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"Even though the Underground Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) building presents an opportunity to overcome land limitations in the development of electricity infrastructure in DKI Jakarta, there are several environmental, social and economic issues that must be analyzed concerning underground locations: the effect of perceived comfort and safety knowledge on work behavior, investment feasibility, the proportion of Green Open Space (RTH), and how the sustainable building model of Underground GIS can be applied. The purpose of this research is to achieve a model of Underground GIS building in DKI Jakarta. The quantitative approach is carried out by a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. The social parameters obtained during this research process can be used as guidelines for the implementation of the basement design. With an area of approximately 1700 m2, the proportion of green space is predicted to reach 34%. The feasibility of building investment is influenced by physical investment costs, land use mechanisms, and the valuation of environmental and social benefits. The Sustainable building model of Underground GIS can be fulfilled if investment feasibility that accommodates social and environmental aspects is achieved.

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Meskipun bangunan Underground Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) menghadirkan peluang mengatasi keterbatasan lahan didalam pengembangan infrastruktur ketenagalistrikan di DKI Jakarta, namun terdapat beberapa permasalahan lingkungan, sosial, dan ekonomi yang harus dikaji terkait lokasi di bawah tanah, yaitu: pengaruh persepsi kenyamanan dan pengetahuan keselamatan pada perilaku kerja, kelayakan investasi, proporsi Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH), dan bagaimana model bangunan Underground GIS dapat diterapkan secara berkelanjutan. Tujuan riset ini adalah menghasilkan model bangunan Underground GIS di DKI Jakarta. Pendekatan kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode riset gabungan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Parameter sosial yang didapat selama proses riset ini, dapat dijadikan pedoman pelaksanaan desain ruang bawah tanah. Dengan luas lahan kurang lebih sebesar 1700 m2, proporsi RTH diprediksi dapat mencapai 34%. Kelayakan investasi bangunan dipengaruhi oleh biaya investasi fisik, mekanisme penggunaan lahan, dan nilai manfaat sosial lingkungan. Model bangunan Underground GIS berkelanjutan dapat terpenuhi jika kelayakan investasi yang mengakomodasi aspek sosial dan lingkungan tercapai."

"ABSTRAKTidak bisa dipungkiri, bahwa faktanya kota teruslah berkembang. Populasi manusia selalu meningkat setiap harinya. Akibatnya, dengan lahan yang ada, kota harus dapat menampung kegiatan manusia didalamnya yang terus memiliki kebutuhan yang juga terus meningkat. Hal ini menimbulkan perkotaan haruslah memikirkan solusi yang tepat untuk permasalahan tersebut, salah satunya dengan pengembangan lahan secara vertikal.Skripsi ini membahas bagaimana bangunan bawah tanah dapat menjadi solusi bagi permasalahan perkotaan. Berbagai studi literatur akan menjelaskan bagaimana arsitektur bawah tanah terus berkembang, dan berbagai kota telah mengembangkan pembangunannya ke atas maupun ke bawah dengan berbagai pertimbangan. Pada akhirnya perkotaan yang memiliki kepadatan penduduk memerlukan pemisahan level dalam pembangunan kota tersebut. Kini bangunan bawah tanah di berbagai kota di dunia telah dimanfaatkan dan terus dikembangkan, yang mana telah menjadi salah satu solusi bagi perkembangan perkotaan padat di dunia.

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ABSTRACTIt is undeniable, in fact the city continues to grow. The human population is increasing every day. With the existing conditions, the city must be able to accommodate human activities within which continues to have a need that is also increasing. This creates the right solution to overcome it, wrong with the development of the land.This thesis discusses how underground buildings can be a solution to urban problems. Various literature studies will explain how underground architecture continues to evolve, and cities have evolved their development up and down with various considerations. In the end the urban population has a population density in the level of development of the city. Now underground buildings in various cities of the world have been exploited and continuously developed, which has become one of the solutions for the world 39 s dense urban development."

