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"Ekstubasi Endotracheal Tube merupakan salah satu periode kritis ketika dirawat di ICU. Ekstubasi mengakibatkan perubahan hemodinamik akibat peningkatan respon simpatik saat stimulasi epifaringeal dan laring. Selain itu ekstubasi mengakibatkan timbulnya nyeri tenggorokan dan kecemasan pada pasien. Hal ini meningkatkan komplikasi dan menurunkan kualitas hidup pasien. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh latihan relaksasi otot progresif terhadap status hemodinamik, nyeri dan kecemasan pasca ekstubasi Endotracheal Tube. Penelitian ini menggunakan design quasy experimental post test only Non Equivalent Control Group Design. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 46 orang pasien ekstubasi terdiri dari 23 orang kelompok kontrol dan 23 orang kelompok intervensi. Analisis data menggunakan uji t independen.Hasil analisis menunjukkan ada perbedaan bermakna status hemodinamik pasca ekstubasi antara kelompok kontrol dan intervensi untuk tekanan darah sistole (p 0,009; α<0,05) dan frekuensi nadi (p 0,0439; α<0,05). Kemudian juga ditemukan perbedaan bermakna nyeri tenggorokan (p 0,001; α <0,05) dan kecemasan pasca ekstubasi (p 0,001; α <0,05). Latihan relaksasi otot progresif merupakan intervensi komplementer yang terbukti efektif dan mudah dilakukan dalam mengontrol hemodinamik, nyeri tenggorokan dan kecemasan pasca ekstubasi.

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Endotracheal tube extubation is a critical periods when being treated in ICU. Extubation causes hemodynamic changes due to an increase in symphathetic responses during epiparingeal and laryngeal stimulation. Additionally extubation causes sore throat and anxiety in patients. These increased complication and decrease patient’s quality of life. The purpose of this study to find the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on hemodynamic, sore throat and anxiety after extubation. Design study was a quasy experimental post test only non equivalent control group. The research sample consisted of 46 extubation patient consisted of 23 control group and 23 intervention group. Data analysis used independent t test.

The resuts found there were significant differences in post hemodynamic status between control and intervention group for systolic blood pressure (p 0,009; α<0.05) and pulses frequency (p 0,0439; α<0.05). Then also found significant difference in sore throat (p 0,001; α<0.05) and anxiety post extubation (p 0,001; α<0.05). Progressive muscle relaxation exercises are complementary intervention that are proven effectively and easy to control hemodynamic, sore throat and anxiety post extubation."

"[ABSTRAKLaki-laki dewasa merupakan kelompok narapidana terbanyak yang tinggal di Lapas dan Rutan. Selama menjalani masa hukuman, narapidana laki-laki dewasa yang telah menikah tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan seksualnya karena di Lapas dan Rutan tidak disediakan akomodasi untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan tersebut. Seksual merupakan kebutuhan dasar bagi manusia. Tidak adekuatnya pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar termasuk ketidakefektifan pola seksual dapat menyebabkan ansietas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Relaksasi Otot Progresif dan Terapi Logo terhadap ansietas narapidana akibat ketidakefektifan pola seksual. Desain penelitian quasi eksperimental pre-post test with control group. Sampel penelitian 56 orang narapidana yang mengalami ketidakefektifan pola seksual sedang atau berat, 28 narapidana kelompok yang mendapatkan Relaksasi Otot Progresif dan 28 narapidana yang mendapatkan Relaksasi Otot Progresif dan Terapi Logo. Hasil penelitian ditemukan penurunan ansietas akibat ketidakefektifan pola seksual kelompok narapidana yang mendapatkan Relaksasi Otot Progresif dan Terapi Logo lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok narapidana yang hanya mendapatkan Relaksasi Otot Progresif saja (p value < 0,05). Relaksasi Otot Progresif dan Terapi Logo direkomendasikan sebagai terapi keperawatan lanjutan dalam mengatasi masalah psikososial pada narapidana.

