mediates the impact of migration on household food security, indicating that migrant income will only increase household food security if it is allocated for food. Moreover, it is not certain that a household will consume a variety of foods if it is not mediated by knowledge about nutrition. These findings suggest that promoting campaigns or conducting nutrition education programs is essential to enhance public awareness about the importance of a healthy diet, thus alleviating food insecurity."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh resiliensi terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga di Indonesia. Studi ini menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan Pendataan Potensi Desa (Podes) tahun 2018. Variabel resiliensi merupakan variabel laten berbentuk skor yang dibentuk dari pilar akses ke pelayanan dasar, kapasitas adaptif, aset, dan jaring pengaman sosial. Sementara variabel kerawanan pangan didekati dengan Rasch Scale dan Raw Score berdasarkan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Estimasi skor resiliensi dilakukan menggunakan analisis faktor dan Structural Equation Model (SEM). Setelah melakukan estimasi skor resiliensi, estimasi menggunakan variabel instrumen dengan metode Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kausalitas antara resiliensi dan kerawanan pangan. Variabel instrumen yang digunakan adalah jumlah satuan perlindungan masyarakat di desa rumah tangga tinggal sebagai salah satu bentuk pendekatan kualitas institusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat resiliensi maka semakin rendah tingkat kerawanan pangan rumah tangga. Peningkatan skor resiliensi sebesar 1 satuan akan menurunkan tingkat kerawanan pangan sebesar 0,733 satuan. Peran resiliensi dalam mengurangi kerawanan pangan cukup besar yaitu sebesar 22,212 relatif terhadap rata-rata Rasch Scale seluruh observasi.

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This study aims to determine the impact of resilience on household food insecurity in Indonesia. This study uses data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and Village Potential Data Collection (Podes) in 2018. The resilience variabel is a latent variabel in the form of a score formed from the pillars of access to basic services, adaptive capacity, assets, and social safety nets. Meanwhile, the food insecurity variabel is approached by the Rasch Scale and Raw Score based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Estimation of the resilience score was carried out using factor analysis and Structural Equation Model (SEM). After estimating the resilience score, estimation using instrument variabels with the Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) method was carried out to determine the causal relationship between resilience and food insecurity. The number of community protection units (linmas) in residential villages is used as instrumental variabel as a form of institutional quality approach. The results showed that the higher the level of resilience, the lower the level of household food insecurity. An increase in the resilience score by 1 unit will reduce the level of food insecurity by 0.733 units. The role of resilience in reducing food insecurity is quite large, around 22.212 relative to the average Rasch Scale of all observations."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara empiris dampak penggunaan internet terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan Pendataan Potensi Desa (Podes) tahun 2018. Variabel kerawanan pangan diukur dengan menggunakan raw score dan rasch score berdasarkan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Sementara itu, variabel penggunaan internet merupakan variabel binari. Estimasi dampak penggunaan internet terhadap kerawanan pangan menggunakan instrumental variable model dengan instrumental variable yaitu topografi untuk mengatasi masalah endogenitas dalam menjelaskan hubungan sebab akibat antara penggunaan internet dengan kerawanan pangan. Dalam penelitian ini juga memeriksa salah satu mekanisme potensial yaitu melalui pendapatan per kapita rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan internet berpengaruh negatif terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian baik itu raw score dan rasch score, artinya penggunaan internet mampu menurunkan kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian. Analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa dampak penggunaan internet menurunkan kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian bisa melalui jalur pendapatan.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of internet use on agricultural household food insecurity in Indonesia. This study uses data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) 2018 and Village Potential Census (Podes) 2018. The food insecurity variable is measured using a raw score and a rasch score based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) question item. Meanwhile, the internet usage variable is a binary variable. Estimation the impact of internet use on food insecurity uses an instrumental variable model with an instrumental variable, namely topography to overcome endogeneity in explaining the causal effect between internet use and household food insecurity. This study also exemines one potential mechanism, namely through household per capita income. The results of this study indicate that the internet use has a negative effect on food insecurity of agricultural households, both raw scores and rasch scores. It means that the internet use can reduce food insecurity in agricultural households. The further analysis shows that the internet use can reduce food insecurity in agricultural households through income"

