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"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai faktor-faktor pendorong keberhasilan Kontingen Garuda XI dalam melaksanakan tugasnya di United Nations IraqKuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) 1991-1992. Pembahasan dalam penelitian ini berfokus pada partisipasi angkatan pertama dari Kontingen Garuda XI di perbatasan Irak-Kuwait. Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan bagaimana Kontingen Garuda XI melaksanakan operasi militer bersama UNIKOM dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Karya penelitian ini berbeda dengan karya-karya sebelumnya karena dalam penelitian ini dilakukan melalui pendekatan berbeda, dimana penulisan ini turut mengangkat signifikansi peran komandan Kontingen Garuda XI, yaitu Letkol Inf. Albert Inkiriwang. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat dijelaskan bahwa keberhasilan Kontingen Garuda XI dalam melaksanakan tugasnya dan memberikan pengaruh bagi kelanjutan partisipasi Indonesia dalam misi PBB disebabkan oleh faktor kompetensi perwira yang ditugaskan dan signifikansi peran Letkol Inf. Albert Inkiriwang. Bukan hanya memiliki kemampuan militer, mereka juga memiliki kemampuan strategi dan komunikasi yang mumpuni untuk menjalankan tugas internasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang sumbernya diperoleh melalui arsip, buku, koran, dan artikel jurnal.

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This study discusses the factors driving the success of the Garuda XI Contingent in carrying out their duties in the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) 1991-1992. The discussion in this study focuses on the participation of the first generation of the Garuda XI Contingent on the IraqKuwait border. This study raises the issue of how the Garuda XI Contingent conducted a joint military operation with UNIKOM in a relatively short time. This research work is different from previous works because in this study carried out through a different approach, where this writing also raised the significance of the role of the commander of the Garuda XI Contingent, namely Lieutenant Colonel Inf. Albert Inkiriwang. From the results of this study it can be explained that the success of the Garuda XI Contingent in carrying out its duties and giving effect to the continued participation of Indonesia in the UN mission was due to the competency factor of the officers assigned and the significance of the role of Lieutenant Colonel Inf. Albert Inkiriwang. Not only have military capabilities, they also have strategic and communication skills capable of carrying out international tasks. This study uses historical research methods whose sources are obtained through archives, books, newspapers, and journal articles."

"ABSTRAKInvasi Israel ke Libanon membuat Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa membuat misiperdamaian internasional yang diberi nama UNIFIL (United Nations InterimForce in Lebanon. Untuk menyusun pasukan-pasukan dari negara-negaraanggotanya agar tergabung dalam UNIFIL, PBB melakukan seleksi terhadapnegara-negara anggotanya untuk berpartisipasi dengan cara memberian mandatmelalui Resolusi DK PBB 1701. Indonesia merupakan negara yang dimandatkanoleh PBB setelah sebelumnya pasukan UNIFIL hanya diisi oleh negara-negaraanggota NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menekankan metodestudi kasus dari peristiwa yang terjadi di Libanon Selatan yang melibatkanIndonesia sebagai pasukan pemelihara perdamaian (peacekeeper). Adapunpraktek pemeliharaan perdamaian (peacekeeping) yang dilakukan Indonesiasesuai dengan landasan Politik Luar Negeri RI (Polugri).Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan fakta historis dimana pada tahun-tahunmiliter Indonesia tergabung dalam UNIFIL telah membangun citra positifIndonesia khususnya di Libanon. Hal tersebut berdasarkan temuan-temuanmengenai banyaknya prestasi yang diperoleh Kontingen Garuda yang dibuktikandengan berbagai macam penghargaan baik oleh pemerintah Indonesia, pemerintahLibanon maupun Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa sehingga menjadi kebangaantersendiri bagi Indonesia.Namun demikian, pemerintah Indonesia sepertinya tidak lantas berpuas diridengan prestasi yang telah dicapai oleh tentara militernya. Dengan posisi militerIndonesia yang masuk dalam lima belas besar peringkat dunia, Indonesia masihmenginginkan masuk dalam posisi sepuluh besar peringkat militer dunia sehinggauntuk mencapai tujuan itu pemerintah terus melakukan upaya pembenahandidalam tubuh militer, penambahan jumlah personil yang dilengkapi dengan skill,penambahan anggaran yang menyesuaikan serta menjalin kerja sama denganaktor-aktor peacekeeping lainnya.