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ABSTRACTMen are the largest population in prison. During the period of imprisonment, married-men cannot fulfill their sexual need because of unavailable facilities. Sexuality is a human basic need. The inadequate fulfillment of basic needs will cause anxiety. This study aims to obtain the effect of progressive muscle relaxation and Logo therapy on prisoners? anxiety as the result of ineffective sexual pattern.This study used pre and post-test quasi experimental research design with control group. The samples of this study were 56 prisoners consisted of 28 progressive muscle relaxation prisoners and 28 progressive muscle relaxation and Logo therapy prisoners. The result of this study shows ineffective sexual pattern of prisoners decreased. Based on that analysis result, it can be concluded that prisoners who get progressive muscle relaxation and Logo therapy is bigger than prisoners that only get progressive muscle relaxation (p value < 0,05). Progressive muscle relaxation and Logo therapy are recommended for advanced nursing treatment dealing with prisoner anxiety related to ineffective sexual pattern, Men are the largest population in prison. During the period of imprisonment, married-men cannot fulfill their sexual need because of unavailable facilities. Sexuality is a human basic need. The inadequate fulfillment of basic needs will cause anxiety. This study aims to obtain the effect of progressive muscle relaxation and Logo therapy on prisoners’ anxiety as the result of ineffective sexual pattern.This study used pre and post-test quasi experimental research design with control group. The samples of this study were 56 prisoners consisted of 28 progressive muscle relaxation prisoners and 28 progressive muscle relaxation and Logo therapy prisoners. The result of this study shows ineffective sexual pattern of prisoners decreased. Based on that analysis result, it can be concluded that prisoners who get progressive muscle relaxation and Logo therapy is bigger than prisoners that only get progressive muscle relaxation (p value < 0,05). Progressive muscle relaxation and Logo therapy are recommended for advanced nursing treatment dealing with prisoner anxiety related to ineffective sexual pattern]"

"Klaim kepastian hukum yang diusung oleh gagasan legisme dan legalitas telah menjadi sebuah keyakinan umum di kalangan yuris. Dalam sejarah pemikiran hukum, gagasan legisme ini mendapat pendasaran filosofisnya dari teori kontrak sosial Montesquieu, Rousseau dan Cesare Beccaria. Sementara legalitas sendiri mendapat pendasaran filosofisnya dari gagasan Montesquieu tentang peran hakim yang dibatasi hanya sebagai penyuara isi undang-undang dan metode hukum yang positivistis dari Beccaria karena menolak interpretasi akan hukum (undang-undang). Oleh sebab itu, dengan cara demikian, harapan akan kepastian hukum niscaya dapat dicapai.Disertasi ini mencoba menelusuri pemikiran ketiga filosof itu secara utuh, dan berkesimpulan kalau legisme dan legalitas tak pelak lagi hanya mengambil sebagian kecil dari gagasan ketiga filosof secara positivistis, padahal mereka malah menganjurkan hukum yang pasti itu justru berdasarkan kehendak bersama dan rasa kemanusiaan, dan hukum (undang-undang) dapat diabaikan jika ia bertentangan dengan kehendak bersama dan rasa kemanusiaan.

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Claims on legal certainty which is brought by the idea of legism and legality has become a common opinion among jurists. In the history of legal thought, the idea of legism gets its philosophical grounding thorugh the social contract theory from Montesquieu, Rousseau and Cesare Beccaria. Whilst the legality itself gets its philosophical grounding from Montesquieu's idea on the role of the judge which is restricted only to as a voice for law and from legal method of Beccaria which positively rejects the method of legal interpretation. Therefore, through such methods, such expectations on legal certainty will undoubtedly be able to achieve.This dissertation tries to trace the three philosopher's thought as a whole, and concludes that ideas of legism and legality inevitably only take a small portion from these three philosophers in positivistic approach, though they certainly do encourage that the law is actually based on a common will and humanity, and the law may be ignored if it is contrary to the general will and humanity."