"Hingga saat ini, kerawanan pangan masih menjadi isu pembangunan yang penting di negara berpendapatan rendah dan menengah, termasuk Indonesia. Di sisi lain, inklusi keuangan diyakini mampu mengakselerasi pencapaian SDGs, diantaranya dalam hal penurunan kerawanan pangan. Meskipun demikian, studi yang meneliti pengaruh inklusi keuangan terhadap kerawanan pangan menghasilkan kesimpulan yang inkonklusif. Di Indonesia, studi mengenai hal tersebut juga masih jarang dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ingin menganalisis pengaruh inklusi keuangan terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga di Indonesia, baik secara umum maupun menurut kelompok tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) 2020. Variabel kerawanan pangan diukur melalui skor kerawanan pangan berdasarkan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) melalui dua cara, yaitu raw score dan rasch scale. Sementara itu, variabel inklusi keuangan diukur menurut aksesibilitas rumah tangga pada beberapa layanan keuangan formal yang mencakup tabungan, kredit, asuransi dan e-banking. Estimasi pengaruh inklusi keuangan terhadap kerawanan pangan dilakukan dengan metode 2SLS Lewbel karena tidak tersedianya instrumen eksternal yang valid. Hasil estimasi menujukkan inklusi keuangan berpengaruh secara negatif terhadap kerawanan pangan. Menurut kelompok pendapatan, inklusi keuangan hanya signifikan mempengaruhi penurunan kerawanan pangan pada kelompok pendapatan rendah. Sementara menurut lokasi tempat tinggal, inklusi keuangan hanya berpengaruh pada penurunan kerawanan rumah tangga di perdesaan.

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To date, food insecurity remains as one of important development issues in low and middle income country, including Indonesia. On the other hand, financial inclusion is recognized in accelerating SDGs achievement, such as lowering food insecurity. However, the studies related to the relationship between financial inclusion and food insecurity remains inconclusive. This study, therefore, aims to analyze the impact of financial inclusion on household food insecurity in Indonesia. This study uses National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) 2020. The food insecurity variable is measured based on Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) which calculated in two ways, namely raw score and rasch scale. Meanwhile, the financial inclusion variable is measured based on the household accessibility to financial services, namely saving, credit, insurance, and e-banking. The effect of financial inclusion on food insecurity is estimated by 2SLS Lewbel since there’s no valid external instrument. The result of the estimation showed that financial inclusion has significant negative effect on household food insecurity. Based on income category, this effect is only found to be significant on lower income household. While based on location, financial inclusion only affect household in rural area."

"Krisis ekonomi global tahun 2008 telah menyebabkan terjadinya gejolak harga pangan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat responsiveness permintaan bahan pangan pokok terhadap perubahan harga bahan pangan pokok itu sendiri, harga barang lain, serta pendapatan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak perubahan harga pangan pokok terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat di Indonesia yang disebabkan oleh krisis global tahun 2008. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 2008 dan 2013 serta data Potensi Desa (Podes) tahun 2008 dan 2011 dan diestimasi dengan menggunakan model log-log (double log).Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa harga bahan pangan pokok bersifat inelastis terhadap permintaan bahan pangan pokok itu sendiri. Sementara, permintaan seluruh bahan pangan pokok sangat responsif terhadap pendapatan. Di sisi lain, kenaikan harga bahan pangan pokok yang terjadi dari tahun 2008 ke 2013 telah menyebabkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Indonesia secara total menurun sebesar Rp. 68.899.320.413 selama kurun waktu tersebut.

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The 2008 global economic crisis has led to the volatility in food prices in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the responsiveness of the staple food demand to the price changes of staple food itself, the price of other foods, and incomes. In addition, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the staple food price changes on household welfare in Indonesia caused by the 2008 global economic crisis. This study uses the household survey data of the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) of 2008 and 2013 as well as data of Village Potential (Podes) of 2011 and 2013, and is estimated using a double log model.

The results from this study indicate that the price of the staple food to the demand for staple food itself is inelastic. Meanwhile, the demand of staple food is responsive to income. On the other hand, with the increase in staple food prices that occurred from 2008 to 2013 has led to the decrease on Indonesian household welfare in total Rp. 68.899.320.413 during this period."