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ABSTRACTIsraeli invasion to Southern Lebanon was responsed by the United Nations (UN)to make the international peace mission called UNIFIL (United Nations InterimForce in Lebanon). To prepare troops from member countries that are members ofUNIFIL, the UN undertook the selection by the UN Resolution called mandate.Indonesia is one of UN members countries which is mandated by the UN after theprevious UNIFIL troops only be filled by the member countries of NATO (NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization). A pride for Indonesia because through TentaraNasional Indonesia (TNI) in the name of nation internationally, but it is contrastwith what Indonesia’s had with alutsista is uncomplete.This study used a qualitative approach by emphasizing the study method of theectivity that occurred in South Lebanon as involving Indonesian peacekeepers.The practice of maintaining peace (peacekeeping) are conducted in accordancewith the foundation of Indonesian Politics of Foreign Affairs (Polugri), Conceptof Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) and defensive militarydoctrine and form of implementation of International Cooperation.This study was conducted based on the historical facts in the years in which theIndonesian military have joined the UNIFIL build a positive image of Indonesia,especially in Lebanon. It is based on the findings of the many achievements inGaruda Contingent as evidenced by the various awards by the Indonesiangovernment, the Lebanese government and the United Nations so that it becomesa moment of pride for Indonesia.However, the Indonesian government seems not necessarily satisfied with theachievements by military troops. By entering the Indonesian military position inthe world rankings fifteen, Indonesia still wanted inside the top ten world rankingmilitary so as to achieve the purpose that the government continues to makeefforts to reform the military in the body, increasing the number of personnel whoare equipped with skills, adding adjust budget and collaborate with otherpeacekeeping actors."

"Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tujuan Indonesia yang tetap mengirimkan pasukan tempurnya sebagai Kontingen Garuda dalam misi United Nation Emergency Forces II (UNEF II) meskipun pada saat itu Indonesia sedang menghadapi gejolak dalam negeri di Timor Portugis pada tahun 1975-1977. Dalam artikel ini, penulis menggunakan teori peran yang dikemukakan oleh Kalevi Jaakko Holsti (1970) sebagai kerangka analisis untuk menjelaskan motivasi dan peran Indonesia dalam mengirimkan pasukan perdamaian ke luar negeri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik analisis triangulasi. Hasil akhir dari artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia mengirimkan Kontingen Garuda dalam misi UNEF II sebagai bagian dari komitmen Indonesia dalam menjaga perdamaian dunia dan mendukung prinsip-prinsip Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Selain itu, Indonesia berupaya untuk memperkuat posisi diplomasi dan mendapatkan legitimasi dari negara-negara internasional. Meskipun sedang menghadapi konflik di Timor Portugis, Indonesia tetap konsisten dalam menjalankan peran dan tanggung jawabnya sebagai negara yang menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang motivasi dan peran yang ingin diambil oleh Indonesia salah satunya melalui misi pemeliharaan perdamaian dan kontribusinya dalam menjaga stabilitas regional dan dunia.