"Teknik relaksasi progresif merupakan latihan kontraksi dan relaksasi pada setiap kelompok otot secara sistematis dan dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan nyeri gastritis. Nyeri yang dialami dapat terus menerus mengalami kekambuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektifitas teknik relaksasi progresif dalam menurunkan nyeri dan frekuensi kekambuhan nyeri pada lansia dengan gastritis. Metode penelitian ini adalah quasi experiment dengan pre test and post test design with control group. Pengambilan sampel dengan multistage random sampling dengan sampel 68 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa respon nyeri pada kelompok intervensi sesudah intervensi lebih rendah daripada sebelum intervensi teknik relaksasi progresif, respon nyeri pada kelompok intervensi lebih rendah daripada kelompok kontrol sesudah dilakukan teknik relaksasi progresif (p=0,000) dan frekuensi kekambuhan nyeri pada kelompok intervensi sesudah intervensi lebih rendah daripada sebelum intervensi teknik relaksasi progresif, frekuensi kekambuhan nyeri pada kelompok intervensi lebih rendah daripada kelompok kontrol (p=0,000). Konsumsi obat gastritis berkontribusi terhadap respon nyeri (p=0,000) berarti bahwa respon nyeri tidak dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin, pola makan dan konsumsi obat anti inflamasi non steroid tetapi dipengaruhi oleh konsumsi obat gastritis. Jenis kelamin berkontribusi terhadap frekuensi kekambuhan nyeri (p=0,019) berarti bahwa frekuensi kekambuhan nyeri tidak dipengaruhi oleh pola makan, konsumsi obat gastritis, dan konsumsi obat anti inflamasi non steroid tetapi dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah agar teknik relaksasi progresif dijadikan kompetensi perawat dan diaplikasikan sebagai intervensi keperawatan dalam mengurangi nyeri gastritis. Direkomendasikan untuk menggunakan teknik relaksasi progresif sebagai strategi koping dalam kehidupan sehari hari.

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Progressive muscle relaxation is a systematic contraction and relaxation exercise of muscle that can be used to relieve pain. Elderly population is at risk of experiency gastric pain experience related to degenerative and psychological factors. Gastric pain could happen frequently. This research aimed to examine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on relieving gastric pain and pain recurrency. The method used in this study was quasi experimental using pretest and posttest design with control group. Data collection was conducted by multistage random sampling to reach 68 participant (34 in intervention group and 34 in control group). The result showed that gastric pain of intervention group was lower than that of control group after progressive muscle relaxation (p=0,000) and pain aecurrency of intervention group was lower than that of control group after progressive muscle relaxation (p=0,000). Medications therapy contributed to gastric pain of elderly (p=0,000),while sex, eating habit, and antiinflamation non steroid drugs were not confounding factors for gastric pain. Sex contributed to pain recurrency in elderly (p=0,019), while eating habit, medications therapy, and antiinflamation non steroid drugs were not confounding factors for pain recurency. This research implied that progressive muscle relaxation can be consider as one of nursing compentencies and applied as a nursing intervention to relieve gastric pain. It is recommended that applying progressive muscle relaxation is necessary to cope with dayly hassles."

"Salah satu kelompok yang rentan dan sering mengalami gangguan kecemasan adalah lansia yang tinggal di komunitas. Relaksasi Otot Progresif adalah salahsatu terapi modalitas yang dapat memunculkan keadaan rileks sehingga mempengaruhi tingkat kecemasan seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Relaksasi Otot Progresif terhadap kecemasan pada lansia yang ada di komunitas. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan Quasy Eksperimen pre test and post test with control group pada 138 lansia (67 kelompok intervensi dan 71 kelompok kontrol). Kelompok intervensi diberikan intervensi Relaksasi Otot Progresif selama 10 sesi dalam 5 minggu (2 kali dalam seminggu) selam 35 menit setiap sesi. Pengukuran tingkat kecemasan menggunakan Geriatric Anxiety Scale. Hasil statistik menunjukkan ada perbedaan kecemasan pre test dan mid test dengan nilai p = 0,0001 (p<0,005) dan ada perbedaan kecemasan pre test dan post test dengan nilai p = 0,0001 (p<0,005) pada kelompok intervensi. Tidak ada perbedaan kecemasan pre test dan post test pada kelompok non intervensi dengan nilai p = 0,063 (p>0,005). Ada pengaruh yang signifikan Relaksasi Otot Progresif terhadap tingkat kecemasan dengan nilai p = 0,0001 (P value<0,005) pada lansia di Kota Pangkalpinang. Intervensi Relaksasi Otot Progresif dapat dijadikan salah satu intervensi dalam terapi modalitas dalam penatalaksanaan asuhan keperawatan komunitas pada lansia yang mengalami kecemasan sehingga mencegah terjadinya efek yang merugikan.