"Ketahanan pangan merupakan bagian dari ketahanan ekonomi yang mendukung ketahanan nasional. Ketidakmampuan untuk mencapai ketahanan pangan disebut sebagai kerawanan pangan. Angka Rawan Pangan (ARP) tertinggi berada pada kawasan Maluku Papua. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur tingkat kerawanan pangan rumah tangga berdasarkan Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) dan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) di kawasan Maluku Papua, menganalisis model risiko atas kerawanan pangan rumah tangga tersebut, dan menyusun strategi pengendalian risiko atas kerawanan pangan rumah tangga tersebut. Data yang digunakan merupakan Data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Maret 2018 yang diselenggarakan oleh BPS. Tingkat kerawanan rumah tangga di kawasan Maluku Papua menurut AKG pada kategori sangat rawan pangan sebesar 26,2 persen dan pada kategori rawan pangan sebesar 28,2 persen, sedangkan menurut FIES pada kategori rawan pangan berat sebesar 2,1 persen dan pada kategori rawan pangan sedang sebesar 10,7 persen. Risiko kerawanan rumah tangga berdasarkan AKG secara signifikan meningkat pada usia KRT yang lebih muda, jenis kelamin KRT laki-laki, jenis pekerjaan KRT pada selain sektor formal, KRT berstatus tidak bekerja, pendidikan KRT yang lebih rendah, tingkat pengeluaran rumah tangga yang lebih rendah, jumlah anggota rumah tangga yang lebih banyak, rumah tangga yang tidak memperoleh bantuan pangan, rumah tangga miskin, tinggal pada daerah perkotaan, dan tinggal pada daerah rawan pangan. Risiko kerawanan rumah tangga berdasarkan FIES di kawasan Maluku Papua secara signifikan meningkat pada usia KRT yang lebih muda, jenis kelamin KRT perempuan, jenis pekerjaan KRT pada selain sektor formal, KRT tidak bekerja, pendidikan KRT yang lebih rendah, tingkat pengeluaran rumah tangga yang lebih tinggi, rumah tangga yang memperoleh bantuan pangan, tinggal di daerah perkotaan, dan tinggal pada daerah rawan pangan. Upaya pengendalian risiko kerawanan pangan rumah tangga di kawasan Maluku Papua dapat dioptimalkan dengan pemberdayaan rumah tangga.

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Food security is a part of economic security which supports national security. Food security is the inability to achieve food security. The food insecurity rate in Maluku and Papua is the highest. The purposes of this study are to measure the level of household food insecurity based on Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) and Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) in Maluku and Papua, analyze the risk model of household food insecurity, and also develop a strategy for controlling risk of household food insecurity. This study uses Sosio-Economic National Survey (Susenas) Data by Statistics Indonesia on March 2018. According to RDA, the level of household most food insecurity is 26.2 percent and the level of household food insecurity is 28.2 percent. According to FIES, the level of household severe food insecurity is 2.1 percent and the level of household moderate food insecurity is 10.7 percent. The risk of household food insecurity based on RDA in Maluku and Papua significantly increases among the younger household head, male household head, household head who is not working in the formal sector, unemployment household head, lower level of household expenditure, bigger household size, household that do not receive food assistance, poor household, live in urban area, and live in food insecure areas. The risk of household food insecurity based on FIES in Maluku and Papua significantly increases among the younger household head, male household head, household head who is not working in the formal sector, unemployment household head, lower level of household expenditure, bigger household size, household that do not receive food assistance, poor household, live in urban area, and live in food insecure areas. The efforts to control the risk of household food insecurity in Maluku Papua can be optimized by household empowerment."

"Di Indonesia, salah satu komponen penting dari jaring pengaman sosial untuk mengurangi kerawanan pangan adalah Program Sembako, yang sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Bantuan Pangan Non-Tunai (BPNT). Manfaat Program Sembako sama di seluruh Indonesia; namun, karena adanya perbedaan harga pangan dan pola konsumsi di tingkat regional, nilai riil - atau daya beli-dari manfaat Program Sembako bisa sangat bervariasi di seluruh Indonesia. Dalam studi ini, kami mengestimasi variasi daya beli Program Sembako di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia untuk menguji dampak Program Sembako terhadap kerawanan pangan. Kami menggunakan metode fixed-effect untuk mengestimasi hubungan antara daya beli lokal Program Sembako dan kerawanan pangan. Penelitian kami menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan daya beli peserta Program Sembako dapat menurunkan prevalensi kerawanan pangan, terutama di wilayah timur Indonesia.