"Salah satu solusi kemacetan lalu lintas di Jakarta adalah dengan membangun sistem transportasi massal berupa Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), khususnya penerapan struktur terowongan bawah tanah. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pemodelan perilaku terowongan terhadap pengaruh beban gempa dan menghitung perilaku terowongan melingkar dalam kondisi statis dan dinamis akibat efek gempa. Analisis kondisi statis menggunakan teori Muir Wood dalam LTA (2002) dan kondisi dinamis menggunakan teori Wang (1993) dan Panzien (2000) dalam FHWA (2009) serta didukung dengan metode numerik PLAXIS v.8.6. Kedalaman terowongan MRT di area Fase 1 berada pada kedalaman 11 meter dan di modelkan di fase 2 dengan kedalaman yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya perbedaan perilaku sirkular terowongan pada kedua jalur MRT Jakarta dimana menunjukkan fase-1 Dukuh Atas memiliki deformasi terowongan dalam kategori aman sedangkan untuk fase-2 menunjukkan kondisi deformasi terowongan yang melewati batas aman persyaratan terowongan yaitu lebih dari 20 mm.

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One solution to traffic congestion in Jakarta is to build a mass transportation system in the form of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), especially the application of underground structures. This study examines the behavioral modeling of earthquake effects and interaction behavior in static and dynamic conditions due to earthquake effects. Analysis of static conditions using the theory of Muir Wood in LTA (2002) and dynamic conditions using the theory of Wang (1993) and Panzien (2000) in FHWA (2009) and supported by the numerical method of PLAXIS v.8.6. The depth of the MRT in the Phase 1 area is at a depth of 11 meters and is modeled in Phase 2 with the same depth. The results show that the difference in circular behavior shows that on both Jakarta MRT lines where phase-1 Dukuh Above has deformation in the safe category for phase-2, it shows deformation conditions that exceed the safe limit requirement, which is more than 20 mm."

"[Penggunaan ruang bawah tanah sebagai alternatif akibat terbatasnya tanah di kota-kota besar. Penelitian secara yuridis normatif, yang bersifat eksplanatoris, dengan analisis kualitatif. Pemanfaatan ruang bawah tanah untuk keperluan usaha di bawah Terminal Blok M menurut Hukum Tanah Nasional serta pemberian hak atas penggunaan ruang bawah tanah oleh PT Langgeng Ayomlestari kepada pihak lain. Hukum Tanah Nasional tidak mengatur secara tegas mengenai penguasaanruang bawah di tanah yang berdimensi tiga, sehingga pemberian ruang-ruang di bawah tanah Hak Pengelolaan untuk keperluan usaha tidak tepat. Dibutuhkan suatu lembaga hak baru yaitu Hak Guna Ruang Bawah Tanah dan Hak Milik atas Satuan Rumah Susun;The use of underground space as an alternative due to limited ground in large cities. This is the normative judicial research, eksplanatoris, and dataanalysis in qualitative. The utilization of underground space under the Blok M Terminal for the commercial use reviewed based on National Land Law, and the granting of the using underground space rights by Limited Liability Company Langgeng Ayomlestari to other parties. National Land Law does not regulate about the use of underground specifically, which is three dimensional so that the granting of the using underground below Hak Pengelolaan land for commercial use is inappropriate. Need specifically regulation to use basement, The use of underground space as an alternative due to limited ground inlarge cities. This is the normative judicial research, eksplanatoris, and dataanalysis in qualitative. The utilization of underground space under the Blok MTerminal for the commercial use reviewed based on National Land Law, and thegranting of the using underground space rights by Limitesd Liability CompanyLanggeng Ayomlestari to other parties. National Land Law does not regulateabout the use of underground specifically, which is three dimensional so that thegranting of the using underground below Hak Pengelolaan land for commercialuse is inappropriate. Need specifically regulation to use basement]"