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One of the vulnerable groups and it find anxiety disorders frequently was community-dwelling older people. Progressive Muscle Relaxation is one of the modalities therapy, it's can make a relaxed state that affects the level of anxiety. This study aims to determine the effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on anxiety in community-dwelling older people.  The design of these studies using a quasi-experiment pre-test and post-test with the control group in 138 community-dwelling older people (67 intervention groups and 71 control groups). The intervention group was given a Progressive Muscle Relaxation intervention for 10 sessions in 5 weeks (2 times a week) for 35 minutes each session. Measurement of anxiety levels using the Geriatric Anxiety Scale. the results in statistics showed there were differences in pre-test and mid-test anxiety with p = 0,000 (p <0.005) and there were differences in pre-test and post-test anxiety with p = 0,000 (p <0.005) in the intervention group. And there were no differences in pre-test and post-test anxiety in the non-intervention group with p = 0.063 (p> 0.005). There was a significant effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on the level of anxiety with a value of p = 0,000 (Pvalue <0.005) in the elderly in the City of Pangkalpinang. Progressive Muscle Relaxation is one of Intervention in modalities therapyto manage nursing care in the community to older people who experience anxiety to prevent worse effects. One of the vulnerable groups and it find anxiety disorders frequently was community-dwelling older people. Progressive Muscle Relaxation is one of the modalities therapy, its can make a relaxed state that affects the level of anxiety. This study aims to determine the effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on anxiety in community-dwelling older people.  The design of these studies using a quasi-experiment pre-test and post-test with the control group in 138 community-dwelling older people (67 intervention groups and 71 control groups). The intervention group was given a Progressive Muscle Relaxation intervention for 10 sessions in 5 weeks (2 times a week) for 35 minutes each session. Measurement of anxiety levels using the Geriatric Anxiety Scale. the results in statistics showed there were differences in pre-test and mid-test anxiety with p = 0,000 (p <0.005) and there were differences in pre-test and post-test anxiety with p = 0,000 (p <0.005) in the intervention group. And there were no differences in pre-test and post-test anxiety in the non-intervention group with p = 0.063 (p> 0.005). There was a significant effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on the level of anxiety with a value of p = 0,000 (Pvalue <0.005) in the elderly in the City of Pangkalpinang. Progressive Muscle Relaxation is one of Intervention in modalities therapyto manage nursing care in the community to older people who experience anxiety to prevent worse effects."

"Latar belakang: Penilaian nyeri pada pasien-pasien UPI cukup sulit dikarenakan kendala komunikasi yang mereka dapatkan. Untuk penilaian pada pasien UPI digunakan skala evaluasi seperti Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). Skala CPOT dikembangkan oleh Gellinas pada tahun 2006, dibuat dalam bahasa Prancis lalu diterjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris dan sudah dinilai kesahihannya. Pemakaian skala CPOT di UPI RSCM bisa dilakukan, namun jika diterjemahkan akan mempermudah sosialisasi dan pemahaman dalam penilaian skala CPOT. Sebelum suatu alat ukur yang diterjemahkan dapat diterapkan pada populasi, harus dinilai kesahihannya terlebih dahulu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai kesahihan CPOT dalam penggunaannya menilai nyeri pada pasien dengan Skala Koma Glagow di bawah 14 di UPI RSCM. Metode: Studi observasional, potong lintang dengan pengukuran berulang dilakukan terhadap pasien yang dirawat di UPI RSCM April ? Mei 2013. Kesahihan BPS dinilai dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Keandalan dinilai dengan Cronbach α dan Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Ketanggapan dinilai dengan Besar efek. Hasil: Selama penelitian terkumpul 33 pasien dengan Skala Koma Glasgow di bawah 14 baik terintubasi maupun tidak di UPI RSCM. Skala CPOT memiliki kesahihan yang baik dengan nilai korelasi bermakna secara berurutan 0.145, 0.393 dan ? 0.205 untuk laju nadi, MAP dan skor Ramsay. Keandalan CPOT baik dengan ICC 0.981 (p<0.001) dan nilai Cronbach α 0.893. Ketanggapan CPOT juga baik dengan nilai Besar efek untuk penilaian pagi, siang dan malam adalah 2.11, 2.25 dan 2.33. Kesimpulan: CPOT sahih dalam menilai nyeri untuk pasien dengan skala koma glasgow di bawah 14 di UPI RSCM.