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This article aims to analyze the purposes of Indonesia still sending its combat troops as a Garuda contingent in the United Nations Emergency Forces II (UNEF II) mission in 1974-1979, even though at that time Indonesia was facing internal unrest in Portuguese Timor. In this article, the author uses the role theory presented by Kalevi Jaakko Holsti (1970) as an analysis framework to explain the motivation and role of Indonesia in sending peacekeepers abroad. This research uses a qualitative approach with triangulation analysis techniques. The final results of this article indicate that Indonesia has sent Garuda contingents to UNEF II as part of Indonesia's commitment to world peace and supporting the principles of the United Nations. In addition, Indonesia is striving to strengthen its diplomatic position and gain legitimacy from international states. Despite the conflict in Portuguese Timor, Indonesia remains consistent in fulfilling its role and responsibilities as a state of international peace and security. This research provides a better understanding of the motivation and role that Indonesia wants to take on one of its peacekeeping missions and its contribution to regional and global stability."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang diplomasi pertahanan dalam pengiriman misi pasukan Kontingen Garuda Indonesia yang bertugas di Timur Tengah. Pengiriman pasukan Kontingen Garuda Indonesia dilakukan demi kepentingan nasional di masa pemerintahan Orde Baru. Konflik terjadi pada tahun 1973 dimana Mesir menyerang daerah Semenanjung Sinai yang diduduki oleh Israel sejak tahun 1967. PBB sebagai organisasi dunia berusaha mewujudkan perdamaian dengan membentuk pasukan penjaga perdamaian United Nation Emerging Force II (UNEF II). Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang berkontribusi di misi UNEF II dengan mengirimkan Kontingen Garuda untuk melakukan segala tindakan pencegahan dalam konflik di Timur Tengah. Pengiriman pasukan Kontingen Garuda ini juga diartikan sebagai ajang Indonesia untuk berdiplomasi di forum berskala Internasional. Penulis beragumen bahwa pengiriman pasukan Kontingen Garuda Indonesia di misi UNEF II merupakan bagian diplomasi Indonesia dalam rangka mewujudkan kepentingan nasional khususnya dalam bidang pertahanan. Berbeda dengan kajian – kajian sebelumnya yang membahas secara umum tentang peranan misi pasukan perdamaian Indonesia. Penelitian ini akan menekankan secara khusus tentang implementasi diplomasi indonesia dalam pengiriman pasukan perdamaian UNEF II di masa orde baru. Perihal sumber penelitian sejarah, penelitian ini menggunakan sumber – sumber berupa arsip, surat kabar, majalah, buku, dan jurnal.

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This article discusses defense diplomacy in sending missions to the Kontingen Garuda Indonesia troops serving in the Middle East. The dispatch of the Kontingen Garuda Indonesia was carried out in the national interest during the New Order government. The conflict occurred in 1973 where Egypt attacked the Sinai Peninsula area occupied by Israel since 1967. The United Nations as a world organization is trying to bring about peace by forming a peacekeeping force United Nation Emerging Force II (UNEF II). Indonesia is one of the countries that contributed to the UNEF II mission by sending a Garuda Contingent to take all preventive measures in conflicts in the Middle East. The sending of the Kontingen Garuda troops is also interpreted as an opportunity for Indonesia to have diplomacy in international forums. The author argues that sending troops from the Garuda Indonesia contingent to the UNEF II mission is part of Indonesia's diplomacy in the context of realizing national interests, especially in the defense sector. This is different from previous studies which generally discuss the role of the Indonesian peacekeeping mission. This research will emphasize specifically on the implementation of Indonesian diplomacy in sending UNEF II peacekeepers in the New Order era. Regarding the sources of historical research, this research uses sources in the form of archives, newspapers, magazines, books, and journals."

"Artikel ini membahas tentang peran Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) dalam konflik Irak-Kuwait tahun 1991. PMI mengumpulkan donasi berupa uang dan barang-barang kebutuhan dari pemerintah dan masyarakat Indonesia untuk disalurkan kepada para korban terdampak krisis. Penggalangan bantuan yang digerakkan oleh PMI ini merupakan suatu konsep yang disebut sebagai diplomasi kemanusiaan (humanitarian diplomacy). Konsep ini mengacu pada upaya meyakinkan para pembuat kebijakan dan pemimpin opini untuk bertindak atas dasar tujuan kemanusiaan. Aktor dalam diplomasi ini tidak terbatas pada pejabat pemerintah saja, melainkan melibatkan pula aktor-aktor non-pemerintah seperti organisasi kemanusiaan. Dalam konteks ini, PMI berhasil menjalin kerja sama dengan pihak-pihak seperti Pemerintah RI, organisasi masyarakat, dan media massa dalam misi pengumpulan bantuan kemanusiaan untuk korban Konflik Irak-Kuwait. Hal ini tidak hanya berdampak bagi pegembangan internal organisasi PMI, tetapi juga dapat membangun citra Indonesia di mata dunia. Dalam penulisan artikel ini, penulis menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penulis menggunakan data dari sumber-sumber sejarah berupa arsip, majalah dan surat kabar sezaman, wawancara, buku, serta artikel diperoleh melalui Arsip Nasional RI, Perpustakaan UI, Arsip Kompas Data, Arsip Markas PMI, Koleksi Pusat Data Antara, dan sumber daring lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kerja sama yang dilakukan PMI dalam upaya mengumpulkan bantuan kemanusiaan sesuai dengan konsep diplomasi kemanusiaan.