"[Kegiatan ekonomi bawah tanah adalah masalah umum di setiap negara terlepas dari tingkat perkembangan ekonomi dari suatu negara, termasuk Indonesia. Kegiatan ini tidak dihitung dalam perhitungan PDB. Dengan demikian, hasil perhitungan PDB tersebut akan membuat bias kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kondisi ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia, karakteristiknya dan faktor penyebabnya. Penelitian ini juga akanmenguji hubungan antara ekonomi bawah tanah dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia serta pendapatan pemerintah dari sektor pajak. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ukuran ekonomi bawah tanah di Indonesia untuk periode 1999–2007 masih relatif tinggi yaitu sekitar 18% - 21% dari PDB. Akibatnya, kondisi ini akan memberikan dampak negatif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi dan juga mengurangi pendapatan pemerintah, terutama dari sektor perpajakan, hal ini akan membatasi kemampuan pemerintah dalam penyediaan barang publik kepadamasyarakat. Ada beberapa cara yang dapat ditempuh oleh pemerintah dalam mengurangi ekonomi bawah tanah, tetapi pemberantasn tingkat korupsi dan peningkatan kualitas pemerintah dalam rangka meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat adalah langkah utama yang perlu diambil oleh pemerintah Indonesia;Underground economic activities are a common problem in every country regardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. These activities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of the underground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of its increasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among the underground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue. The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, the underground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reduce government revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’s ability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reduce the underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improving governance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government.;Underground economic activities are a common problem in every countryregardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. Theseactivities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of theunderground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of itsincreasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among theunderground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue.The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, theunderground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reducegovernment revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’sability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reducethe underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improvinggovernance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government, Underground economic activities are a common problem in every countryregardless of the level of economic development, including Indonesia. Theseactivities are not counted in GDP measurement; thus, they will skew governmentpolicy decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the current condition of theunderground economy in Indonesia, its characteristics, and the causes of itsincreasing growth. This study will also examine the relationship among theunderground economy, Indonesian economic growth, and government tax revenue.The findings show that the size of the underground economy between 1999 and2007 is relatively high at approximately 18% to 21% of GDP. Consequently, theunderground economy has a negative impact on economic growth and also reducegovernment revenue, primarily tax revenue, thereby limiting the government’sability to provide goods and services. Although, there are several ways to reducethe underground economy, reducing the level of corruption and improvinggovernance in order to increase social trust is the most important action that can tobe taken by the Indonesian government]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh underground economy terhadap hubungan antara FDI dengan Kualitas Insitusi pada negara berkembang di Asia. Penelitian menggunakan sampel dari 41 negara berkembang di Asia yang tercatat pada World Bank pada tahun 2009-2018. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah regresi panel dengan metode estimasi feasible generalized least square. Penelitian ini menemukan terdapatnya pengaruh negative dari adanya underground economy terhadap hubungan FDI dengan kualitas institusi. Semakin tingginya tingkat underground economy di suatu negara akan membuat koefisien/besaran hubungan positif antara FDI dengan kualitas institusi terus berkurang, bahkan dapat menimbulkan detrimental effect antara FDI dengan Kualitas Institusi pada level underground economy tertentu.

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This study aims to examine the influence of the underground economy on the relationship between FDI and Institutional Quality in developing countries in Asia. The study used samples from 41 developing countries in Asia recorded at the World Bank in 2009-2018. The research method used is panel regression with a feasible generalized least square estimation method. This study found that there is a negative effect of the existence of an underground economy on the relationship between FDI and institutional quality. The higher the level of the underground economy in a country, the coefficient/size of the positive relationship between FDI and the quality of institutions will continue to decrease, it can even cause a detrimental effect between FDI and the quality of institutions at a certain underground economy level."

"Tulisan ini membahas mengenai identitas dan eksistensi musik Underground di Bandung pada tahun 1990 hingga 1999. Kebudayaan yang telah dirintis sejak akhir dekade 1960 di Indonesia, telah banyak mengalami penyesuaian identitas dan eksistensi terutama ketika memasuki dekade 1990. Kerusuhan yang terjadi pada konser Metallica tahun 1993 di Jakarta, berdampak kepada keberadaan musik Underground di Indonesia. Termasuk keberadaannya di kota Bandung. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui keadaan musik Underground di Bandung dalam mempertahankan identitas dan eksistensinya pada dekade 1990. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan empat tahapan, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Berdasarkan telaah yang dilakukan, demi mempertahankan identitas dan eksistensinya. Komunitas musik Underground yang ada di Bandung menciptakan sebuah media yang bersifat independen dari nilai-nilai kemandirian dan anti kemapanan yang mulai diterapkan pada periode ini.

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This article discussed the identity and existence of underground music in Bandung in 1990 until 1999. The culture that had been initiated since the late 1960s in Indonesia, has undergone many identity and existence adjustments, especially when entering the 1990s decade. The riots that occurred at the Metallica concert in 1993 in Jakarta, has an impact on the existence of Underground music in Indonesia. Including its presence in the city of Bandung. The purpose of this paper is to find out the state of underground music in Bandung in maintaining its identity and existence in the 1990s. It uses the historical method of the four stages: heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. Based on the analysis, in order to maintain its identity and existence. The Underground music community in Bandung created a media that was independent from the values of independence and anti-establishment that began to be applied in this period."