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Background: Assessment of Pain on ICU patient is difficult due to communication problems. To assess pain on ICU patient, we use behavioural scale such like Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). The CPOT scale was developed in French language and had been translated to English with the validity being checked. Using CPOT in ICU RSCM is doable, but if the scale is translated to Indonesian language, the understanding and socialization will be much better.However this scale must be validated before it?s use in RSCM population. The aim of this study is to validate CPOT scale in its use to assess pain on patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 in ICU RSCM.

Method: An Observational, cross sectional, repeated measures was done to patients hospitalized in the ICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from April to May 2013. Validation was assessed by Spearman Correlation test while reliability was analyzed using Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Responsiveness was assessed by Effect Size

Results: A total of 33 patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 either intubated or not were included in this study. The CPOT Scale has a good validation with significant correlation 0.145, 0.393 and -0.205 respectively for heart rate, MAP and Ramsay score. CPOT Scale has good reliability with ICC score 0.981 (p<0.001) and Cronbach α 0.893. Responsiveness for CPOT is also good with Effect Size on morning, afternoon and evening assessment are 2.11, 2.25 and 2.33 respectively.

Conclusion: CPOT scale is valid to assess pain on patients with Glasgow Coma Scale below 14 in ICU RSCM."

"Penelitian limbah organik berbahan dasar kompos sebagai medium pertumbuhan Nannochloropsis sp. telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak kompos yang tepat dengan mengukur laju pertumbuhan dan kadar lipid Nannochloropsis sp. Sediaan ekstrak kompos dibuat dalam konsentrasi 5%, 10%, 25%, dan 50% (v/v) dari volume ekstraksi kompos 100 g/L. Penelitian dilakukan selama 240 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Nannochloropsis sp. yang dikultur pada medium ekstrak kompos 25% memiliki pertumbuhan paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak kompos lainnya. Kerapatan sel maksimum pada perlakuan ekstrak kompos 25% mencapai 22,04±10,65 x 106 sel/mL pada jam ke-240 pada laju pertumbuhan spesifik maksimum μ= 0,075 per jam. Kadar dan produktivitas lipid yang diperoleh sebesar 18,31±11,96 % (w/w) dan 0,0172±0,0005 g/L/hari. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kompos 25% dapat dijadikan sebagai medium pertumbuhan Nannochloropsis sp.

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Research of the compost on the medium on the growth of Nannochloropsis sp. was performed. The research objective was to determine the influence of the medium on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsis sp. Compost extracts preparations were made in the concentration of 5%, 10%, 25%, and 50% (v/v) of the volume extraction of 100 g/L. Experiment was conducted for 240 hours.

The results showed that Nannochloropsis sp. were cultured in medium 25% compost extract had the highest growth compared to other compost extract concentration. The maximum cell density at 25% compost extract treatment reached 22.04±10.65 x 106 sel/mL at 240 hours with a maximum specific growth rate μ = 0.075 /hours Meanwhile, lipid content and productivity were obtained by 18.31±11.96 % (w/w) and 0.0172±0.0005 g/L/day. These results indicate the compost can be used as a medium for the growth of Nannochloropsis sp."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh inokulasi kombinasi dua strain Nostoc terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif dan generatif tanaman padi varietas Ciherang. Strain Nostoc yang digunakan yaitu CPG24 dan GIA13a yang dibuat dengan perbandingan 1:1; 1:2; dan 2;1. Pemeliharaan padi dilakukan dengan sistem SRI modifikasi sampai 112 hari setelah tanam. Parameter pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman yang diukur mencakup fase vegetatif dan generatif tanaman padi. Dilakukan juga pengukuran kandungan unsur hara tanah dan parameter lingkungan.Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pemupukan kombinasi Nostoc, secara umum memberi pengaruh yang bervariasi terhadap parameter vegetatif dan generatif tanaman padi varietas Ciherang. Pemupukan strain Nostoc tunggal CPG24 berpengaruh cukup signifikan dalam meningkatkan berat kering tanaman padi sampai 138%. Pemupukan strain Nostoc tunggal GIA13a berpengaruh cukup signifikan dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan akar 147%, berat kering buah isi sampai 186%, dan rasio jumlah buah isi terhadap total jumlah buah sebesar 69,40%.