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This article discusses the role of the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) in the Iraq-Kuwait conflict in 1991. PMI collects donations in the form of money and necessities from the Indonesian government and citizens to be distributed to victims of the crisis. This PMI’s aid-raising is a concept known as humanitarian diplomacy. This concept refers to persuading decision makers and opinion leaders to act based on the principle of humanity. The actors are not limited to government officials, but also involve non-government actors including humanitarian organizations. In this context, PMI has succeeded in collaborating with the Government, community organizations, and the mass media in Indonesia in collecting humanitarian aid for the victims of the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict. This not only impacted the internal development of the PMI, but also build Indonesia's image in the world. This article uses historical methods consisting of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The author uses data from historical sources in the form of archives, contemporary magazines and newspapers, interviews, books, and articles obtained through the Indonesian National Archives, UI Library, Kompas Data Archives, PMI Headquarters Archives, Antara Data Center Collections, and other online sources. The results of this study indicate that the cooperation carried out by PMI in an effort to collect humanitarian aid is in accordance with the concept of humanitarian diplomacy."

"As peacekeeping has evolved to encompass a broader humanitarian approach, women personels have become increasingly part of the peacekeeping family.The UN has called for more deployment of female peacekeepers to enhance the overall “holistic” approach to current UN peacekeeping operations. There is clearly more work to be done to integrate more female peacekeepers into UN missions. More skilled and trained female peacekeepers can only be an asset to future peacekeeping operations.In October 2000, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. The resolution was hailed as a landmark resolution in that for the fi¬rst time, the Security Council recognised the contribution women make during and post-conflict. Since the adoption of Resolution 1325, attention to gender perspectives within the international peace agenda has ¬firmly been placed within the broader peace and security framework. This article explains the development of Indonesian female peacekeepers contribution in the period of 2009-20016 and argues why Indonesia needs to support and to consider deploying more female peacekeepers in UN peacekeeping operations."

"This thesis is a study of a particular aspect of Indonesian foreign policy: that country's relations with the United Nations.Its aim.si try tc isolate the variables which determined the ways in which various Cabinets pursued their political objectives within t.3ic Organisation. An explan¬ation of the methods used in investigating these variables can be found in the Preface: a discussion of the sources consulted is contained in the 'Sources' section of the Notes on the Text. Section I of the thesis is concerned with Indonesia's experience with the UN during the period of the physical rev¬olution. This is not, however, treated in very great depth, since it lies outside the main chronological limits of the thesis. The basic aim of this Section is to look at the back-ground to Indonesia's decision to join the UN in September 1930; a background which could well have affected the ways in which Indonesian political leaders viewed the Organisation at that time. Sections Ii to V form the main body of the thesis. They examine the use various Indonesian Cabinets made of the UN from 1950 to 1965. Each Section concentrates on one particular prob¬lem area: Section II on the maintenance of international peace and security; Section IIl on the eradication of colonialism; Section IV on the recovery of West Irian; and Section V on the campaign against Malaysia. It is believed that these topics cover virtually the entire ambit of Jakarta's political rela¬tions with the UN, ranging as they do over items of great, immediate significance to Indonesia, to matters which were of as much interest to Indonesia as to any other UN member.The final Section presents the conclusions drawn from the research carried out. It is suggested that there were three major variables which determined Indonesia's UN policy over this period: the particular political complexion of the Cabinet in office; the nature of the particular case being con¬sidered; and the power balance in the Assembly, as perceived in Jakarta. Of these three, the former is felt to be the most important, due to its influence over the latter two"