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In Indonesia, one of the essential components of the country's social safety net to reduce food insecurity is the Sembako Program, which was formerly known as non-cash food assistance (BPNT). The benefits of the Sembako Program are the same all over Indonesia; Nevertheless, because the disparities in regional food costs and consumption patterns, the purchasing power or the real value of Sembako Program benefits might vary greatly across the nation. In this study, we estimate the variation in Sembako Program purchasing power across regencies/municipalities in Indonesia to examine the effects of the Sembako Program on food insecurity. We use a fixed effects framework to estimate the relationship between the local purchasing power of the Sembako Program and food insecurity. Our research shows that increasing the purchasing power of participants in the Sembako Program leads to a reduction in the prevalence of food insecurity, particularly in the eastern region."

"Ketahanan pangan adalah salah satu aspek yang mendukung ketahanan nasional. Ketika individu atau rumah tangga tidak mampu memenuhi ketahanan pangannya maka terjadilah kerawanan pangan yang dapat menggangu stabilitas ekonomi dan nasional.  Tapin mengalami peningkatan penduduk miskin dan peningkatan rumah tidak layak huni di Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengukur kerawanan pangan rumah tangga tidak layak huni dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya di Kabupaten Tapin, Kalimantan Selatan. Pangan adalah kebutuhan mendasar yang harus selalu ada dan terus meningkat seiring dengan mengingkatnya jumlah penduduk. Analisis ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan model rasch, metode regresi ordinal dan menggunakan variabel moderator dengan analisis data yang deskriptif untuk menganalisis data penelitian. Penelitian ini berdasarkan pada skala kerawanan pangan (FIES) serta faktor demografi dan kemiskinan multidimensi yaitu Jumlah Anggota Keluarga (X1), Jenis Pekerjaan (X2), Pendapatan (X3), Pendidikan (X4), Kesehatan (X5), Bantuan (X6), dan Jenis Kelamin (X7). Hasil penelitian ini adalah, pada tingkat kerawanan pangan rumah tangga tidak layak huni berdasarkan FIES, terdapat 57% kerawanan pangan ringan, kerawanan pangan sedang ada 23% dan rumah tangga dengan tingkat kerawanan pangan berat ada 20%.

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Food security is one aspect that supports national security. When individuals or households are unable to fulfill their food security, food insecurity occurs which can disrupt economic and national stability. Tapin has experienced an increase in the number of poor people and an increase in uninhabitable houses in South Kalimantan. This study aims to analyze and measure the food insecurity of uninhabitable households and the factors that influence it in Tapin District, South Kalimantan. Food is a basic need that must always be available and continues to increase along with the increasing population. This analysis uses a quantitative approach using the Rasch model, ordinal regression method and using moderator variables with descriptive data analysis to analyze research data. This research is based on the food insecurity scale (FIES) and multidimensional demographic and poverty factors, namely the number of family members (X1), type of work (X2), income (X3), education (X4), health (X5), assistance (X6), and Gender (X7). The results of this study are, at the level of food insecurity in uninhabitable households based on FIES, there are 57% light food insecurity, moderate food insecurity is 23% and households with severe food insecurity are 20%."

"Kerawanan pangan merupakan isu global dan pengentasannya ditetapkan dalam tujuan SDGs 2030 target 2.1 yaitu zero hunger dan mencapai ketahanan pangan bagi semua orang. Kerawanan pangan dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan baik fisik, mental, sosial serta kualitas hidup secara langsung maupun tidak langsung akibat kekurangan gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi keterkaitan tingkat kerawanan pangan terhadap kesehatan balita menggunakan model regresi order logit dari data Susenas Maret 2021. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kerawanan pangan menurut tingkat keparahannya secara statistik signifikan dan berhubungan positif terhadap keluhan kesehatan balita. Imunisasi sebagai variabel kontrol penting juga secara statistik signifikan dan berhubungan positif terhadap keluhan kesehatan balita.

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Food insecurity is a global issue and set out in the 2030 SDGs target 2.1, zero hunger and food security for all people. Food insecurity can affect physical, mental, social health and quality of life directly or indirectly due to malnutrition. This study aims to identify the relationship between the level of food insecurity and child health with an ordered logit regression model using data of Susenas March 2021. The results showed that food insecurity according to the severity level statistically significant and positively related to child health. Immunization as an important control variable is also statistically significant and positively related to child health."