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The purpose of this experiment is to study the combination effect of inoculation of two Nostoc strains to the vegetative and generative growth of Ciherang paddy. Two Nostoc strains, CPG24 and GIA13a were used. Fertilizing treatments were designed with comparison 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Paddy plant were prepared using SRI modification method until 112 days old after planted. Biological parameters are including vegetative and generative growth of paddy. Also soil nutrients content and environment parameter have been analized.

The results show that combination fertilizing of two Nostoc strain CPG24 and GIA13a give variative effect to vegetative and generative growth parameter of Ciherang paddy. Single Nostoc CPG24 fertilizing give significat effect to increase dry weight of Ciherang paddy until 183%. Single Nostoc GIA13a fertilizing give significant effect to increase root growth until 147%, dry weight of grain until 186%, and filled/total grain ratio until 69,40%."

"sehingga menimbulkan kecemasan. Penyebab ini tidak dapat dihilangkan, namun sensasi nyeri dan kecemasan dapat dikurangi dengan manajemen nyeri dan kecemasan baik secara farmakologi dan atau nonfarmakologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh tehnik Benson relaksasi terhadap intensitas nyeri dan kecemasan klien post seksio sesarea. Desain penelitian quasi eksperimen dengan rancangan pre test dan post test. Penelitian dilakukan di RS Cibabat Cimahi sebagai kelompok intervensi dan RS Sartika Asih Bandung sebagai kelompok kontrol. Sampel pada masing- masing kelompok adalah 30 ibu post seksio sesarea dengan quota sampling berdasarkan kriteria. Tehnik Benson relaksasi merupakan penggabungan antara relaksasi dengan suatu faktor keyakinan filosofis atau agama yang dianut. Fokus dari relaksasi ini pada ungkapan tertentu yang memiliki makna menenangkan bagi klien itu sendiri, diucapkan berulang kali dengan ritme yang teratur disertai sikap pasrah. Benson relaksasi ini diberikan selama 4 hari tiap 12 jam dalam 10 menit. Intensitas nyeri (menggunakan skala VAS) dan kecemasan(menggunakan modifikasi skala HARS-Zung) diukur sebelum dan setelah intervensi selama 4 hari post seksio sesarea. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa rata-rata nyeri sebelum intervensi pada kelompok kontrol adalah 4,43 cm menurun menjadi 3,51 cm, sedangkan pada kelompok intervensi 4,97 cm menurun menjadi 2,63 cm. Hasil penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa rata-rata kecemasan sebelum intervensi pada kelompok kontrol adalah 15,98 menurun menjadi 15,29, sedangkan pada kelompok intervensi 16,47 menurun 14,57 menjadi. Penelitian ini menemukan perbedaan yang bermakna penurunan rata-rata intensitas nyeri dan kecemasan sebelum dan setelah periode intervensi pada kelompok kontrol dan intervensi, juga antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok intervensi (p= 0.00). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini direkomendasikan agar institusi pelayanan kesehatan terutama bagian maternitas dapat menggunakan tehnik Benson relaksasi sebagai salah satu standar operasional prosedur managemen nyeri nonfarmakologi pada ibu post seksio sesarea.

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Client with post cesarean section is suffered of pain due to operative trauma and after pain. Anxiety is also appear among them. The cause of pain can not be eliminated. However, the sensation of the pain and anxiety state can be reduced by pain and anxiety management. The pain and anxiety management is not only pharmacological remedy but also non pharmacological treatment. The aim of the study is to identify the effect of Benson Relaxation technique on pain intensity and anxiety among client with post cesarean section. Design of the study is quasi experiment with pre and post test design.