"Tesis ini membahas tentang rekrutmen dan seleksi yang dilaksanakan oleh Staf Deputi Sumber Daya Manusia Polri (Sde SDM Polri) untuk memperoleh personel Polri yang akan ditugaskan sebagai police advisor pada misi perdamaian PBB di Sudan (misi UNMIS). Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah bahwa basil rekrutmen dan seleksi Polri belum memenuhi standar kualifikasi PBB. Personel yang dinyatakan memenuhi syarat oleh Polri dan dipanggil mengikuti tes UNSAT tahun 2008 temyata 50% yang dinyatakan lulus. Padahal persyaratan seleksi Polri telah mengacu pada kriteria yang ditetapkan oleh PBB. Penelitian dilakukan secara kualitatif, melalui pengamatan, wawancara dengan pedoman, dan telaah dokumen. Informan penelitian adalah pihak-pihak yang berwenang dalam kegiatan rekrutmen dan seleksi penugasan PBB, serta personel Polri yang pernah mengikuti proses seleksi. Konsep dan teori yang digunakan adalah teori manajemen sumber daya manusia khususnya yang berkaitan dengan masalah rekrutmen dan seleksi personel serta job spesi.fication yang mengacu pada persyaratan Polri, dan UN minimum recruitmen requirements. Teori pendukung lainnya adalah teori motivas teori ·komunikasi dalam organisasi, serta pengorganisasian dalam teori manajemen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pedoman yang digunakan oleh Sde SDM Polri yaitu Surat Keputusan Kapolri No. Pol. : Skep/9911XII/2004, tidak menjelaskan secara spesifik prosedur rekrutmen dan seleksserta persyaratan untuk penugasan misi PBB, sebab Skep ini berlaku umum untuk penugasan di luar organisasi Polri. Pelaksanaan rekrutmen oleh Sde SDM Polri juga belum mampu menjaring personel berpotensi sebanyak-banyaknya untuk dipilih pada proses seleksi. Akibatnya, proses seleksi internal Polri, Satuan Kerja pelaksana seleksi masih mengacu pada pedoman dan standar masing-masing, sehingga faktor subyektifitas tidak dapat dihilangkan dalam proses penilaiannya. Hasil penelitian menyarankan, ke depan, kegiatan rekrutmen perlu diinformasikan dan disosialisasikan dengan lebih efektif, sehingga semakin banyak personel yang berminat dan berpotensi untuk mendaftar. Jenis seleksi yang dilaksanakan internal Polri disesuaikan dengan seleksi yang akan dilakukan oleh PBB. Selain itu, untuk menghasilkan personel sesuai kriteria PBB, disarankan Polri menyiapkan personel melalui kegiatan pelatihan dan pembekalan termasuk kursus bahasa lnggris, yang bertujuan meningkatkan kemampuan calon yang dipersiapkan bertugas di PBB.

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This thesis discusses the recruitment and selection process conducted by the Deputy Staff of Human Resources Development of INP, to obtain INP personnel who will be assigned as a police advisor at the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS). The problem faced is that the results of recruitment and selection of qualified personnels do not meet UN standards. Personnel who otherwise meet the requirements by INP and called to follow the United Nations Selection Assistance Team (UNSAT) test in 2008, only 50% of them passed. Though INP recruitment and selection requirements have been referring to the criteria established by the United Nations.

Qualitative research was conducted through observations, interviews with the guidelines, and document review. The informants were the parties in charge of recruitment and selection activities for United Nations assignment, as well as INP personnel who attended the selection process. Concepts and theories used is the theory of human resource management, particularly those related to the problem of recruitment and selection of personnel and the job specification which refers to the minimum requirements of INP and UN recruitment requirements. Other supporters of the theory are a theory of motivation, theories of communication in organizations and organizing in management theory.

The results showed that the guidelines of Chief of the Indonesian National Police decree No. Pol.: Skep/991XII/2004 used by the staff of Deputy Human· Resources Development of INP, does not specifically explain about the recruitment and selection procedures, and requirements for the assignment of UN missions. This Skep is generally accepted for an assignment outside the police organization. Implementation of the recruitment by the Deputy Staff of INP Human Resources Development was not able to recruit potential personnel as many as possible to be selected through a selection process. As a result, the unit of selection team in the internal selection process of INP still refers to the implementation of their own guidelines and standards so that subjectivity factors can not be eliminated in the assessment process.

The results of the observation suggest that the recruitment activities in the future should be well informed and disseminated more effectively so that there will be more potential personnel who are interested in joining the United Nations mission. The selection types carrying out by internal INP should be adapted to the selection which will be done by the UN. In addition, to generate appropriate criteria for United Nations personnel, it is suggested that INP should prepare the personnel through training and debriefing activities including joining an English."