The study was conducted at Cibabat hospital Cimahi as intervention group and Sartika Asih hospital as control group. The sample of each group is 30 of postcesarean section women with quota sampling based on criterion. The Benson relaxation technique is mix between relaxation and faith philosophical factor or religion. The focus of this relaxation is at certain world that has a meaning in order to make it calm for the client. This technique is saying several times with regular rhythm of surrender feeling. The Benson relaxation was given along 4 days every 12 hours for 10 minutes. The visual analog scale (VAS) is used to measure the pain intensity and HARS-Zung modification is used to measure the anxiety. Those instruments were applied before and after intervention along 4 days postcesarean section.

The result of the study showed that the mean of pain before intervention at control group was 4,43 cm. It was decreased to 3,51 cm. Meanwhile, the intervention group was 4,97 cm. It was decreased to 2,63 cm. In the study also found that the mean of anxiety before intervention at control group was 15,98. it was decreased to 15,29, but at intervention group was 16,47. It was decreased to 14,57. The study found the significant comparing of pain intensity and anxiety state before and after intervention at control and intervention group (p = 0,000). Thus, the Benson relaxation can reduce the pain intensity and anxiety state among client with cesarean section.

The researcher recommend for health services institution especially maternity department can use the Benson relaxation technique as a standard operational procedure of non pharmacological pain management among client with post cesarean section."

"ABSTRAKAspergillus flavus UICC 360 koleksi Universitas Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) telah diteliti dan diuji mampu menghasilkan lovastatin. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi amonium sulfat (0 mM, 15,15 mM, 18,94 mM, 22,73 mM, 26,52 mM, dan 30,30 mM) sebagai sumber nitrogen terhadap kemampuan Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 menghasilkan lovastatin. Fermentasi menggunakan 1,96% (v/v) inokulum sel kapang selama 7 hari pada medium Czapek?s Dox Broth modifikasi dalam suhu ruang (27--30oC) dengan pengocokan 90 rpm. Ekstrak dalam etil asetat diuji terhadap Candida albicans UICC Y-29 dengan metode difusi agar cara cakram. Ekstrak hasil fermentasi dari perlakuan 22,73 mM amonium sulfat memiliki kemampuan tertinggi menghambat Candida albicans UICC Y-29 dengan indeks penghambatan rata-rata 0,94 ± 0,06. Hasil Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak hasil fermentasi perlakuan amonium sulfat 15,15 mM memiliki nilai Rf sama dengan lovastatin standar sebesar 0,48. Ekstrak hasil fermentasi perlakuan amonium sulfat 18,94 mM, 22,73 mM, 26,52 mM, dan 30,30 mM memiliki nilai Rf hampir sama dengan nilai Rf lovastatin standar. Hasil KLT tersebut dapat mengindikasikan ekstrak mengandung lovastatin. Uji Least Significant Difference (LSD) (P<0,05) menunjukkan ada perbedaan nyata variasi konsentrasi amonium sulfat terhadap kemampuan Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 menghasilkan lovastatin. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh variasi konsentrasi amonium sulfat terhadap kemampuan Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 dalam menghasilkan lovastatin.

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ABSTRACTThe ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin had been shown in previous study. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of variation in ammonium sulphate concentration at 0 mM, 15.15 mM, 18.94 mM, 22.73 mM, 26.52 mM, and 30.30 mM toward the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 in producing lovastatin. Fermentation was carried out by using 1.96% (v/v) of inoculum in modified Czapek?s Dox Broth for seven days at room temperature (27--30oC) with 90 rpm agitation. The extract in ethyl acetate was tested by disk diffusion method against Candida albicans UICC Y-29. The extract from fermentation of 22.73 mM ammonium sulphate showed the highest inhibition index of 0.94 ± 0.06. The result of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) showed that extract from fermentation of 15.15 mM ammonium sulphate had similar Rf value with lovastatin standard. Meanwhile, extract from fermentation of 18.94 mM, 22.73 mM, 26.52 mM, and 30.30 mM ammonium sulphate had nearly similar Rf value with lovastatin standard. The TLC result indicated that the extract contained lovastatin. Least Significant Difference test (LSD) (P<0.05) showed there was significant difference of variation in ammonium sulphate concentration toward the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin. The result of this study showed that the variation in ammonium sulphate concentration affect the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 in producing lovastatin."